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AIRSYSTEMDESIGN
Topics
Pressurization
AirDistribution
DuctDesign
i
FanSelection
Pressurization
Manyairpathstoconsider:
Many
air paths to consider:
SupplyAir
ReturnAir
Return Air
ExhaustAir
TransferAir
Transfer Air
ReliefAir
VentilationAir
Ventilation Air
OutsideAir
3
Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Space
50CFM
EXHAUST
TRANSFER
50CFM
300CFM
Negative
Neutral
SUPPLY
RETURN
250CFM
0 CFM
0CFM
4
Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Building
Negative
500CFM
EXHAUST
Neutral
Positive
SUPPLY
VENTILATION
2000CFM
RETURN
RELIEF
1500CFM
Typicall
5
Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Building
Negative
3000CFM
EXHAUST
Neutral
Positive
SUPPLY
VENTILATION
2000CFM
+
OUTSIDE AIR
OUTSIDEAIR
1000CFM
RETURN
RELIEF
0CFM
HighExhaust
h h
6
Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Building
Negative
500CFM
EXHAUST
Neutral
Positive
5000CFM
SUPPLY
VENTILATION
2000CFM
+
OUTSIDE AIR
OUTSIDEAIR
3000CFM
ControlfortwoCFM
setpointsormodulate
RETURN
0CFM
RELIEF
1500CFM
4500CFM
Economizer
i
FreeCooling
li
7
Building Pressurization
BuildingPressurization
Buildings
Buildingsarecommonlydesignedwithslightly
are commonly designed with slightly
positivepressure
Minimizeinfiltration
Minimize infiltration
Bettercontrolofspacetemperatures
PressureControls
Sensorscomparingindoorandexteriorpressure
controllingVFDonrelieffan
Gravityreliefdampers
8
Building Envelope
BuildingEnvelope
Drivethedrierairthroughtheenvelope
Drive the drier air through the envelope
Coolingseason:positivepressure
Heatingseason:negativepressure
Heating season: negative pressure
Winter Exfiltration
WinterExfiltration
10
Exhaust Air
ExhaustAir
Exhaust
Removalofcontaminants:odor,moisture,
chemicals etc
chemicals,etc.
Appliedto?
Applied
to?
Toiletrooms
Showerrooms
Shower rooms
Janitorclosets
Laboratories
Kitchens
Breakrooms
11
CommonPractice
2CFM/ft2
10AirChanges/Hour(ACH) odor
20ACH moisture
12
Transfer Air
TransferAir
ExhaustAir=500CFM
SupplyAir=70CFM
CoolingLoad
Pressureistoonegative
Pressure is too negative
IncreaseSA
85%ofexhaustCFMtomaintainnegative
Increase70to425CFM
500x0.85=425
Subcoolthespace
Increaseenergyuse
Transferair
Air
Airfromanadjacentspacethatwouldotherwise
from an adjacent space that would otherwise
beenreturnedorrelieved
500 70=430CFMtransferred
14
Doorgrille
Prohibitedinfireratedwall
Acousticissues
Transferairboot
Ceiling
Xfr Air
Adjacent
Space
Ductconnectingceilinggrilles
g
gg
Caninsertafire/smokedamper
(2)90
(2) 90elbowseliminatenoisetransferissues
elbows eliminate noise transfer issues
Xfr Air
Exhausted
Space
15
SA:70CFM
EA:500CFM
XFRA:
X
A
430CFM
16
AirDistribution
17
Characteristics of Air
CharacteristicsofAir
Airbehaviorisrelatedtoairtemperature
Air behavior is related to air temperature
Coldairdrops
Hotairrises
Hot air rises
ManyHVACsystemsarebothheating(hotair)
andcooling(coldair)
d
li ( ld i ) Shouldtherebetwo
Sh ld th
b t
distributionsystemsfortheairdependingon
th
themode?
d ?
Theoreticallybestbutnotpractical Spaceand$
Designedbasedonthemoredominantuse
18
Comfort Zone
ComfortZone
ComfortZone:6in.to6ftabovefinishedfloor
Comfort Zone: 6 in to 6 ft above finished floor
Maintainanairvelocity<50fpm
Airspeed<20fpmnotperceivable
Ai
d 20 f
t
i bl
Moretolerantofdraftatanklethanatneck
Temperaturegradient3F
6fta.f.f.
76F
6in.a.f.f.
