Thesis Final

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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Action that an individual undertakes would certainly have an effect in the future.
These effects, be it simple or life changing will be reflected as an individual takes every
milestone in her life. Choices that a person makes in the present could apparently be
transcribed to ones history. A person has an opportunity to take the right path and make
the most of the chances bestowed to them leading to the road they had preferred to walk
through. People should be vigilant with their action so we regretting in the end would be
prevented. Edelman and Mandle stated that prevention, in the broaden sense consist of
all interventions to limit progression of the disease. Secondary prevention focuses on
early identification of health problems and prompts intervention to alleviate health
problems. Its goal is to identify individuals in an early stage of a disease process and to
limit further disability (qtd. in Kozier 120). This above statement mentioned is indeed
applicable in all aspects of health care especially among breast cancer patients that afflict
women of all ages, races, ethnicities and in all social economic strata and geographic
areas. It is following skin cancer and the most deadly cancer for women following lung
cancer (soxouwanna.com).
The American cancer society estimates that 203,500 women and 1,500 men will
be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2002 in the united state of America it is further
estimated that 39,600 women and 400 men will die of breast cancer. Breast cancer ranks
second among cancer death in women. Looking at the statistics is naturally frightening. It
could happen to anyone of any ages. Its assurance can never be prevented because its
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actual cause is still unknown. Presently its early detection can be done at home though a
method in which all women should be educated. This so-called method is breast self
examination, which is done by the female individual herself if she only knew the
importance/purpose of it including the proper procedure or technique. This is a simple
procedure that causes no pain nor cost you a single centavo. Breast self examination
therefore provides a mean of discovering the development of breast cancer in its early
stage. Progress has been in the recent years in reducing the number of deaths from cancer
of the breast according to the most recent data, mortality rates declined significantly
during 1992-1998, with the largest decrease in the younger women, both white and black,
these decreases are probably the result of both early detection and improved treatment
(cancer facts & figures 2002). Women in general, are becoming aware of the possible
tragic outcome of a lump in the breast by practicing breast self examination and
reporting this finding at once to her physician wherein she can receive the benefit of early
detection and management of this stage. The client is given options regarding the
treatment regimens. If it were found on its earliest and curable stage, there would be a
greater chance of successful treatment. This is the reason why people all over especially
those in the health sector, cancer patients including their families are busy informing and
educating other on the effects of undetected breast cancer as well as the importance of
performing the breast self examination in early detection of lumps and masses, thus
further preventing its progression. In this way, metastasis and complications are
avoided .Therefore prolonging ones life and sparing the individual from expenses and
agony treat might be faced in the future. (Common facts and figures 2002).
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In Asia, the Philippines has the highest reported incidence rate of breast cancer,
from 433.2 in 2000 2002,the age standardized incidence rate ASR is nowc47.7/100,000
female and this figure exceeds the rate reported for several Western countries, including
Spain, Italy and most Eastern European Countries( Breast). In the Philippines,
approximately 100,000 women are diagnosed with the breast cancer every year.
According the Department of Health (DOH) there were 9, 325 cases of breast cancer and
3, 057 women died of the disease in the year 2000.The researchers made a status report
to determine the strength and weaknesses and the knowledge, attitude and skills of Tarlac
State University on breast self examination. The result will serve as a basis for propose
educational material and this can be used to improve the weaknesses, on the knowledge,
attitude and skills of the respondent based on the survey. Early detection is very vital
compared to the detection and education about breast self examination is properly done;
many lives will be save from the ill effects of the dreaded cancer disease that now afflicts
many women. This study aims to determine the awareness and compliance on Breast Self
Examination among the Tarlac State University Female Employees by means of
interview and questioners. Breast Self Examination is introduced to the nursing students
in the NCM 100 during their 2nd semester summer in their sophomore years. It is one part
of Physical Examination wherein students taught about its importance and procedure. The
proper way of doing breast self examination is as well demonstrated using a breast
model/replica in order for them to know the procedure and to compare the normal from
those with lumps and masses. During this time, students were not only asked to observe
but they were also given a chance to practice and demonstrate it in front or their
respective clinical instructor. With this very reason, students are expected to be equipped
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with proper knowledge and skills and its benefits if proper knowledge, skills and positive
attitude are present to students, then there will be no evidence in practicing breast self
examination. Furthermore this can be used in giving health education regarding on the
prevention of breast cancer. They can become effective in increasing of the awareness of
the clients of the dreaded disease and encourage them to comply with the procedure. The
researchers made a status report to determine the strength and weakness in the
knowledge, attitude and skills of TSU female teaching employee on breast self
examination the result will serve as a basis for proposed educational material and this can
be used to improve the weaknesses on the knowledge in level of awareness and level of
compliance of the respondent based on the survey. Early detection is very vital compared
to the late detection and if education about breast self examination is properly done,
many lives will be saved from the heal effects of the dreaded cancer disease that now
affect many women.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study was conducted to determine the practices and level of awareness on
breast self examination among female non-teaching employees of Tarlac State University.
Specifically, this study was designed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the female non-teaching employees of TSU in terms of

demographic data:
1.1 age
1.2 civil Status
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1.3 educational attainment
1.4 family health history
1.5 lifestyle
1.6 number of children
1.7 nature of work
2. What is the level of awareness of respondents on breast self examination?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents demographic profile and

the level of awareness of BSE?
4. What is the implication of the findings of this study to nursing service?
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES
1. There is no significant relationship between the awareness of the female nonteaching employee of TSU and their demographic data.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study believes to benefit the following:
This study hopes to improve the womens awareness on breast self examination
practice, bringing change of ones attitude towards it which can greatly contribute to ones
commitment to advocate and battle against breast cancer. They are encourage to practice
breast self exanimation starting at the age of 20, civil status, educational attainment,
occupation , number of pregnancies and number of children should not be hindrance in
taking health care preventive measures. They may practice breast self examination
regularly to protect themselves and appreciate its importance and benefit.
For nurses and other health care practitioner: one of the responsibilities of nurses
and other health care providers was to provide correct information from studies like this,
it contributed to early detection of breast cancer among women and helped to determine
the efficacy of practicing breast self examination which can in turn, helped to reduce the
incidence of breast cancer by providing venues for talks, training and symposia,
establishing program on womens health particularly on breast care in rural areas of the
country, health care providers can make a difference to the lives of many women. They
imparted their knowledge and experiences on breast self examination to their patient.
For future researchers: This study was enthralled to serve as a motivation or an

