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TIDAL GENERATION
OPTIMIZATION MODELS*
SINGLE-TIDE OPTIMIZATION MODEL (STOM)
The derivation of the model is based on the simulation of the levels of the
impounding reservoir or tidal basin over time,
y(t),
equations:
A(y)
Q(H)
H = y(t)-h(t)
(AI)
dy
Q=-A(y)dt
(A2)
Q= Q(H)
(A3)
the tidal basin area as a function of level. Since the tidal basin
surface area is known at all water levels, Eq. (A.3) is a continuity equation,
equating
Q dt,
and sluices, to A(y) dy, the reduction of storage, that is, changes in tidal basin
water level. As implied in Chapter
3,
The model derivations have been abstracted from the reports of the Bay of Fundy Tidal Power
By Robert H. Clark
245
246
basin water level and volume, which can be determined at small cost, should
be as accurate as possible.
If
Q(H),
deterministic,
dy
dt
(A4)
The numerical value of the right side can be computed for any values of
and
y.
The function
yet) is,
the form
dy
dt
fbg
This equation can be solved using the Runge-Kutta method, that is, a step
by-step numerical integration. Computations must start at a given point when
the level Yo and the time
to are known.
Level Yl at time
tJ
to + M is computed
(AS)
2
kJ
k3 Mf to +3" M , Yo -3+k2
=
Yl
(A6)
(A7)
(A8)
(A9)
The problem execution can be carried out either forward or backward and
the step-size or integration interval is automatically adjusted to specified error
bounds. Therefore, a starting level can be computed knowing the finishing
conditions, or vice versa. Generally, a time step of 5 or lOmin will be found
Q(H)
(t), t2),
E= LP(t)N(Q,
t2
H)dt
(A.IO)
Q and H,
and
pet)
247
N is
(A.I)
and
(A.2),
E= LP(t)N [-A(Y)y',
t2
y-h(t)]dt
t,
or
E= L
12
11
where
y'
t(t, y, y')dt
dy/dt.
yet)
in
at_ atto
ay
with transversality conditions
,at I
(A. 1 1)
dt ay')
ay'
It
( at Il
ay'
(A.12)
_ dA(Y) aN aN
at
=P(t) y'
+
ay'
dy aQ aH
and
at =-p(t)A(y) aN
ay'
Hence,
aQ
aN
d aN
aN dp
p(t)-+p(t)A(y)- - +A(y)--=O
aH
dt aQ
aQ dt
Equation
(A.13)
(A.13)
for an optimal relationship between the discharge, basin level, and time during
248
the generation period. It can be evaluated in finite difference form and solved
numerically in the model.
In addition to this equation, the transversality conditions of Eq.
(A. l2)
iJy
T](Q, H)
dT]
dQ
N(Q, H)
pgQH
=
Hence, turbining must start (or end) with a discharge giving maximum
efficiency. Although this condition does not fully define the starting con
ditions, the number of possible routes through the turbine hill chart is
reduced.
Equation (A13) is solved numerically during the generating period. Condi
tions are defined at the start of the computation by the optimization routine
as
and
Ho.
P(t0 )
dN Qo+QI H o+HI
dH
'
][
tl
to
CN
P(t O)X YO+Yl X CN
(Qb H1 ) dQ (Q0, H0 ) +
A
2
dQ
M
(A.l4)
Equations (Al) and (A2) provide the first estimate of Yl assuming
so that
Ql
Qo,
(A.lS)
249
Having obtained a value for YI and H), Eq. (A.14) becomes an equation in
Ql' A solution is found by searching for QI from Q o. Improved values of YI
and HI are then obtained by a second use of Eqs. (A.IS) and (A.16), where
Q o is replaced by (Qo + Ql ) I 2 .
The computation should properly be started using the new estimates of Yl
and H], thereby initiating an iterative process. However, such an approach is
very time consuming and an alternative may be satisfactory. A time step of
2 min could be used and, by computing an initial Yl by Eqs. (A.IS) and (A.16)
and computing Ql from Eq. (A.14), the new value of Ql is used to recompute
Yl from Eqs. (A.IS) and (A.16). At each IO-min interval, closing errors are
balanced and the solution smoothed by recomputing the reservoir level using
the average discharge over the last five steps.
