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Reaction Rate
Energy
Energy
Reactants
Products
Products
Reaction coordinate
Reaction coordinate
Energy
Activated
Complex or
Transition State
Activation Energy
Must
Reactants
Products
Reaction coordinate
Page 1
1
Activation energy
reaction is endothermic you must keep
supplying heat
If it is exothermic it releases energy
That energy can be used to supply the
activation energy to those that follow
Energy
If
Reactants
Overall energy
change
Products
Reaction coordinate
Temperature
Particle
size
Molecules can only collide at the
surface.
Smaller particles bigger surface area.
Smaller particles faster reaction.
Smallest possible is molecules or ions.
Dissolving speeds up reactions.
Getting two solids to react with each
other is slow.
Higher
Energy
Catalysts-
Reactants
Products
Reaction coordinate
Page 2
2
Catalysts
Catalysts
H H
Hydrogen
bonds to
surface of metal.
Break H-H bonds
H
H
H H
Pt surface
Pt surface
Catalysts
Catalysts
The
H H
H
H H
The
H H
Pt surface
H H
Pt surface
Catalysts
H
H
Pt surface
Page 3
3
Reversible Reactions
Equilibrium
are spontaneous if G is
negative.
If G is positive the reaction happens in
the opposite direction.
Reactions
2H2(g)
When
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Eventually
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Measuring equilibrium
At
Catalysts
Page 4
4
Calculating Equilibrium
equation
aA + bB
Keq
cC + dD
= [C]c [D]d
[A]a [B]b
Write the equilibrium expressions for the
following reactions.
3H2(g) + N2(g)
2NH3(g)
2H2O(g)
2H2(g) + O2(g)
Keq
What it tells us
If
LeChteliers Principle
Regaining Equilibrium
LeChteliers Principle
Changing Concentration
If
If
Page 5
5
Changing Concentration
Changing Concentration
If
If
Changing Concentration
Changing Temperature
If
Reactions
Changing Temperature
Changes in Pressure
As
As
Page 6
6
Three Questions
Three Questions
How
Fast?
Depends on collisions and activation
energy
Affected by
Temperature
Concentration
Particle size
Catalyst
Reaction Mechanism steps
Will
it happen?
if
H is negative exothermic
Or S is positive more disorder
Guaranteed if G is negative
Gof Products Reactants
Or G = H -T S
Likely
Three Questions
How
far?
Equilibrium
Forward and reverse rates are equal
Concentration is constant
Equilibrium Constant
One for each temperature
LeChteliers Principle
Thermodynamics
Will a reaction happen?
Entropy
Energy
Substances
arranged
S
The
Page 7
7
Entropy
Entropy
of a
solid
Entropy
of a
liquid
Entropy
of a gas
Entropy calculations
There
Spontaneous reaction
Reactions
Spontaneity
Will the reaction happen, and how
can we make it?
Page 8
8
Exothermic
Two Factors
Other Possibilities
reactions tend to be
spontaneous.
Negative H.
Reactions where the entropy of the
products is greater than reactants tend to
be spontaneous.
Positive S.
A change with positive S and negative H
is always spontaneous.
A change with negative S and positive H
is never spontaneous.
Temperature
affects entropy.
temperature, higher entropy.
For an exothermic reaction with a
decrease in entropy (like rusting).
Spontaneous at low temperature.
Nonspontaneous at high temperature.
Enthalpy driven.
Higher
Other Possibilities
An
The
G=H-TS
G H S
At high temperatures,
entropy driven
? -
At low temperatures,
enthalpy driven
+ + -
Using
At all Temperatures
? + +
-
Problems
Spontaneous?
Page 9
9
From
Spontaneous
= H - T S
G = -531.4 kJ - 298K (-412.5 J/K)
G = -531.4 kJ - -123000 J
G = -531.4 kJ - -123 kJ
G = -408.4 kJ
Spontaneous
Exergonic- it releases free energy.
At what temperature does it become
spontaneous?
Page 10
10
Reaction Mechanism
Elementary
For
Ea
Ea
Ea
Page 11
11
Activated Complexes or
Transition States
The
H 2 O 2 + OH H 2 O + HO 2
HO 2 + OH H 2 O + O 2
Fast
Fast
Which
Page 12
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