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Mass:
dm
dt
where, m AV
kg
s ;
(1)
kg
K
AV
v
Energy:
dE
dt
m j
i i
Rate of increase
of stored energy
of the open system.
e e
Energy transported
by mass flow in.
Energy transported
by mass flow out.
Q
Rate of heat
transfer into
the system.
kW
Wext
(2)
Rate of external
work transfer
out of the system.
V2
gz kJ
where, j h ke pe h
2000 1000 kg
N
VI
and Wext Wsh Wel WB ; Wsh 2 T ; Wel
60
1000
W
WB pdV kJ ; WB lim B ; kW
t 0 t
kW
Entropy:
dS
dt
Rate of increase
of entropy for
an open system.
m s
i i
i
Entropy
transported by
mass flow in.
m s
e e
e
Entropy
transported by
mass flow out.
Q
TB
Entropy
transferred
by heat.
Sgen
Rate of
generation of
entropy inside
the system
boundary.
kW
K
(3)
(1)
kW
(2)
Q
kW
Sgen
; Second law asserts: Sgen 0
TB
K
(3)
Mass: me mi m
(1)
kW
V2
gz
kW
(2)
(3)
(1)
Entropy:
V2
gz
2000 1000
kJ/kg ;
kJ
Wext WB Wsh Wel
kJ/K
kJ
where, Sgen 0
(2)
(3)
Open Processes (Filling an evacuated tank, filling a propane cylinder, discharge from a tank)
Mass: m m f mb mi me
kg
Energy: E E f Eb mi ji me je Q Wext
where, e u ke pe u
and Wext WB Wsh Wel
(1)
kJ
V2
gz
V2
gz
, j h ke pe h
2000 1000
2000 1000
kJ
kJ/kg
(2)
(3)
V2
1
gz
; pe
; e u ke pe ; j h ke pe ; h u pv
m V ; ; ke
2000
v
1000
E me ;; S ms ; KE m ke ; PE m pe
s;
e ; S m
AV ; V AV ; E m
m
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
u u2 u1 c(T2 T1 ) ;
cv c p c;
h h2 h1 (u pv) u (pv) c(T2 T1 ) v(p2 p1 )
T
s c p ln 2
T1
PG Model: (Assumptions: p RT ; cv =constant: see Tables>Table-C)
(5)
(6)
(7)
RT m
m R
m T
T
R
RT
T
R nR ,
where R
v
V
V M
M V
V
M
u u2 u1 cv (T2 T1 ) , h h2 h1 c p(T2 T1) , where
cp (cv R)
c
T
p
T
v
kR
R
s c p ln 2 R ln 2 ; s cv ln 2 R ln 2 ; also, k p , c p
; and cv
T1
p1
T1
v1
k 1
k 1
cv
p RT
k 1
p T k 1 v V T p k v
s con process: 2 2 2 1 1 ; 2 2 1
p1 T1
1 v2 V2 T1 p1
v2
For polytropic process replace k with n
IG Model: (Assumptions: p RT ; cv is function of T : see Tables>Table-D)
k 1
(8)
(9)
(10)
k
p v
; 2 1 ; (11)
p1 v2
RT m
m R
m T
T
RT
T
R nR
v
V
V M
M V
V
h h T , u u T s s p, T (use ideal gas tables); c p cv R
p RT
(12)
(13)
The temperature dependent part of entropy is separated from the pressure dependent part:
T2
s cp
T1
dT
p
p
0
o
o
R ln 2 s (T2) s (T1) R ln 2 , where s (T ) is tabulated against T . (14)
T
p1
p1
PC Model: (see Tables>Table-B) Determine the phase, L, V or M, of the fluid. For vapor use superheated Table.
For mixture, use saturation table (if the quality is not known, your goal should be to evaluate the quality
first which is the key to finding all specific properties of a mixture). For liquid use the CL sub-model.
CL Sub-Model: v , u and s depend on T only. Therefore, use the temperature-sorted saturation table to
obtain v v f @T , u u f @T or s s f @T . To find h , use h u pv u f @T pv f @T .
RG Model: (see Tables>Table-E)
chart.
pr and Tr are pressure and temperature normalized by the corresponding critical properties. Just
like entropy in the PG or IG model, h and u also have two parts, one temperature dependent and another
pressure dependent, in the RG model. The departure of these values from the corresponding IG values are
tabulated in the enthalpy and entropy departure charts as functions of pr and Tr . Therefore, the complete
state can be evaluated if