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    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views11 pages

    SR State CH 20

    Uploaded by

    hhhhcccc
    OECD

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11
    The SELF-RESTRAINING STATE Power and Accountability in New Democracies dived by Andreas Schedler Larry Diamond Marc F Plattner by 333-360 ee 20 Restraining the State: Conflicts and Agents of Accountability ANDREAS SCHEDLER Da sree Se te esti eee No deity iil this book ives an exteasve analy syntosi ht weld {ake wp a wide aay ofthese, eoncudng espe hal obeys the menage want ring acoso he demoerae sate ofl: ractie se-dsipline—which ints ease does not imply arena on ower bet one on thematic bead. Tis cape nie elm wo ape Fase the queso of confit verse conseaeu nd the identification a ‘eleven acters in tbe consacdon of ntaon] acount. ‘Confctive Aecountablity Some instuions are public good. They are soorditition devices det resolve eollactive ation probleme. Tet sbante hrs everbody wile thir creton benefits everyoody. By contrast ote nstien ook mote lke private goods Thoy sre instrument of ower that rsave dibutve struggles, Some people avr and other oppor tir eergeace and once ‘nplce soe win ad other los fom throne, A the eent pit of debate, deing ths analy distinction —etweeninsions tat po recollect nei versus iasitos ae sores of privilege an ds ‘rimiston rakes o beadies anymore Isha log ben knoe that sme vocal eoice fran ofthe “new insitonalen ie poled science have tended to privilege the former perspoctive while tsialy gnocng he lates However, the eleven queton here how sould we lus instions of acconuailiy? Ard which perspective shuld we ‘ope en we tady tek pense? ‘One posible (even fcouneiuv) answer i: we shoud test them ma 334 candor ss cllatve goods since both “sovereigns” and “saber” shares com: ‘on trent inh ertabishment. Sot trl neinttuena stdes ‘hat eonsrct the emergence of ete property ight in Wetrn Eps opt tis perspective” For example, Avner Gre, Paul Milgrom, ad Busty Weingast xpi erie of rereant glia ate medieval Europe by thc capcty to act as “ountvalng powers to penal eons. {oy a predatory sates and the to eb tae o exp othe benefit fof merchants and vlers ike Silay, Doggie Novth and Barry ‘Weingast describ he now balance of power and te Inovsive conse ional design bough shoo bythe Gloroos Revelation in seventeenth can- tury Englands asttaona rnsfornation that intoduced “arene ‘essetons on the ts aby to manipulate economisrole” hs "ake Ing possible econome growth an pole! fredorn™ "empire tras th ey uation Keres wheter goverment be fit fom the istruoalzaon of pies! Secumtbiy the rae way ‘hey do tom the nsiatonalzaton economic rights Te Iter reetale the sts aoe fo socal resources in he shor rn, bat st the ase for prosperity end thus agent the unable bare inthe fong ron. The fo ss lays resrctons on te abivaryexeriee of power a well, the Tongan compenstions tpovder are much lee anparnt. "Any o0= niet want be fe afr all and its “se tobe ae unconstined is possible isa consta fast of plies." Wao in eger to resp o nay {questions in public? Who yearns Tor punishment for misbenavior? ‘Goverent sully do 20. They usiriand that neti of soot sbi imi thei Scene of ation and tht they conan the peti o ‘ring he ino painful aed embarasng stations. So why shold they Be Interee nestling them? Tn ier democzatis, the most plausible anower derives from the electoral connection” ues develop an lteest in Binding tomaevee thro intntonal mocbansts of secounity if Voters nish them et the pol shoud they fat do so. the lnyusge of hs book event td veteal accountability ae interconnected. Governments may cacover the ents of Rorzonal aceon if Yous open he eee trough the effective execs of lest scout “Tis wounds eatiely pase, We sould ow, however, that the Hak age between sectoral nd horizontal county doesnot mek sta Halls. Tobe elective prenppores a seve