inspiration to future researcher to do a depth studies on breast cancer, its early detection
and other relevant issues that strongly concern it. The result of this study served as their
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baseline information or a reference in the conduct of future research on breast self
examination and breast cancer.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study aimed to determine the level of awareness of Tarlac State University
non-teaching employees regarding breast self examination.
There were 50 female non-teaching personnel of Tarlac State University. Thirty
nine of those belong to the General Administration and support services, ten on the
Auxiliary services while only one on the Higher Education aide office
This study utilized a descriptive-correlation research. The researchers used the
questionnaires as a survey form in collecting data. The interview was guided by the
questionnaires made by researchers.
Table 1. Numbers of Non-teaching personnel per department
Department
General Administration and support
services
Auxiliary services
Higher Education aide
Total
Number
39
10
1
50
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Awareness. Is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of

events, object or sensory patterns. In this level of consciousness, since data can confirmed
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by an observer without necessarily implying understanding. More broadly, it is the state
or quality of being aware of something. In biological psychology, awareness is defined as
a humans or animals perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event.
Auxiliary services. It provides essential services to students, faculty and staff,

contributing to the overall enhancement and quality of life of the University community.
Breast self examination. Is a procedure performed by individual to

physically and visually examine him/herself for any changes in the breast and underarm
areas of the body. (Medical University of South Carolina).
Refers to monthly examination of the breast noting the correct technique which is
lying .The correct frequency is doing the BSE monthly and the correct timing of doing
BSE is one week before the womens menstrual period.
Educational attainment. Is the highest academic level of education a

person as undertaken as to intermediate secondary and tertiary and level of education.
(Webster 2000).
General administration. It refers to the person who provides career tracks for
administrative specialists/coordinators and administrative supervisors who perform or
supervise a variety of administrative and business functions in a unit, non-retail business,
facility, or field office.
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Higher education aide office. It refers to the office that guarantees federal
student, specific grants and scholarships, and provides guidance for college planning.
Occupation. It refers to the job that somebody earns a living and it is categorized
as Employed, if the respondent is working and earns a salary from an employer. Self
employed, if the respondent is working in her means and earns from it. And Unemployed,
is not working to earn a living.(Webster 2000).
Pearson r. Is a measure of the correlation (linear dependence) between two

variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and 1 inclusive
Slovins formula. It is used to determine the sample size.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
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In this chapter, theories and researches on Breast Self Examination as well as
the variables associated with it are reviewed. This review is divided into three parts. The
first part contains an overview of BSE; the second part is the foreign literatures, foreign
studies, local literatures, and local studies; and the third part are reviews of the different
factors as age, civil status, educational attainment, and occupation and Breast Self
Examination.
OVERVIEW OF BREAST SELF EXAMINATION
Regularly examining her own breasts allows a woman to become familiar with
how her breasts normally look and feel and can help her more readily detect any changes
that may occur. Many women naturally have some lumpiness and asymmetry (difference
between the right and left breast). The key to the breast self exam is to learn how to find
changes in the breasts that persist over time. Breasts come in all sizes and shapes, just as
women do. The breasts will even change throughout our lives. The monthly menstrual
cycle, menopause, childbirth, breastfeeding, age, weight changes, and birth control pills
Or other hormones may change the shape, size and feel of ones breasts. It is important to
know what is normal. This can be done by practicing Breast Self Examination (BSE),
as the name implies, you do it yourself.
In developing countries, Breast Self Examination is considered to be a simple,
inexpensive, non invasive and non hazardous intervention, which is not only
acceptable, cost effective and appropriate, but also encourages women to take an active
responsibility in preventive health (Chee, et al, 2003). Women take charges of their own
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health are doing Breast Self Examination regularly. In fact, some health professionals
suggest that, at first, women do BSE everyday for a month so that they really know the
geography of their breast. Early discovery of a change from what is normal is the whole
idea behind BSE. Breast Self Examination (BSE) should be performed every month.
The best time to do BSE is about a week after the monthly period ends. Palpating the
breast and underarms using the pads of the three middle fingers following the patterns of
tip and down line, circular, and wedge motions are considered ideal techniques of doing
the BSE. If a woman discovers anything unusual, such as a lump, a discharge from the
nipple, or dimpling or puckering of the skin, she is advised to see her doctor at once.
Studies imply that 8 out of 10 biopsied lumps are not cancer. Discussing BSE with a
doctor will help a woman understand the procedure better, this will help her gain more
confidence in examining her own breasts. The best time to perform a BSE is when the
breasts are not tender or swollen. Because many women experience tenderness and
lumpiness in their breasts prior to their menstruation, BSE should be performed after
menses. Many health care providers advised women to perform BSE regularly every
month, at least a week after their menstrual period.
The importance of BSE should be emphasized because sophisticated screening
technology such as mammography is not easily available or affordable in the Philippines
especially among women in the middle to lower socio economic level or status. Breast
Self Examination is not costly and it is more available than mammography (Ngelangel
& Wang, 2002)
FOREIGN LITERATURES
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Breast cancer is a serious health concern and a disease that is not well understood.
Early detection remains the best way to prevent debilitation and death. Traditionally,
mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), and breast self examination (BSE)
have been accepted as legitimate breast screening modalities. Over the past 5 years,
academics, health professionals, and policymakers have seriously questioned the
usefulness of BSE after influential organizations such as the Canadian Task Force on
Preventive Health Care downgraded their BSE recommendation citing fair evidence of no
benefit and good evidence of harm. We briefly review the three large BSE trials,
highlighting methodological weaknesses limiting their ability to evaluate its
effectiveness, as well as critique the 2001 Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health
Care report on BSE. We argue that it is premature to conclude that BSE is ineffective.
Given that most women find their own breast cancer, this article cautions policymakers
and health professionals that a prudent approach to BSE promotion should be taken.
Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
These mammography procedures include double reading, which reduces the
number of false negatives. Together with this official program, administered by
associations in each district, voluntary individual screening is still available. The aim of
this study is to ascertain what women think about breast cancer screening, why they
choose one method of screening or the other, and what they know about "double
reading". A postal survey inquiring about the kind of screening chosen and the reasons
for this choice was sent to women aged 50 to 74 years covered by the national military
health insurance fund. After descriptive analysis of the results, we compared the
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respondents' knowledge of double reading according to residence (two departments, one
rural one and one urban), age, and educational level. Five hundred forty one of the nine
hundred ninety four eligible women responded (54%). More than 94% of them had had a
mammography within the past two years, 62.1% through the official program. Women
who had participated in the official screening knew more about "double reading" than the
others.
In the latter, familiarity with double reading increased as age decreased.
Individual mammography depended on prior habits and gynecologists' prescriptions.

