MT Level III Notes

MT Level III Notes

By: Charles Hansen ASNT Level III
MT Wave Forms

Charles Hansen ASNT Level III

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MT Level III Notes

Field Strength and Distribution in Symmetrical Objects

Charles Hansen ASNT Level III

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MT Level III Notes

Charles Hansen ASNT Level III

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MT Level III Notes

Impedance: Term used to refer to the total opposition to flow of current
represented by the combined effect of resistance, inductance and capacitance of a
circuit.
Magnetic Lines: Lines of force that form a path around a crack in a ring magnet
Earth field is weak, how weak? 0.3 gauss
Demagnetization is required: the object is to be electric arc welded, could
interfere with instruments in service, or could attract chips or particles in
service
Particle sizes for wet method testing ranges from: 1 to 25 micrometer
When magnetic material reaches its curie temperature, the material becomes:
paramagnetic
Which type of radiation can most damage human tissue? UV-B
Best technique for testing a large flat area? Prods
= Permeability = B/H
B = Flux Density measured in Gauss (SI Units measured in Tesla)
H = Magnetizing force measured in Oersted
Most common wattage of mercury vapor bulbs for fluorescent MT exams = 100 watts
Longitudinal field = amp turns (L/D), Yoke, Coil around part
Circular field= Prods, central conductor, head shot, passing current directly
through part
Parallel magnetization= should be avoided (field is established in a part when it
is placed next to a conductor carrying current.)
Multidirectional Magnetization: Useful when orientation of discontinuities are
unknown (Proper Sequence) Magnetize, apply particles, shut off current, and
inspect.
Vector field= produced by simultaneously imposing two magnetizing forces in two
directions where one is stronger than the other upon a magnetizeable article.
N*I = 45,000
L/D

N= number of turns
I= current (amps)

Advantage to demagnetize a part: Position East-West

Centistokes: unit of viscosity
Settling test: check concentration of particle for wet method
Calibrate MT Machine- Use shunt with calibrated ammeter
Ammeter: determine amperage being used
Fill Factor= 10% or 10:1
Gauss= 1 line of flux per square centimeter
= Flux Density

Charles Hansen ASNT Level III

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MT Level III Notes

Discontinuity= interruption or break in the normal physical structure
Indication= accumulation of particles
Plated parts can be reliably tested = 0.1mm (0.0004 in) thick
Retentivity or Remanent: retain magnetic field
Permeability: ease with which it can be magnetized
Inductance: The magnetism produced in a ferromagnetic body by some outside
magnetizing force.
Forging defects- laps, burst
Casting defects- shrinkage, gas, misruns, cold laps, sand inclusion, hot tears
Best Subsurface: Dry continuous HWDC with Prods (Deepest Penetration)
Best Surface and Subsurface: HW Rectified AC with Dry Particles (Most effective)
(Greatest Particle Mobility)
Best Surface: Wet Fluorescent Continuous AC (Shallowest Penetration)

Easier to demagnetize: Longitudinal fields

Harder to demagnetize: Circular fields
Skin affect: AC
Resistance to demagnetization: Greater in hard materials than soft materials
When a magnetic field is at 90 to the defect, it will cause an abrupt change in
the permeability of the part.
Magnetic domains: submicroscopic regions inside material
Medium: refers to particles that have the ability to be strongly attracted to
leakage fields.
**Permeability of Materials**
Diamagnetic: less than 1.0
Paramagnetic: 1.0 or slightly more
Ferromagnetic: many many times more than 1.0
MT particles need to have: High permeability / Low Retentivity
Human vision range is: 380nm to 770nm (violet to red)
Nm = nanometer - billionth of a meter
Black light = 365nm, outside of humans range
Fluorescent particles absorb 365nm (3650 angstroms) and release at 550nm (5500
angstroms) (Yellow/Green)
100 ft candles- Visible light for visible MT
Magnetic particle building from a discontinuity is strongest when the
discontinuity is orientated: 90 degrees to the magnetic flux flow.

Charles Hansen ASNT Level III

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MT Level III Notes

Strongest magnetic field in a coil is at the: inside edge
Field meter: equipment used to determine if a part has been demagnetized. They
read a maximum of 10 to 20G or 10 to 20 MT. (The positive corresponds to the
North pole on one end of the part, and the negative to the South pole on the
other end of the part.
Circular field is easiest to detect, but hardest to demagnetize
Longitudinal field is easier to demagnetize
Flux Indicator: small device, generally a metal strap or disk, containing
artificial discontinuity used to determine when the correct magnetizing condition
or magnetic field direction has been achieved.
Fill Factor: is given by 2 /2
Wet ferromagnetic particles have lower permeability and higher Retentivity
compared to dry powder.
Advantages of Magnetic Rubber: 1. Replica of the geometry is created. 2. A record
is created. 3. The indication can be viewed under a microscope.
Magnetic Rubber Inspection takes a long time because: curing the magnetizing
rubber solution.
Typical amperage output for mobile equipment is 1.5Ka to 4000 amperes.
Hall Effect probe: detects field strength because the field strength creates a
voltage difference between two sides of the sensor in proportion to the field
strength.
Quick Break: shuts off current at its maximum causing the collapsing magnetic
field to produce eddy currents that compensate for decreased flux density at the
ends of a part.
Cobalt glass filter provides peak transmission of what wavelength? 3650 angstroms
or 365nm
Advantages of batteries for MT: can be operated using low current line chargers.
Ketos Ring Test: provides information about particle concentration, magnetic
properties of the particles, and the functioning of the magnetizing machine.
Hall Effect probe sensitivity is increased using a ferrite ring because? Of
increased permeability and higher B value.
You should wear UV absorption eyewear while performing fluorescent MT, because if
light shines in your eye, a cloudy sensation may occur do to liquid in the eye
ball fluoresce.
Depth to width of a crack for detection.

Have seen 1:1 and 1:5.

Stringer: most likely subsurface discontinuity detectable by MT

Porosity: most difficult to detect by MT.
Contact pads used during a head shot are necessary to? reduce arcing and current
density through contact area.
Longer shots are required with magnetic rubber due to? Higher Viscosity

Charles Hansen ASNT Level III

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