of reseivecondians. Ht, ‘ers have to value retronpertive over prospective voting. ai te evasion of past performance, they mus give poi fo instiatonal issues rar thao fo policy ses, valence ase, charters, o ay Tabet. Second, the Incumbent party must be aeither a dominant party (whch i unlit lean clacton wat ive pary (bik kel 'e sayoutde any powible goverment coi)” Th, pub lilt ‘mest be in a portion to ancpae voters” (poeta) sssexments they ‘mt pereive ter even ponisment a pols as croble tet. 1a corer 335 ‘bie, ots must be Sth able an willing, nso sgn heir wiling- nes 10 "vow the scl out of uncooanahe ofc! and only hese tice demznding conion ols, we an const lige institutions of harznslsecounabilty as pubic gods valued by ‘oichoiders as mach as by clzens. But even it tes coniions bold (hich vill weer fal be te case, given the irpressble margin of ‘certainty tht charctrize poplar election) they donot a8 up ost ficient explanation of eveotl isto! reform ininver. The sesoa resides inte posible gap between pltiiny’ "bes ineret" ahd tht Actual courses of action. As we al Laon aether collective intrest lighened selPinersts ae "se-efecig” eth sens that ronal” Uility-masimiing actors would always follow thie wise advice ‘Occholders may depend e thir electoral the medi te) and be ‘ae of ter dependence. al hey may prefer opr th eezcton "5 sn purye conicing pal, be they Of «sexes lonprm arate than consent to mechanisms of scours Wt campreat ‘hel merges of maneuver Tf policans san win scons oaly if they promise 10 eter hands aferwards, they may well ehoowe to ele eid Sch & promise before or break it aera? They maybe dea, ot feign dsufoen, the vice of rearos even with cizensshouig thom sets hea. ‘We soul empbase that he same “ations 2p” may open a wel insane where the expoted ciel benefit of ino eer ad ler ong-tem slits ae rch easier fo rasp fo eveyone sich fas Inthe proces of iustanatinng secre property ith. For lance, ‘he Neon of come power bythe sate for sonal ender Elan Govons Revolton “Wd wo aie saturly"o oumes bet was he (eat ingen) cutome of bier, bloody supe. Agsin, god rases fo 30% cnpental sef-esealn dona transit mechanical io good ageols of ‘saint In sum, posing intolerant onthe te repent in ‘mos cases "power pune rather han # "coordination gates i co fide enters ater tas some sth and vant ue. Pale cals re kl ootnt the mea ed endang) cot anes ions that etetveaccounabiiy implies. And inte absence of aint public controversies, thy ae likely to antputesguficat electoral benefits fom sobjecng themselves to regular accounabliy rhe oer way round, they are unl fo fear the electoral costs of tnaccouetble ecionmaking ‘The Binary Structure of Confct ‘As aru gecisofacountabity are not the prove of lone estan: A designers Quits to the corey, contveting thes tends to involve 8 sth of ston: goverment, rine ofc, ers, jad, ou 336 conto Jas, elzens, interest groups, pubic intrest organizations nenstionsl financial ergaiztons, and se Torh. For anlyea a wel arena reasons, however, it makes sense to simply the pitore ané deseribe process of secounabity bung es "two-person gamete static Interactions between cw Sts of anegoasie actors, who we mn) ttth “conservatives” on he one and and “agents of ang,” the tex!" "As conventional wisdom elles, the study of nein hang ep resents an undereplored i ofthe “ew istatonlsm” i poll k fence. coring to a recurent compli in the iterate, the ne inti tionaism in socialsciences as provided as with rich neounte and understandings of instal consequences. of iatitatons as independent ‘aiabes. Neoinstitiona! scholars have developed fail resonate Understandings of te effects differeatnattadoodl rangement show. However, by comparison, they hive apporeniy nested they of inet ‘tonal creation and change? This afimstion i ead is no to. Te hes af poral ofthe aintaon! Lerten the narrow see of| “cl onsies" poonsttinatiom ” Bt it ovrooke a in many feds ofresech, poll seats