Women must shift from individual mammography to the official program to receive a
standardized, double-read, and quality-controlled mammography. Prescribing physicians
should serve as an additional entryway into the organized program. (Toulon Cedex, et al,
2000)
Clinical breast examination (CBE) is often offered as a component of the well

woman check or carried out at the request of an asymptomatic woman. In these cases the
examination is a screening procedure, as opposed to a diagnostic CBE in a symptomatic
woman. This article examines the evidence for screening CBE. Screening CBE should
involve informed consent. A negative examination does not exclude the presence of
breast cancer and women should be aware of this. There have been no randomized
controlled trials of CBE alone, only trials comparing CBE with mammography for the
detection of breast cancer. While there is a low sensitivity (54%) for CBE, the specificity
is high (94%). It is unlikely that these figures are discussed with patients. There are
different methods of CBE, and these are described in the literature without a firm
evidence base as to effectiveness. However, evidence does suggest that practice on
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models and retraining help improve clinicians' skills as stated on the book Clinical breast
examination for asymptomatic women - Exploring the evidence by (Jill Thistlethwaite,et
al, 2002)
Screening and prevention of breast cancer in primary care, Mammography
remains the mainstay of breast cancer screening. There is little controversy that
mammography reduces the risk of dying from breast cancer by about 23% among women
between the ages of 50 and 69 years, although the harms associated with false-positive
results and over diagnosis limit the net benefit of mammography. Women in their 70s
may have a small benefit from screening mammography, but over diagnosis increases in
this age group as do competing causes of death. While new data support a 16% reduction
in breast cancer mortality for 40- to 49-year-old women after 10 years of screening, the
net benefit is less compelling in part because of the lower incidence of breast cancer in
this age group and because mammography is less sensitive and specific in women
younger than 50 years(McCready T,,et al,2000).
Digital mammography is more sensitive than film mammography in young
women with similar specificity, but no improvements in breast cancer outcomes have
been demonstrated. Magnetic resonance imaging may benefit the highest risk women.
Randomized trials suggest that self-breast examination does more harm than good.
Primary prevention with currently approved medications will have a negligible effect on
breast cancer incidence. Public health efforts aimed at increasing mammography
screening rates, promoting regular exercise in all women, maintaining a healthy weight,
limiting alcohol intake, and limiting postmenopausal hormone therapy may help to
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continue the recent trend of lower breast cancer incidence and mortality among American
women(Frederick Exley, et, al, 2003).
Teaching breast self-examination through pantomime is a unique approach to
community outreach. Cancer educators should pursue strategies to improve African
American women's adherence to breast cancer screening. Successful educational
approaches consider the cultural context and belief systems of African Americans.
Storytelling provides a forum in which women teach one another through personal
testimony. The Witness Project of St. Louis created an innovative approach to
storytelling, pantomime, which is visually effective in conveying the story of how to
perform breast self-examination (BSE). Pantomime offers a powerful message of the
importance of regular BSE (Barbara A,et al,, 2002).
The Breast self-examination among nurses and midwives in Odemis health
district in Turkey reveals the second leading cause of death due to cancer in Turkey is
breast cancer, which accounts for 24% of female cancers. It aims to determine the
practices of nurses and midwives and their attitude toward breast self-examination (BSE).
The descriptive survey was conducted to determine the practices of nurses and midwives
and their attitude toward BSE. It tried to cover the total population rather than sampling
part of it. However, 15 nurses and midwives, where there were errors detected in their
data coding papers, and who did not accept to join the study, were excluded from the
study. A total of 80 nurses and midwives were included in the study group. This survey
was carried out at the State Hospital, all Public Health Cabins, and Family Health
Centers, in the rural area of Izmir, a city located in the western region of Turkey. The data
was collected between 15 March and 1 April 2004. The analysis included descriptive
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statistics, to examine the association between BSE and medical history, knowledge of
BSE, and attitude toward BSE. Results: The results of the study indicated that 52% of the
sample performed BSE. Approximately 35% of those who performed BSE reported that
they acquired information regarding BSE during their work experience. A significant
relationship was found between higher levels of work experience and BSE practice.
Except for age, no significant relation was found between the socio demographic factors
and BSE practice. The sample showed a strong belief in the breast lump being the cause
of breast cancer and it had a significant correlation with BSE practice. A positive
correlation was found between nursing work experience and their practice alongside BSE
medical professionals. Almost all the nurses and midwives knew how to conduct BSE,
but did not prioritize practicing it(Jenkinson J., et, al, 2005).
FOREIGN STUDIES
Breast cancer is very common among women but it is among easiest cancers to
find at an early stage. The key to cure is early detection by physical examination,
mammography and BSE. Mammography is the radiological examination of the female
breast. Medical Dictionary, 2000.
Although advances in the diagnosis and the treatment of breast disorders are
changing the prognosis for breast disease include for disfigurement, loss of sexual
attractiveness and fear of death. Nass and Davidson, 2001.
According to Smeltzer and Bare, the breast plays a significant role in womens
sexuality and identification of herself as a female. But a disease called Breast Cancer is
destroying the sense of femininity. Breast cancer refers to a group of malignant disease
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that commonly occurs in the female breast and infrequently in the male breast. Black
and Jacovns. Breast cancer is the moist commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is
currently a leading cause of mortality in women, second only to lung cancer. Eganatius
and Workman, 2002. Statistics indicate that 2 women in 10 will develop breast cancer
sometime during her life. White, 2001.
One hundred eighty thousand cases are identified annually and more than 40,000
deaths in the United State alone. Sign and symptoms of breast cancer include breast
lump, pain or discharge from the nipple. Women at greater risk for developing breast
cancer are those who had a mother or a sibling with breast cancer , never and children or
had their first child after the age of 30, never breastfeed , have a history of fibrocystic
breast disease , started menstruating before age 10, obese, consume a high-fat diet and a
mode rate amount of alcohol, smoking and experience or late menopause . White,
2003.
BSE is used in conjunction with mammography. During BSE, women manually
check their own breast tissue for changes and lumps. The women should perform the BSE
two positions, while lying in down, and while observing herself in the mirror
for
physical changes in the breast. While lying down, lie flat on your coach with a pillow or
folded towel under the shoulder of the breast to examine. Used your left hand to palpate
your right breast , while holding your right arm at the right angle to the rib cage, with the
elbow bend. Repeat the procedure on the other side. Breast Cancer Org. 2005
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and African-American
women are less likely to detect breast cancer at its early stages. Few controlled trials of
interventions to increase breast self examinations (BSE) among low-income minority
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women have been conducted. Our objective was to test a small group workshop intended
to build BSE skills and promote BSE among low-income African-American women. A
randomized community field trial tested a BSE skills-building workshop based on social
cognitive theory of behavior change compared to a matched sexually transmitted diseases
prevention workshop, with one- and three-month follow-ups for assessing increased
practice of BSE. Women who did not regularly practice BSE and participated in a BSE
skills-building workshop were more likely to practice BSE than women in the
comparison intervention at the one- and three-month follow-ups. These results were not
related to risk perceptions heightened by the intervention. Across conditions and
controlling for covariates in a multivariate model, performing regular BSE was most
closely associated with having received any formal BSE instruction. BSE skills building
can effectively increase use of BSE among low-income African-American women who
face multiple and competing health risks. The small-group experience is an important
element in fostering norms for practicing BSE and enhancing BSE practices.
It might take us some years till all the high risk factors for breast cancers are well
understood. With the increase in known high risk factors and corresponding increase in
the number of cases of breast cancer amongst women in India what seems appropriate for
the time being is to educate women regarding this disease and with the aid of screening
methods try and uncover as many cases as possible at the earliest. In India community
based studies on breast cancer are few and amongst school teachers not even a single
study could be found.
Since teachers already play an important role in imparting education it would be
worth the effort to impart education and training to female teachers regarding breast
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cancer and its screening so that they can take the cause further. The present study was
conducted in New Delhi, capital of India. Since no such studies have been done in Indian
school teachers before, the sample size was calculated using the results of the study
conducted by the same author among women college students from Delhi in the year
2007 (Khokhar and Singh, 2008).
In that study 54% of the college students had some knowledge about breast cancer
presentation. For the purpose of sample size estimate prevalence was assumed to be 50%