73F
19
Placement
Thelocationofsupplyairgrillesand/or
The location of supply air grilles and/or
diffusersiskeytogoodairdistribution
Theoptimallocationdependson:
Interiordesignofthebuilding
Localsourcesofheatgainorloss
Outletperformanceanddesign
20
Ceiling
G df
Goodforcooling
li
P
Poorforheating
f h ti
Coolairwilldropnaturally,
properlycirculatingair
p
p y
g
Warmairwillriseunlessforced
downwithhighvelocityairflow
21
Coanda Effect
(CeilingorSurfaceEffect)
Thesurfaceeffectcreatesalowpressure
g
g
j
regionandencouragesthejetflowtoattach
totheceilingorsurface.
Thehighpressureoftheroomalsocontributes
The high pressure of the room also contributes
byholdingtheairstreamtotheceiling.
S
SupplyAir
l Ai
Diffuser
Ceiling
LowPressure
LowPressure
HighPressure
22
Side Wall
SideWall
Good for cooling
Goodforcooling
Coolairwilldropnaturally,
properlycirculatingair
Poorforheating
Warmairwillrise,potential
forstagnantconditions
23
Floor or Sill
FloororSill
F il
Fairlygoodcooling
d
li
Iftheairvelocityisgreat
enoughtocausethecold
airflowtorise
i fl t i
E ll t f h ti
Excellentforheating
Counteractsthecoldair
downdraftthatoccursat
anexteriorwindow
t i
i d
24
Stratification
V hi h ili
Veryhighceilings:
Atrium
Gymnasium
Multipurposeroom
Thesupplyairgrilleshouldbelocatedfarbelowthe
ceiling level.
ceilinglevel.
25
GrillesandRegisters
CeilingDiffusers
Sl t/Li
Slot/LinearDiffusers
Diff
Nozzles
Itemsconsideredinselection:
Velocity
P
PressureDrop
D
Noise
Supply air/room air temperature difference
Supplyair/roomairtemperaturedifference
Distanceofthrow
26
Ceiling Diffusers
CeilingDiffusers
Mountedintheceiling
Manysizesandconfigurations
y
g
Commonlyused
Coolingcontrolledapplications
C li
t ll d
li ti
27
Diff
DiffuserSelection
S l i
28
ADPI(AirDiffusion
PerformanceIndex)
2009ASHRAE
Fundamentals
Fundamentals
Handbook,Chapter
20 SpaceAir
20
Space Air
Diffusion
30
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
Area:20ftx15ft=300ft2
15
15
SpaceSensibleHeatGain:
qs=9,300BTUh
9 300 BTUh
RoomSensibleLoad:
9,300BTUh/300ft2
=31BTUh/ft
/ 2
20
SpaceAirFlow:
425 CFM
425CFM
31
LL =thelimitingthrowdistance
the limiting throw distance
X50 =Manufacturerratedthrow
32
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
NumberofDiffusers?
OneDiffuser:
One
Diffuser:
7.5ftand10ftthrow
Controlling throw = 7 5 ft
Controllingthrow=7.5ft
15
15
7.5ft
20
10ft
33
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
NumberofDiffusers?
TwoDiffusers:
Two
Diffusers:
5ftand7.5ftthrow
Controlling throw = 5 ft
Controllingthrow=5ft
15
15
7 5 ft
7.5ft
5ft
5ft
20
5ft
5ft
34
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
NumberofDiffusers?