have seed process of nttiona fom ‘ion and efor, and extensively so, even if they hae not noes nace the ashioabe belo psaionali” tthe work, we rw on this wie erature, we can se tha, sfc reconsot ing conics between erm an heir opponents pesos common procedure in enpical nayses of instuiona eeem. In sameros ele St research, stidens of poiics hive been deseriing the struggles that ‘ing aboot (or block intone transformations in pcily tee in temas cont betwen he promotes of changes he defender of the staas quo, We might even sey tht the simple goldng Gsnction between pros ad cons casts something ike the hin foundations of ‘ny “politcal economy” of insatonal reform inthe eel of politics, Many sands of inguiy ta have bea developing wth ile corenicn vio and exchange ares thei narow boundaries of bdscipliay spe inlzation base their ante mataes of inettion! change, tet a ‘apie way, on homclogons loge of bipolar conti. For insance, the hole Meraure on democrats tansions, sting from Guilera.o "Donel ané Pile Schmstersreminal "Uncertain {Conclusions cane ronda ton on this heme: the contotton| beeween democratic opposition vets tejesetatve of he suhoiaren| snl pie Algo, een ties onthe plial economy of economic ‘ef he feased thereon ante cei between to gop i tral reformers onthe onesie Gowever trmedovthodon, prema. free-market, nealiberal, iberaizing, Westemining. et anietai) vers ‘Opposing groups en the eter sie (however detfed ata, prsectow Is neostuctalis, trod, padulis conservative, popalis,o ope Tan. We cas aac be same iden of dichoomoas cel, for example a te : ; i ' cenen 337 staes of judicial refoem, electoral reform, stat efom, iil service ‘efor, the combet agaist corrption and ches, and the establish ‘ent of common propery inetatons. Everyher, scholars pin pltres ‘ot confeiveinteractons between ntitenlenepreser io promote structural change and vested interests tut for (ct open) cealvons of reshanee Most ofthe contributions to thie book tear ou the expestaion of antagonistic instional cont as wel Mexico's long wat democratic "etons was paved by repeated rounds conf ad negotition between regime and opposition ee Elgnsn) 1° Ghant's big en” rom unclean ‘nd uo elections oa working infest of lst aistation ves posse only afer te bioady pstelectoralcotis in 1992 and the subsequent opposition bayeot of legatve activity Gee Gyimth-Boad. ‘The rotagod of iteration eleconeberver nthe manugeret of rial elections derives rom heir capacity to wbitate betwee 0 antag ‘coisa dssusfl pares (ce Pastor. Antagoini confit sumo Be ‘widespesd and freuen, ven ihe development of adependen conti ‘onal cous aa i he opraton of independent cel bus. Toy, he Tormes appear as unconeoversal standard componeats of a “eormal” democracy andthe ater as necessary ingredient of “sound” economic policies. Nevertless, te new consituoal cons of ast Cental Europe ve bad to ater thei fdependence tn open contonatons with res ‘tat goveramons (see Schwartz). Aad is Russ, but the presidency ad ‘he Doma Wanted 10 se the cena bask indpendet only roms he oer branch of goverment, while actully tying wo subject it tis ovn wishes: ‘andthe bank could maltla i Gnous)auouoay aly as lng as the balsace of power betwee the two coutending forces allowed i (ese Johnson}. All is tesifes tothe general rue, he cammoasese assump on piel sions do not fll rom heave tey have t be ca ‘gre agin he expres il f those who defend he sans quo (ore ‘fen than ns, because ty Bnei frm it whe wey expect to lose sna Frre). ‘The Complex Structre of Conflict Ie we accept the simple binary sructure of confi san analytical staring ot for he stay fists change, nothing of coarse obliges us 0 Stay there. We may immesintely prosed 1 complicate the petre as ‘ompscal eller demand i think, above al ofthe pesesay compl ‘tls. Fis ate say iazaduce faker ineral stnctone no the 0 {groups of srs For example, the asi cont between ahora ‘emceats ual forms sts prt of he analyse