with an absolute error of 5%. The size was calculated to be 400 with 80% and 95%
confidence level. A total of 441 women teachers from 8 of the schools located in Delhi,
India participated in the study. Teachers were both from public and private schools. A
number of schools were approached to participate and the ones who volunteered to
participate in the given time period were included. The study was conducted from July
2007 to February 2008 keeping in mind the examinations and vacation at the schools.
A talk followed by explanation of the breast self examination (BSE) technique on
the breast models followed by a video clip on the same was shown. After that back
demonstration of BSE technique was done by some of the participants till the steps of the
self examination became clear to each one of them and they were confident of doing it on
their own. The vertical strip method of BSE was explained (Saunders et al., 2006).
Each of the programs lasted for about 90 minutes to 2 hours duration. A pretest
and a post test questionnaire were administered to elicit information regarding breast
cancer. A total of 441 female teachers from both public and private schools participated in
the study. All of them were more than 22 years of age and the mean age was 37.2 years.
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In a similar study conducted in Jordan the mean age of teachers was 34.8 years (Madanat
and Merrill, 2002) and in Turkey it was 39.8 years (Demirkiran et al., 2007).
All the participants were aware of the fact that breast cancer was a
seriouscondition and 90.2% knew that breast cancer can presentas a lump followed by
48.7% who said it could present as pain. What is important to know is that although most
of the breast cancers start as painless lumps participants thought it presented as pain. In a
study from Nigeria the results were comparable, 85% of the women thought it was a
serious disease but only 53.2% knew that breast lump was the commonest sign
(Odusanya, 2001). Mean breast cancer awareness score was 62.4% in Jordan teachers
(Madanat and Merrill, 2002).
Teachers knew little about when and how to perform a breast self exam. Only
13.37% knew that the correct frequency of doing it was once a month. Some 7.2% knew
about the position in which it should be done and only 1.36% participants were aware of
the right time of doing it i.e. for those women who menstruate, a week from the start of
periods and for those women who do not menstruate one a fixed date every month. This
dismal awareness level was reflected in practice as none had ever practiced BSE. Also
none of the participants went for regular Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) and
mammogram. (Madanat and Merrill, 2002).
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and it can be
detected at an early stage through breast self-examination (BSE). This study was carried
out to assess knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among female traders in
a well-defined market. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among a total
sample of 281 women in Sango market, Ibadan in, 2003. Female traders were interviewed
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using interviewer administered questionnaires to obtain information on their
sociodemographic characteristics, items traded, knowledge and practice of breast selfexamination(American Cancer Societys 2004).
The mean age of the respondents was 37.312.8 years (range was 16- 80 years),
142 (50.5%) were aged between30 and 49 years. Two hundred and seven (73.7 %) were
married. One hundred and four (37.0%) had secondary education and 68 (24.2%) had no
formal education. Only 89(37.1%) of the traders were aware of breast self-examination,
51(18.1%) of the traders had ever checked their breast. The level of awareness of breast
self examination was highest among those aged 50- 59 years (p = 0.067). Awareness of
breast self examination was found to be related to educational attainment. Women who
had tertiary education were more knowledgeable about breast self examination (p =
0.045). The level of knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among female
traders in Nigeria is unacceptably low( Dr. ARK Zakir, et, al, 2005)
Efforts should be made to increase level of knowledge and practice of breast selfexamination through health education programmes. Cancers in all forms are responsible
for about 12 per cent of deaths throughout the world, globally breast cancer is the most
common malignant neoplasm among women. Breast cancer causes 376,000 deaths a year
worldwide; about 900,000 women are diagnosed every year with the disease. There is
evidence that screening for breast cancer has a favorable effect on mortality from breast
cancer (Clarke et al, 2005).
Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the important steps for identifying breast
tumors at an early stage. Thorough clinical examination and patient education in selfexamination can have a crucial impact on early identification of breast cancer; its
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diagnosis and, ultimately, enhanced survival. In many countries, especially developing
countries like Nigeria, BSE will most likely be the only feasible approach to wide
population coverage as it is a cheap and easy method( Dr. ARK Zakir, et, al, 2005).
One hundred fifty-four publications of the results of these trials, as well as
selected articles about the test characteristics and harms associated with screening, were
examined. Predefined criteria were used to assess the quality of each study. Metaanalyses using a Bayesian random-effects model were conducted to provide summary
relative risk estimates and credible intervals (CrIs) for the effectiveness of screening with
mammography in reducing death from breast cancer. For studies of fair quality or better,
the summary relative risk was 0.84 (95% CrI, 0.77 to 0.91) and the number needed to
screen to prevent one death from breast cancer after approximately 14 years of
observation was 1224(Leslie Montgomery, et, al, 2006)
Among women younger than 50 years of age, the summary relative risk
associated with mammography was 0.85 (CrI, 0.73 to 0.99) and the number needed to
screen to prevent one death from breast cancer after 14 years of observation was 1792
(CrI, 764 to 10 540). For clinical breast examination and breast self-examination,
evidence from randomized trials is inconclusive(Leslie Montgomery, et, al, 2006).
In the randomized, controlled trials, mammography reduced breast cancer
mortality rates among women 40 to 74 years of age. Greater absolute risk reduction was
seen among older women. Because these results incorporate several rounds of screening,
the actual number of mammograms needed to prevent one death from breast cancer is
higher. In addition, each screening has associated risks and costs(Leslie Montgomery, et,
al, 2006)
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LOCAL LITERATURES
According to a study by the Philippine Center Society (2001), breast cancer is the
leading type of cancer in the Philippines. It is one of the most prevalent diseases in
Filipino women in which they are facing today according to Dr. Fe Canlas Dizon, the
president of the Philippine Medical Womens Foundation. She also stressed that women
should know how to palpate their own breast for early detection and treatment. Stella De
Dios, M.D., notes If you are familiar with your breasts when there is nothing wrong,
then youll know when changes happen. The reason for doing a breast self examination
is to become familiar with your breasts.
There are several methods are used in the detecting the disease such as:
mammography. But according Herminia Cifra of the Philippine Medical Womens
Foundation, that mammography is not 100% effective in screening breast cancer and
doing the monthly breast self examination is still very useful. Over 80% of breast cancer
are discovered through self exam. The Department of Health (DOH) Philippine Cancer
control program recommends physical exam and breast self examination as early
detection tools that can be used by frontline workers, while awaiting mammography
facilities to be set up in regional hospitals and medical centers of the country.
The Philippines shows no cancer risk associated with higher socioeconomic status.
None of the implicated breast cancer risk factors readily lend themselves to primary
prevention interventions. It is also possible that reproductive changes in the Filipino
population (decreasing average family size and an increasing average age at first birth,
two important risk factors) will lead to increasing incidence rates. These implicated risk
24
factors, however, are unmanageable and the social costs unacceptable (e.g. early age at
first pregnancy) and since uncertainty prevails regarding a measurable impact, secondary
prevention takes on special importance.
Another urge of the Department of Health is the womens health and development
program. It is a 5-year-project with the local government until the province, municipal,
and barangay levels. The Pink Ribbon Advocacy Campaign with the theme, Breast
Cancer Prevention advocates the program, Sariling Salat SA Suso Laban SA Breast
Cancer. Women are advised to practice Sariling Salat Sa Suso as self exam after every
menstruation period to detect the breast cancer. (DOH 2008)
The Breast Cancer Control Program (BCCP) of the Philippines refers to
the implementation of a nationwide anti-breast cancer scheme: public information and
health education, case finding and treatment integrated into the community health
structure and equipped to control breast cancer in a systematic sustained manner. Studies
have shown a one-third reduction in mortality attributed to breast cancer screening,
mainly due to mammography. However, the importance of annual clinical breast
examination (by nurse, midwife or public health physician) and monthly breast selfexamination (BSE) are to be emphasized, taking note that (a) sophisticated screening
technology (mammography) is not easily available or affordable, (b) mammography is
mainly recommended for women 50 years old, (c) many breast cancers are found among
3550-year-old Filipino women and (d) a relatively inexpensive strategy (BSE) involving
physicians as examiners or a referral depot would be cheaper and more available than
mammography and physician time.
25
Therapeutic and diagnostic visits to health care sources were more practiced than
preventive health care consultations. Moreover, in a 1997 field trial (18) of breast cancer
screening (n = 108 102 women) conducted by the DOHPCCP and IARCWHO in
Metro Manila, there was a large non-compliance rate (79.1%) among women found to
have breast masses (2.8% positivity rate) in terms of consulting referral hospitals for reevaluation
and
possible
treatment. Reasons
such
as
fear,
no
money
for
transport/treatment/medical expenses, indifference, no time, non-awareness of gravity of