Values of N, aNlaQ, and aNiaH were computed from an equation fitted to
the hill chart. For the Fundy studies, a step length of 2.S m3/s was used in the
search for Ql. The equations may be used with either a positive or negative
time step to compute forward or backward in time.
Equation (A.14) is no longer valid when the solution implies operation
above the generator limiting capacity. In order to limit the turbine output as
the head increases, the turbine must be throttled to follow the line of limit
ing generator output (refer to Fig. 9.Sb). Figure A.I illustrates a typical path,
VWXYZ, followed through the hill chart.
At the intersection of the path VW with the limiting power curve, that is, at
point W, the discharge becomes deterministic with head and the Runge-Kutta
method is used as long as operation continues at generator limiting output.
o
(])
Cl
c
<1l
.c
()
(J)
i:5
Figure A.1.
250
According to Gibrat (1966), the turbines must operate along the limiting
power curve until the following equation is satisfied:
L.,
W
pe t )
(aN )
aH
( a--NQ ) _
a
N
-O
aaQ
d
A( y) - p(t)
dt
p( t ) A ( y )
dt
(A.17)
251
Y1
CD
Ys = Y1
I@!
I, ,I
W, Waiting
c
0
T, Turbining
R, Refilling
>
Q)
LiJ
Y,
Y1
to
Time
t,
ts
(a)
tS
2
tS
1
Y2
1. Backward Computation
2. Forward Computation
(b)
Levels
'=--------1'-+---------------
Time
Energy
Value
Figure A.2
I I ,
"
I
(c)
(b )
(c)
(a )
single effect
2. For a given starting time, t" the reservoir level during turbining is
computed by solving forward the corresponding differential equa
tion. Turbining would end either when Yo is reached (tsl) or when the
minimum operating head is reached (tl2). The energy production and
benefit are simultaneously computed. Note that the benefit is a function
of only one variable, the starting time, t,.
252
(A.18)
for Yl with steps of Y varying between two extreme values. Ri is the
total benefit (energy production) between the present time, i, when
the reservoir is at level Y2, and the end of the time period. Gi-1 is the
benefit obtained by operating the reservoir between levels Yl and Y2
during time interval i 1, and the sum of Gi-1 and Ri is maximized to
select the optimum route between a given level Yl to the appropriate
level Y2 at he beginning of time stage i.
6. The lowest level of Yl is that level to which the reservoir would refill
-
from a level equal to the low tide level of the previous cycle plus
minimum operating head, that is, the lowest possible level at the end
of the previous turbining period.
7. The highest value of Yl is set equal to the lesser of either the greater
of the current and preceding high tide level or a given upper limiting
level. This upper limit assumes that, although it may be desirable not
to generate during one cycle, it would never be optimal to skip two
successive cycles.
8. Level Yl is varied in descending order, and for each such level Y2 is
varied in ascending order. Limits of variation of Y2 are the limits of Yl
for the next cycle.
9. The computation would not necessarily be repeated for each new value
of Y2 because the optimal operation remains the same so long as the
limiting level Yo, associated with a new Y2, is less than the finishing level
at the end of turbining.
10. When the full series of tides has been explored, the results are
reviewed to establish the optimum route through the series from a
given initial level in the first cycle. A single computation of the draw
down or turbining period for each cycle is repeated to provide the
final results, that is, the energy production during each hour of the
series of tides.
253
Maximum benefit Gi-1(yJ, Yz) can be readily estimated when the opera
tion (turbining, pumping, sluicing ) between levels Yl and Yz remains constant
during the time interval Si' This is true when the step is short. The new version
of the La Rance tidal power plant operation model (Merlin et al., 1980) still
uses a 10-min time step, an interval made necessary by the speed of variation
of the sea level, which can reach 3m/h. In the 1970s, the computer execution
time required when using such a step was very expensive for the type of study
being undertaken in the Fundy reassessment. Therefore, for those studies,
the time step used coincided with one tidal cycle on single-effect generation
models and with one-half cycle on double-effect models. For single-effect
models, in particular, the OCDPM achieved an important reduction in com
putation costs with a negligible loss of accuracy.