tari sadent of ern ‘atic tansions tell More often hanno the “regime Boe is vided 228 contin into hatiners ros) ad sof-iners (bandos), while the “opposition ioc" is not Homogeneous ete ut ening “meres” a welt“ imaliss™ Th adaton, one may recognize that mile sxegoies ay sein te instonal cons being played ou be uneeided the inc Tere and the oul ‘Secon, one may cance hat fhe houses beween the to gr are not aly sears Ir may ot lvaye be eaty fo dete who belongs to which gop ards utceray of este isa inp pat of he nen pict, itis iia to ice snere Seclraton fom hie "ice nd_moreofen than nt strs reveal thee“ identtes” ely © est rough ter etn onde is is. Far atc, de selecondent {ndpendence of te te cestuonal cours East Cental Europe came Sa spi At the ous twas aot lear a all whether these ding cn nstotions woald at span servants of hel tr, he ation: 2 govemment, indeed es imparalertr f contains none (ace Sonar) ‘Third ae may also ak ato sooust at scan membership nthe wo eateries (0 any subeaegoesi ot xed, Whe ition ae ‘uid, ties ae in owas wel People earn. Thy may change ides ther convictions change o abel eaeuls of slimes makes tem jmp the bupdvagoo of enipated winners. Who would bave rei, forexample, ht lonpsring Chit hisice France Nyala of Tanzanie Would develop ito a eve promese of ull fdependence and mai tty demacscy? Ané who wotlt have tought hat be would te ale fo ese President Fuliss Nyerereto ake the lead in the demise of be oe arty ste ace Wide)? "No here do iiiatves to enhance ple acsoantbilisy oncely come fom? Whee do they right? Whe seers te rquae presse 1 insutaanllassecounabity? Who ae im cont ems, the pole fares, he refocmatorysabjcts, the agents of change, the beroes of cout? I tly review for possible svres of Steal xe ton and reform: goverment frm fom above), cil soley (form rom teow), ff mombere (ela from win), and trates) actos (feform fom te cui), Reform from Above ‘To egin with any se orzaiaton ead and empamered oho ther sine agencies aconnabl stb eat ceeding to elie femal [rocofures abd its variably thr the goverment ore panne ht Sols the auboity to do thal. tp games of horizontal acco, op cexceuunes und legislators therefore appear ar veo players who ave te final say over th establishment, the formal srctre and he eesouce conden 339 endowment of secoutng agence. By legal noes ll pts of insite onal eration pas toegh te oflces of top state ects and, in is Sense, scourtabity- promoting reforms cannot come fom anywhere else ‘han "tom sbove” The 0 way o ignore ot Bypass te centers of se power Ules they coset asttonaize "well etain” te Tox! 19 orzo acount i tock ‘The consbutons to ths book fully eet this simple fc of poiat Iie, democrat setag, th atonal gists (ong sometinet domized by sting presidents) who eter deny ory the lea! funda tons fer clean and fa loctons, independent ad impart cores tive amlcepton agencies, and aetooomoss cet Danks. Yet, accor ‘ance wth mosh of th ete oreo! reform, thr tend to ‘xy scant tension to eins but rather focus onthe oe of heads of| goverment, whose leadership" and “polite wi” they dee necessary {or public accountability tke hol in effeive insitatons. Not sup ing tbe capers cn anconeption meaies conn the mos explicit a= seus ahi ven (e Herun, Quah nd Galtng and Pope) ‘But why should state offal te the lead and devine mechanics that consent fire redo of ston? As agued above, seem reasonable fo expect tht ste ocns wil be estat at best to 1bby ‘tively forthe noble sans of horizontal accom Neverelss, Several counterweight the maximization of short-term selinterests fs, sever good reasons that may lower poioymaer” tiation to titer aero sve sending insutions (and whi dhs make these {netton “selt-eforcng”y eletorl acount (De fer of leer {efea), the cacuae of macroeconomic bene (he expectation tht ma ‘eur ear the rule flaw), calm conciousness (he concep "He esountbiity wil jn fet the bad gy wile eeveaig one's owe odes, the co-ciiting nature