the disease and spiritual fatalistic attitudes were commonly given. The DOHBCCP has a
long way to go to create breast health awareness among the Filipino populace. It
continues to campaign for monthly BSE and annual physician breast examinations until
such time that mammography becomes available and affordable to most of the target
population. (DOH 2008)
LOCAL STUDIES
Breast lump is the most common patient complaint, according to Dr.Siguan. The
patient herself usually detects this lump in 70% of cases by means of breast self
examination (BSE). BSE is a way for a woman to examine her breast for any changes
that might be early signs of cancer. Many women find it helpful to check their breast
every time they shower for the first few months after being taught the method to become
very familiar with their own breasts. Its usually done one week to 10 days after the first
day the first day of menstruation, when the breast are smallest.
According to the medical doctors, localized tumors can usually be treated
successfully before the cancers spreads, nine cases out of 10 have a five year survival
26
rate. Once the cancer begins to spread, getting rid of completely is more difficult,
although treatment can often control the disease for years. Treatment of the breast cancer
is according to how far the cancer has spread, Dr. Siguan. Small, localized breast cancer
may be surgically treated with removal of the breast lump only the plus some lymph
nodes at the armpit instead of total mastectomy.
Dr. Siguan continues, however, when total mastectomy is inevitable, breast
reconstruction may be opted for. For locally advanced breast cancer, chemotherapy may
be given initially in order to render the breast tumor completely removable. For cancers,
already with evidence of spread beyond the confines of the breast and armpit, systemic
treatments like chemotherapy and/or hormones are the most effective rather than surgery,
invariably, the smaller the breast lump, the highest for chance to cure.
As a matter of fact, the size of the breast cancer that can offer the breast chance
for cure is that which one still cannot feel the tumor by touch usually they are detectable
only by mammography. Dr Siguan says, some good news regular aerobic exercises may
offer some protection against a womans developing breast cancer. Studies have found
that womans exercised vigorously and often were at least half as likely as non-exercisers
to get breast cancer.
According to most experts, early discovery of breast lumps can be done through
BSE. This procedure remains to be important for the prevention and early detection of
such disease. In Asia, the Philippines have the highest reported incidence rate of breast
cancer. From 43.2 in 1993 1995, the age standardized incidence rate (ASR) is now
47..7 per 100,000 females, and this figure exceeds the rate reported for several Western
countries, including Spain, Italy, and most Eastern European countries.
27
Most Filipino cancer patients wait until the last hour before consulting and at this
point, the cancer is most often at an advanced stage. The grim fact is this: "for every two
new
cancer
cases
diagnosed
annually,
one
will
die
within
the
year."
In terms of breast cancer detection, a local study revealed that the use of breast
self-examination (BSE) and aspiration biopsy/open biopsy are the most cost-effective
strategies in the Philippine setting, incurring savings for the government by almost 3
million Philippine Pesos or US $60,000 (1989 value) per year per 100,000 women.
Mammography is neither readily available nor affordable especially in the rural areas.
How many Filipinas do regular breast self-examination (BSE). Another local study
reveals that only 54 percent had ever done a BSE, of whom only 27 percent are still
practicing it at an average of 9.2 times a year.
Reasons given for not doing the BSE included no symptoms, busy, dont know
how, dont like, dont think important, always forget, afraid and not aware. Why do
Filipinas with breast problems always consult when it is too late? A local study on the
determinants of late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer among Filipino patients indicated
that economic factors, non-awareness of the gravity of breast cancer and fear of being
diagnosed with cancer may be reasons for late diagnosis. Unreasonably stubborn breast
cancer patients - a DOH-WHO breast cancer screening field survey in Metro Manila
revealed that there was a large non-compliance rate (79.1 percent!) among women found
to have breast masses (2.8 percent positivity rate) in terms of consulting hospitals and
specialized clinics for re-evaluation and possible treatment.
Breast cancer is the leading killer of women from ages 35-54 worldwide. Every
year, more than a million develop the disease without knowing it, from which almost
28
500,000 women die. Today, the Philippines have the highest incidence rate of breast
cancer in Asia, while it ranks 9th worldwide. Moreover, the World Health Organization
(WHO) approximates that 70%of breast cancer occurs in women who do not have any of
the known risk factors and that only about 5% inherit the fatal disease. These alarming
statistics were cited by WHO in a statement in 2008. Breast cancer is a malignant tumors
that grows in one or both breasts.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The concept of this study was anchored to the Health Belief Model by Becker, et
al., (1974), a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors
by focusing on the attitudes of individuals. It is a framework for motivating people to
take positive health actions that uses the desire to avoid a negative health consequence as
the prime motivation. The Health Belief Model has frequently been applied to breast
cancer screening such as Breast Self Examination. The model stipulates that healthrelated behavior is influenced by the person\s perception of the threat posed by a health
problem and by the value associated with her action to reduce that threat.
The Health Belief Model consists of 6 concepts: (1) perceived susceptibility to an