OneDiffuser:
7.5ftand10ftthrow
Controllingthrow=7.5ft
L=7.5ft
X50/Lrange:0.5 1.5
X50 range:
=0.5(7.5ft) 1.5(7.5ft)
=3.75ft
f
11.25ft
f
15
15
7.5ft
20
10ft
35
Example
Selection:
Throw manufacturerperformancedata
X50(oftenprovidedX
(often provided X150,X100, &X
& X50)
36
Example
X150 =4ft
X100 =7ft
X50 =13ft
4ft
7ft
13 ft
13ft
37
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
OneDiffuser:
X50 range:
0.5 (7.5 ft) 1.5(7.5ft)
1.5 (7.5 ft)
=0.5(7.5ft)
=3.75ft 11.25ft
Manufacturerdata:
Manufacturer
data:
X50 =13ft
13 ft > 11 25 ft therefore
13ft>11.25ft,therefore
Dumpingwilloccur
15
15
7.5ft
20
10ft
38
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
OneDiffuser:
10ftthrowrange
X50 range:
=0.5(10ft) 1.5(10ft)
= 5 ft 15ft
=5ft
15 ft
ManufacturerX50=13ft
13 ft < 15 ft therefore OK
13ft<15ft,thereforeOK
15
15
7.5ft
20
10ft
39
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
TwoDiffusers:(2x215CFM)
(
)
5ftand7.5ftthrow
Controlling throw =5ft
5 ft
Controllingthrow
L=5ft
/L range: 0 5 1.5
15
X50/Lrange:0.5
X50 range:
= 0 5 (5 ft) 1.5(5ft)
=0.5(5ft)
1 5 (5 ft)
=2.5ft 7.5ft
15
15
7 5 ft
7.5ft
5ft
5ft
20
5ft
5ft
40
Example
X150 =3ft
X100 =4ft
X50 =8ft
3ft
4ft
8 ft
8ft
41
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
TwoDiffusers:
X50 range:
0.5 (5 ft) 1.5(5ft)
1.5 (5 ft)
=0.5(5ft)
=2.5ft 7.5ft
Manufacturer data:
Manufacturerdata:
X50 =8ft
8 ft > 7 5 ft therefore
8ft>7.5ft,therefore
Dumpingwilloccur
15
15
7 5 ft
7.5ft
5ft
5ft
20
5ft
5ft
42
Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
TwoDiffusers:
7.5ftthrowrange
X50 range:
=0.5(7.5ft) 1.5(7.5ft)
= 3 75 ft 11.25ft
=3.75ft
11 25 ft
ManufacturerX50=8ft
8 ft < 11 25 ft therefore OK
8ft<11.25ft,thereforeOK
15
15
7 5 ft
7.5ft
5ft
5ft
20
5ft
5ft
43
How to Decide?
HowtoDecide?
OneDiffuser
One
Diffuser
14in.neck
Dumping at room
Dumpingatroom
perimeter
TwoDiffusers
Two
Diffusers
10in.neck
More diffusers to install
Morediffuserstoinstall
Dumpingabovetable
Dumpingatperimeter
Dumping at perimeter
44
Example
Area:
Area:1822ft
1822 ft2
SpaceSensibleHeat
Gain:
qs=69,980BTUh
Room Sensible Load:
RoomSensibleLoad:
69,980BTUh/1822ft2
= 38 4 BTUh/ ft2
=38.4BTUh/ft
45
46
Example
X50//LRange=0.5
g
1.5
Throwlength:
Wall
Betweendiffusers/2
B
diff
/2
Obstruction
L=?
X50 =(0.5 1.5)(3ft)
=1.5to4.5ft
X50 =(0.5 1.5)(4ft)
=2to6ft
5ft
L 3ft
L=3ft
6ft/2=3ft
14ft/2=7ft
4.5 4ft
L 4ft
L=
4ft
L=
10ft/2=5ft
Example
Selection:
CFM
SA
SA=3,180CFM
= 3 180 CFM
12Diffusers
3,180/12=265CFM/Diffuser
,
/
/
Throw manufacturerperformancedata
X50
50 (oftenprovidedX150,
150, X100, &X50)
48
Example
X150 =3ft
X100 =5ft
X50 =10ft
3ft
5ft
10 ft
10ft
49
Example
X50 =(0.5
(0.5 1.5)(3ft)
1.5) (3 ft)
=1.5to4.5ft
= (0 5 1.5)(4ft)
1 5) (4 ft)
X50 =(0.5
=2to6ft
Manufacturer X50 =10ft
ManufacturerX
= 10 ft
ResultCollidingAirStreams
Dumping
5ft
3
3ft
7ft
5 ft
5ft
7ft
4.5 4ft
5 ft
5ft
5ft
L
L=
Example
Potential
Potentialsolutions:
solutions:
Considerlayout
Uniformthrowdistance
Uniform throw distance
Controldumpinglocation
Consideranothertypeofdiffuser
yp
LookforaincreasedX50 rangeperADPItable
Lookfordifferentthrowratings
51
ASHRAEApplicationsHandbook2007
Soundlevels<35dBarenotconsidereddetrimentaltospeechintelligibility
52
Acoustics
Balancing
Damper
(3dB 10dB)
Diffuser
NCfromManufacturers
Literature*
Ifdiffusersare<3fto.c.add3dBA
Manufacturer literature often has 10 dB
Manufacturerliteratureoftenhas10dB
Absorptionaccountedfor
Classroom:30=10+10+Diffuser
Classroom:
30 = 10 + 10 + Diffuser
DiffusershouldhaveaNC10
53
Example
54
Balancing
Maintain
Maintainasequalofductlengthorpressure
as equal of duct length or pressure
lossonrunsaspossible
Balancingdampersneeded
Locateateachbranchducttodiffuser
Imposeartificialresistance(allpathslookequal)
Setbybalancingcontractor