of aston (te expectation tht Imecheiss of accountability wil hurt pial afversres aswel), he lnteromporal nature ofistiaions (dhe expectation that agencies of sccounabily wil esa soccescepovezamouts), te uncertain couse fuenct of iandoas (bod a Raisin “velo ignorance” one's ows hur positon i the sytan maybe uncerila). nomatveeguments he "alan of pe accountability oe ova), misealealaton ms human ‘tr isin of domino, fale expettons about he vbserveace of ew ston), or ster acount (te Geet Fein» high pe ‘Sonal epation before ior ang historical textbook). "Sum, tee ar various posible sluons othe pra of why deci Sonmakers shuld over gree to te thelr nds and subject bests 10 tmooying procedures of acoutaiy- The book, however, Sem to on frm he ypothesisfrmolated above: ith "electoral nes” does no ‘work property and detslonmakers do nt develop tangible ei-netet a ‘he iastenalzan of account, any progress ou this ats ely 340 Conlon to be fie and vlnerble 0 coningent polis janctares and polities! Pessoal. todas book. Selva mot explicit in sighs casa Hypothesis: the new constitonal cours fn Entra Europe wor as eff tive chcks on power wie Gmocratis tansitons are complete, In cow ‘ext tha ae sil semaoare, perso lear end eon fo ‘he evento subordination f cotton cours by ster epresang or ‘treunventng det, which condemns these intone keep a Tow tnd ‘onsontonatonal pile Reform from Below ‘The often decisive role of i aoeety (a tem usd hee to describe a road entembie of onsaceactos— reset necessary (even i inpficle) conditens or agencies of orzo scout be bot ftv and sssoable ‘Raion choice istinonalss, fr example, pr fromthe ea that in ‘Semocraciesplielns ae the devng free of at tory while pelle ‘demands are the diving forces of pelicans (who te cncered aout teclevion and tus about pblic supper) Intestinal Rinna iti ‘ons tend fut spose phasis onthe need foe caftng a comotsensc ational consensi fo state tor toe ues And de pameoos rediscovery of “iil society” in scholarly debate 36 well Ia “eligi Ee pele ciclesexpetien, among ay ote pes, te expectation that nonstate actors muy serve asa il nstromont for eotateng the [over of democratic govenents, checking thelr potenti sues od vi Eins of he fe, aod subjecting hem to public sera Ieenpese a roce genera ens the conviction tat "the effectiveness of briana accountability it signin extent comingent on deme frme of Verse account" ‘Actually, mBCh ofthe episodic empirical evidenve we have at hand coon 341 tends osapgor the ides thitssouneiiy-enhaning reforms do tot ome frwar witht la oar frcfom" Shes "ub Si pao” and popular protest caopsigns se not sv elles, aod ce they tech imodie psi they fe a ae ending Sarton! mcr or example inte fw comtrgry insacee Whee {itn American presidents fll victim to impeschmont processes Fernando Calla of Bra Cros Andres Pe of Verran ADs ‘Boer of Ezuader—(peceivet popular inlgnaion stow psienal ‘shir noe wars devon ce Blind tee Het mes ‘Yer forl rma quale, ths movements oan of ert Cal csounaily pose doa represent more than emer "epson ‘scons whee onl commen hi Indtera ‘ke: However ese wean rama, But sted mae modes pea {nd ostnd, ortatnal ies by cv cles of a gute ‘Roomble shone of eleving pics og tor staal bang Foroample tbe el oper” publied seul inthe Tore of DDomocrany cil poey sc ren the expnes i onsting ‘ining ce osans nsec! por sn ng ie Se ciere ba nigh ache snd len eectonn, he odo of Spinom women shi tnd buna pt Ae se tp dere, ‘Tita rp ae (cn cial hav to) conse ht ht ‘Seine ere wi have over tie soe dene poste elect tov sates oper. fo, he nan eat sil society mater aan te ba searing pot for exploring wich pct fitters apd whens om ‘Mache the sciyas nt book evolves end ite yma, Never thas he bok dos cnn se tte and somewhat ns ‘ace (eat ea ground jagent) shut he eo aon one ‘cro Ai contin nthe el of scr! sSmiiron aco. ge he inpotnce of nongovernmental lstion monitor. ©" Dena {nd Domlgo Hat he weghty presence of ongoversentl