illness, (2) perceived seriousness of the illness, (3) perceived benefits for the presumed
action, (4) perceived barriers for the presumed action, (5) confidence in ones ability, and
(6) health motivation. Behavior is also a result of the belief that a certain action will
benefit the individual and that this benefit will outweigh any barriers. The investigation
29
of attitudinal components of health-related behavior has been important. If attitudes
related to health behavior can be identified, health protection interventions for attitudinal
change can be developed, and an increase in desirable health behavior would result. The
Health Belief Model is likewise based upon the idea that an individual must have the
willingness to participate in health interventions, and believe being healthy is a highly
valued outcome. It is possible therefore, to predict if an individual would engage in
positive health behaviors by determining the individuals perception of the disease, illness
or accident, identification of modifying factors and the likelihood that the individual will
take some action.
Relating the framework of this study to the Health Belief Model, a woman who
perceives that she is susceptible to breast cancer and that breast cancer is a serious
disease would be more likely to perform regular breast examination. Similarly, a woman
who perceives more benefits from and fewer barriers to breast self examination would
be more likely to practice it. Woman who has an internal cue (body perception or
personal characteristics) or who has been exposed to an external cue (e.g. the positive
influence of a health care provider or the media) would also more readily adopt BSE, as
would a woman who wants to improve her health and who is confident of positive results
(self efficacy). A womans personal characteristics such as her age, civil status,
educational attainment, and occupation affect her practice of breast self - examination and
its importance of health. When the woman perceives that the practice is beneficial, her
attitude towards a condition (i.e. breast cancer) is likely to change. Her attitude towards
the practice of a health promoting measure (BSE) will also be dependent on her
30
perception of breast cancer. The perceived barriers (may be a anxiety or fear of finding a
lump on the breast) and perceived benefits (effectiveness is early detection of breast
cancer) of Breast Self Examination are also contributing factors in a womans
likelihood to practice it.
SYNTHESIS:
The Breast Self Examination are quick and effective means of detecting palpable
lumps in the breast by examining the breast on the monthly basis, a woman is likely
notice changes including dumpling, swelling and nipple discharge. It is recommended to
aid in the early detection of breast cancer because early detection can help women
become familiar with there breast and become more skilled at determining what is and
what not normal.
Most women are aware of monthly breast self examination, many still do not
know how to perform it properly and common reasons given for not thinking its
importance are; always forget, afraid and not aware. Other factors such as educational
attainment, occupation, number of children.
The Breast Self Examination has been encouraged because 85 to 90 percent of all
breast cancers are discovered by the women themselves. BSE seems to be important
viable optional substitute available in rural areas, where access to clinical breast exams
and mammograms is difficult and might still detect cancer early enough for treatment
which can be offered to prolong womans lives and reduce suffering. If proper
knowledge, skills, and positive attitude towards it after knowing its benefit to women,
then there will be effective and beneficial BSE.
31
This research was to clarify the confusion surrounding on breast awareness of
female non-teaching personnel of the Tarlac State University. It may suggest that BSE
may no harm but it provides with some acknowledgement of the part they can play in
being empowered to fight breast disease in terms of qualitative effects of reduction in
morbidity because breast care reduce confusion for women and encouraged
empowerment in breast health promotion.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