Fanselectedforworstcaserun
55
Duct Design
DuctDesign
FrictionLoss
Friction
Loss
DuctSizing
DuctFittings
i i
AspectRatio
ContinuityEquation
System Pressure Loss
SystemPressureLoss
56
Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
Resistance
Resistanceimposedbythesurfaceareaofthe
imposed by the surface area of the
ductonairflow
Resistanceincreases:
Resistance increases:
Greatervelocity
Smaller Duct
SmallerDuct
Increasedsurfaceareacontact ductshape
Roughnessofduct
Important:Frictionlossinfluencesfanenergy
consumed
57
Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
Duct
DuctsizingoftendoneusingtheEqual
sizing often done using the EqualFriction
Friction
Method
Alternatemethods:
Alternate methods:
StaticRegainMethod
TMethod
T Method
Settheacceptablefrictionloss
Lowpressuresystem=0.08in.ofwater/100ft
Low pressure system = 0 08 in of water/ 100 ft
58
Example:300CFM
9in. Duct
Velocity=680fpm
y
p
Velocity =CFM/Area
=300/(4.5)2/144
=679fpm
679 f
59
Example:3600CFM
23in. Duct(over10in. useeven)
24in.
Velocity=1150fpm
Velocity =CFM/Area
=3600/(12)
3600 / (12)2/144
=1146fpm
SP=0.065in.ofwater/100ft
ASHRAEFundamentals2009
Chapter21
PotentialRect.
DuctSizes:
9x60
10x51
12x40
14 x 33
14x33
16x28
18x25
20x22
Duct Sizing
DuctSizing
Whichrectangularductsizeisbest?
g
Allhavethesame
f i ti l
frictionloss&airflow
& i fl
butnotthesamearea!
9x60=540in.2
12x40=480in.2
20 22 440 i 2
20x22=440in.
Limitationsonspaceavailability
Limitations on space availability
AspectRatio
PotentialRectangular
D t Si
DuctSizes:
9x60
10x51
12x40
14x33
16 x 28
16x28
18x25
20x22
62
Aspect Ratio
AspectRatio
AspectRatio:theratiooftheheightandwidth
p
g
dimensionsofaduct
DuctSize
9x60
12 40
12x40
20x22
AspectRatio
60/9=6.7
40/12 3 3
40/12=3.3
22/20=1.1
Perimeter
138in.
104 i
104in.
84in.
Closertheaspectratioisto1,
the lower the material cost
thelowerthematerialcost
63
Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
Insteadofusingthesechartsforfrictionlossfor
Instead
of using these charts for friction loss for
straightductlength:
Ductulator oftenused
Tablesappliedtoawheel
Producedbymanymanufacturers
Computersoftware
Computer software
CADprograms
64
Continuity Equation
ContinuityEquation
VolumeFlowRate=Constant
A1xV1 =A2xV2
65
Continuity Equation
ContinuityEquation
Example:
12in.x12in.ductwithanairvelocityof800FPMis
changed to an 18 in x 10 in duct:
changedtoan18in.x10in.duct:
12in.
12 i
12in.
18in.
10 in
10in.
Whatisthenewvelocity?
66
Continuity Equation
ContinuityEquation
A11 xV
x V1 =A
= A22 xV
x V2
(12in.)(12in.)(800FPM)=(18in.)(10in.)(V2)
V2 =640FPM
Thesamequantityofairismoving
The
same quantity of air is moving
throughtheduct,justatalowervelocity.
67
Minimizethenumberoffittingsinductlayout
Minimize the number of fittings in duct layout
68
Considerthe
radiusofaturn
69
==Pressurelossthroughfitting,in.ofwater
Pressure loss through fitting in of water
= Losscoefficient
=Velocitypressureatfitting
V l i
fi i
=Velocity
70
Example
20
20x22ductwith3,600CFMmakinga90
x 22 duct with 3 600 CFM making a 90
changeindirection
Planview:20in.iswidth&22in.isheight
Plan view: 20 in is width & 22 in is height
Elbowwithturningvanesvs.radiuselbow
ASHRAEorSMACNAtablesforCvalues
71
90Elboww/TurningVanes
90
Elbow w/Turning Vanes
V=CFM/Area
=(3600)/(20x22/144)
(3600)/(20x22/144)
=1080fpm
Hf =C(V/4000)2
=0.33(1080/4000)2
=0.024in.ofwater
72
90SmoothRadiusElbow
90
Smooth Radius Elbow
Hf =C(V/4000)2
=0.21(1)(1080/4000)2
=0.015in.ofwater
V=CFM/Area
=(3600)/(20x22/144)
=1080fpm
1080 fpm
73
Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
90
90w/TurningVanes
w/Turning Vanes
Samespace
0.024in.ofwater
Equalto30ftofstraight
duct
90
90SmoothRadius
Smooth Radius
Samespace
0.015in.ofwater
Equalto19ftofstraight
duct
Coils
Filters
Diffusers
Dampers
Etc.