opi tne hat sells i tee of mang Al hele on Shales enpbasie be cecal rele pbc pinay in sea. ‘ng ji indapedense, with Wide reporting on Jae" ndgment, ‘tag he mot nga shew Althea on combing orton sso makes lee puso sefeenoef the imporance of pace! ele ‘mt lee And bth Domingo aoe Masia dew atest ote ce. {yo ie penne ci ro ed eal tk ‘sim repetvey hs does ot xt the fit of leva at, or ant avbett for fare sytmate comparative search Yt es 25S sal eps eel ot 0 Fer uv the pestis sites ta act nd ats “ow” Ponete=in spot of orn oppenon or adifrene to veloo ie rerio” 342 Condon Reform trom Within Sometimes, isutnaizig bras acountabilty impli the cretion ‘new agencies. Bur more often tan ao st involves therefor of eiting ‘agencies In both eases the nema sal of the agency in qseton pays 2 ‘ileal een determining its pefonmance. Woes organizations te ley Inplace however, te potagonim ef he su Becmes more vious Cand often more deleterious. Top sefomars usually cannot efostwholesle exchanges of personel bat must work wh whoever sy happen fo in tho species they tare: nd those pole often do ot embrace fore i= tities with much enhsis. Tae eratare on swale acon ingly tens to emphasize te tesstine to change om teal f “entsec ng od ened interes" win te rgetedorannations, Kali ea 0 stress the corenponding nesta of briging these potetal agents of edsance ino the efor process is widely perived tht sina. ‘efomars mst have at Tease pasive ate of aff membre, del Iy they should sacs in ining thaw seve votement nd tht ake them fel in fshcnable economic temsnalgy) ike responsible wake odes in th efor process. ln sum, scholars a welt polcyiakers tendo ok at he “adminis of countably” primal 8 poeta obstacles, ab eousteceformaory “conservative agents” bo ave to Be ‘ovnged, converte, o cored int aceon setae, Ast In hey tad co ovelok tit potential cleat “agents of change” st promoters of insintood ransforuaon. The teeta jariinton for this “conservative bis” derives fom Key pris of rational boise too. (nthe one hand, the theory doesnot nvaihy neglect the role of oxms; Bu it takes bos and ese nt cout, lends opi he Calculus of self-interest» clear primacy, while conceding to norms and ‘eas a sabsiary ples only. In enenc, ronal chive tecry asus ‘hat cial norms regulate beavior onl when doesnot cos ery ch, [AS Zon Ester puts it "dese mater when Anteest yeks 90 cleat mswers"™ Raa choice doy thereore i -eglpad to exp the ‘emerence of moral etn” who srapale for ple ucsastliy, even iF this endetvor rns against her manifest eae (nd sometime even inca diet trast thir ies). The theory Is -guiped to aesount for choices made “when the payots to honey tg, warking hl ot ‘wong re negaiv"™—apd, swe may ad ete, wen the pay fine een and ipa] deionmsking ae negative.” But Sua ends Gin tis volume), “martyrs and prisoner of conscience” have made tei Imprint hroughoot te istry of mankin, even if tei ovtence may remain much ofa dick and awe-nspiing "mystery" (ee O'Donnell oy someting we nie along we ray not hve a sound explanatory theo. ‘a and Te contemporary pois, fer instance, the pal sats of cenduson 243 ‘nets man igs pation eto the “ton” couge fo may "eo of comity” party Fade, gastos is Jorn, an udperwo nave bean sucfiing fh eoeers, tet cht, heir edo and ives, in he srg for democrat ot ‘Sionatim forfeited an come goverment ‘Oni oer Rnd onl eho thay ot aly owaply he le cf worms el neo under ewe of pa characte, ‘The theory's microeconomic pyeksogy asses x wnfor sacar of roteton sro al inant erp, store ae ane Fttechangsble: They sl follow aif peer onidimenion) ‘only. Wht com, herfr ro Ban opm Ble Svs of ‘Stes The jo gotng te rls igh sad avd Ar comme {pose ia Sefer} cupped to expan heey rence ileal dees of iafrmation abd ak evento) why tome People sometines die ltr exalted putes of intercon Ge ton) withat presen kenge ath stare of nerves Ba Jag tte pce The her neg to aca for ites

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