INPUT
Demographic
profile as follows:
age, civil Status,
educational
attainment, nature
of
work
and
number
of
children.
Level
of
awareness
of
female
nonteaching personnel
of Tarlac State
University
on
breast
self
examination
PROCESS
Gathering
of
data
questionnaire
Processing
data
Analysis of data
Interpretation of
data
of
Report
on
Demographic
profile
as
OUTPUT
follows:
age,
civil
Status,
educational
attainment, and
nature of work.
Report on level
of awareness of
female
nonteaching
personnel
of
Tarlac
State
University
on
breast
self
examination
32
FEEDBACK
Figure 1. Framework of the Study
The first box was the input that contains the demographic profile, level of
practices, level of awareness of the female non- teaching personnel of Tarlac State
University in terms of age, civil status, educational attainment, nature of work,
number of pregnancies. and number of living children
The second box contains the processes to be done by the researchers in

completing the study. It includes gathering of data through questionnaires,
processing of data, analysis of date, and interpretation of data.
33
The third box contains the output of the study on the demographic profile and
level of awareness of the female non-teaching personnel of Tarlac State
University on Breast Self Examination in terms of age, civil status, educational
attainment, and nature of work, which will be used as the basis of proposed
educational materials.
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
This chapter described the methods and system in the study. In terms of
method, how data were collected, and how they were organized, this chapter explains the
theoretical approach to the data, and provides contribution towards the essential goals of
the study by explaining where the investigation began and how it proceeded and interpret
34
RESEARCH METHOD
This study used the descriptive statistic, inferential and correlation.
Calderon (2004) stated this type of study as that which describes a certain phenomenon in
accordance to different specific aspects of factors. It best corresponds with studies aiming
to determine status and get pertinent information applying to a group of individuals. This
study involved collecting numerical data to test the hypothesis or answer the question
concerning current status which is then collected either through self response collected
through questionnaire or interview. It served as a guide toward discovering the present
situation, more specifically, the level of awareness of the TSU employees on breast self
examination.
RESEARCH LOCALE
This study was conducted at Tarlac Sate University. This said locale was
selected because the member of the subject are adequate to give chance to generalize the
outcome of the study. Respondents of the study were the female non-teaching personnel
of Tarlac State University.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The main instrument used by the researchers for this study was the survey
questionnaire. A question was formulated with answer on below it, the respondents were
to tell whether they agree, uncertain with the answer or disagree with the answer by
checking the corresponding box align with the question. The questionnaire was
35
formulated by the researchers based on their readings of related studies and literature
from which this study was conceptualized. The questions were referred accordingly to the
adviser and the statistician to ensure appropriateness and clarity in accordance to the
subject. These were properly categorized to suit each part of the questionnaire.
The validity of the content of the questionnaires was referred to the researchers
thesis adviser and statistician. Validation of the questionnaire was done in a government
office were same number of respondents answered the questions.
Table 2. Part II of the questionnaire have the following interpretations:
Number of correct
Verbal description
items
Aware
8-10
Slightly aware
5-7
Not aware
0-4
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The sampling technique used was Stratified Random Sampling; hence, the three
departments of non-teaching personnel served as the strata in this study. The total
population of the female non-teaching personnel of TSU is 50.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
A. SLOVINS FORMULA
36
The Statistical treatment to be used in the study is Slovins formula whereas the formula
is
, where as n is the sample size, N is the population, e is the margin of
error (0.03 is constant).
Table 3. Total Number of respondents using Slovins formula