75
Calculateonlythecriticalpath
Greatestpressureloss
Usuallythelongestpath
Maybepaththathassignificantnumberof
transitionsordevices
76
TypesofFans
77
Centrifugal Fans
CentrifugalFans
Bladesthatareslantedawayfrom
y
thedirectionofwheeltravel
AirFoil(AF)
Mostefficient
HighCFMandhighpressure
BackwardInclined(BI)
B k
d I li d (BI)
SameasAFjustdifferentshapeblade
ForwardCurve(FC)
Forward Curve (FC)
Usedinsmallapplications
(
(lowSP&speed)
p
)
Volumeblower
78
Axial Fans
AxialFans
Usedwhenspaceislimited
Propeller
P
ll
LowefficiencyandverylittleSP
Typicallynoductconnection
Typically no duct connection
Tubeaxial
Moreefficient
LowtomediumSP
Vaneaxial
Compactfootprint
MediumtohighSP
GoodEfficiency
Good Efficiency
79
Belt
Performanceflexibility beltandadjustablepulley
Easyaccess
Requiresmaintenance(bearings)
80
Fan Selection
FanSelection
LargeApplications AirHandlingUnit,Relief,Exhaust,
Return etc
Return,etc.
Typeoffan
Drive(DirectorBelt)
Drive (Direct or Belt)
FanCurves
StaticPressure
Static Pressure
CFM
RPM
HPandBHP
Soundmeasuredinsones (typicallysmallfanlocated
withinthespace)
81
System Curve
SystemCurve
2
Pressure2 //Pressure1 =(CFM
(
/CFM
/
)
2
1
Example:TSP=3in.ofWC,CFM=3600
CFM
Pressure
1000
0.23
2000
0.93
3000
2.1
3600
3.0
4000
37
3.7
5000
5.8
7
TottalPressure,inofw
water
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CFM
82
To
otalPressure,inofwater
FanPerformanceCurve
SystemCurve
4
OperatingPoint
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CFM
83
Fan Performance
FanPerformance
Usingmanufacturerdataanddesigncriteria:
Using
manufacturer data and design criteria:
CFM:3600
StaticPressure:3in.w.c.
S i
3i
MHP:3
BHP:2.8
FanRPM:1400
Fan RPM: 1400
84
Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
Good
Goodductdesignandinstallationarecritical
duct design and installation are critical
toproperperformance
Whenmeasured,airflowdidnotmatch
When measured air flow did not match
designbecauseofunaccountedforsystem
effect
Design
Actual
3600CFM
3200CFM
p
g
Fanspeedincreasedtogetairflow
85
Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
Actual
Revised
3200 3600
1400
00
?
CFM
FanRPM
CFMnew
CFMold
RPMnew
RPMold
3600
3200
RPMnew
1400
RPMnew =1575
86
Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
Actual
3200
1400
00
3.0
CFM
RPM
SP
SPnew
SPold
RPMnew
RPMold
SPnew
2.8
Revised
3600
1575
?
1575
1400
SPnew =3.8
38
87
Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
CFM
RPM
BHP
HP
BHPnew
BHPold
RPMnew
RPMold
Actual
3200
1400
00
2.8
3
BHPnew
2.8
BHPnew =3.99
3 99
HPnew =4
Revised
3600
1575
?
?
1575 3
1400
88
Design
3600
1400
00
2.8
3
Actual
3200
1400
00
2.8
3
Revised
3600
1575
3.99
4
89
7
NewFanCurve
(increased
RPM)
TotaalPressure,,inofwate
er
6
5
Actual
OperatingPoint
ActualSystem
Curve
DesignSystem
Curve
FanCurve
4
3
2
1
Design
OperatingPoint
0
0
1000
2000
3000
CFM
4000
5000
6000
90
Questions?
91