Department
General Administration and support
Number
37.3 or 37
services
Auxiliary services
Higher Education aide
Total
9.6 or 10
0.9 or 1
48
B. PERCENTAGE
The formula is
, where f is frequency, N is the population.
C. STURGES FORMULA
The formula is
, where R is the range, N is population and 3.322 is
constant.
To enable the researchers to gather data from a number of respondents, Slovins
Formula was utilized.
n=
Where:n
N
2
1+N e
= number of sample
N
= number of population
e
= margin of error
37
To enable the researchers to measure the subjects demographic profile, the
measure of percentage is applied.
=
f
100
N
To enable the researchers to measure the subjects tendency of their responses, the
measure of central tendency using weighted mean is applied.
=
Where
=
x
f
fx
N
fx
N
mean
=
item or response
=
frequency
=
summation of all observed values multiplied to its
corresponding frequencies
=
total number of respondents
=
sigma, summation notation
The researchers were able to interpret the general perception of the respondents
using the scale below:
Mean Value
2.50 - 3.00
1.50 - 2.49
1.00 1.49
W
3
2
1
Interpretation
Aware
slightly aware
Unaware
To test the hypothesis of the study, the Pearsons (r) Correlational Test was
used. The demographic profiles were correlated with the responses of the respondents in
each statement in each category. First, the demographic profile were squared, then the
responses in each statement in each category and the product of the two and finally the
38
sum of the demographic profiles, responses, the square of the profile, square of the
responses and the product of the two. The formula form is given below.
r= 2
NXY ( X ) ( y)
[ N X ( X ) ] [ N Y ( Y ) ]
2
Where:r = Pearsons r
X = summation of understanding
Y = summation of compliance
X2 = summation of the square of understanding
Y2 = summation of the square of compliance
XY = summation of the product of the understanding and compliance
In case the computed value of r is greater than the tabulated, the null hypothesis is
rejected and the alternate hypothesis is accepted.
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data
gathered in the study.
1. Demographic Profile of the Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU.
The demographic profiles of the female non - teaching employees were
determined by a questionnaire formulated.
39
Table 4.1 showed the number of female non - teaching employees of TSU whose
ages were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.1
Age of the Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Age
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 -44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 50
60 - 64
Total
Frequency
6
16
7
8
6
3
1
0
1
48
Percentage
12.50
33.33
14.58
16.67
12.50
6.25
2.08
0.00
2.08
100.00
Most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU, were at the age
bracket of twenty five to twenty nine years old (33.33%). They were followed by the
thirty five to thirty nine years old (16.67%). The least were represented by those who
belonged to the fifty to fifty four(2.08%) and sixty to sixty four(2.08%) age brackets.
The age brackets were all represented in which there were no big
differences in the frequencies as shown. This implied that the female non - teaching
employees of TSU were heterogeneous in terms of their ages. This proves that majority
of the respondents are on their productive years where they are working to provide
resources for their families. According to The Breast Cancer Control Program (BCCP) of
the Philippines many breast cancers are found among 3550-year-old Filipino women.
Table 4.2 showed the number of female non - teaching employees whose civil
statuses were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.2
Civil Status of the Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Civil Status
Single
Frequency
21
Percentage
43.75
40
Married
Total
27
48
56.25
100.00
More than one half of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were married
and the least were single individuals. Most of these (56.25%) married individuals belong
to the age brackets of thirties and above. However, some (43.75%) single individuals
also belong to these ages.
This implied that most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were
homogeneous in their civil status, married. Most of the respondents are married and have
their own family.
Table 4.3 showed the numbers of female non - teaching employees of TSU and
their educational attainment. They were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.3
Educational Attainment of Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Educational Attainment
Vocational Graduate
College Graduate
Total
Frequency
1
47
48
Percentage
2.08
97.92
100.00
Almost all of the female non - teaching employees of TSU had finished bachelors
degree(97.92%). This implied that almost all of the female non - teaching employees of
TSU were homogeneous in their educational attainment.
People with higher educational attainment capable of understanding situations as
well as diseases that they encounter and have the higher percentage of surviving it
because they equip with knowledge they have towards it.
Table 4.4 showed the numbers of female non - teaching employees of TSU who
have family history of breast cancer were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.4
41
Family Breast Cancer History of Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Family History of Breast
Cancer
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
6
42
48
Percentage
12.50
87.50
100.00
More than three fourths (87.50%) of the female non - teaching employees of
TSU had no family history of breast cancer and only a few who had. This implied that
almost all of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were homogeneous in the
family history of breast cancer.
The respondents were most likely the same with the family history of having no
breast cancer. Women at greater risk for developing breast cancer are those who had a
mother or a sibling with breast cancer. White, 2003.
Table 4.5 showed the number of female non - teaching employees of TSU who were and
was not smoking. They were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.5
Smoking Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Smoking Habit
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
1
47
48
Percentage
2.08
97.92
100.00
Almost all of the female non - teaching employees of TSU ( 97.92%) were not
smoking. This implied that almost all of the female non - teaching employees of TSU
were homogeneous in their lifestyle of not smoking.
The respondents were the same with their lifestyle in the no smoking sub
category. Thus protects them to having breast cancer and other diseases
42
Table 4.6 showed the number of female non - teaching employees of TSU who
were drinking and were not. They were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.6
Drinking Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Alcoholic Drinking
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
5
43
48
Percentage
10.42
89.58
100.00
Most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU ( 89.58%) were not
drinking and only a few who were ( 10.42%). This implied that almost all of the female
non - teaching employees of TSU were homogeneous in their lifestyle of not drinking.
The respondents were the same with their lifestyle in the no drinking sub
category.
had and had no fatty diet. They were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.7
Fatty Diet of Female Non Teaching Employees of TSU
Fat Diet
Frequency
Percentage
Yes
9
18.75
No
39
81.25
Total
48
100.00
Most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU had no fatty diet ( 81.25%) and a
few of those who had(18.75%). This implied that almost all of the female non teaching employees of TSU were homogeneous in their lifestyle of not having fatty diet.
The respondents were the same with their lifestyle in the no fatty diet sub
category.
43
were and were not exercising. They were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.8
Exercise of Female Non Teaching Employees of TSU
Exercising
No
Yes
Total
Frequency
44
4
48
Percentage
91.67
8.33
100.00
Most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were not

exercising(91.67%) and only a few who were(8.33%). This implied that almost all of
the female non - teaching employees of TSU were homogeneous in their lifestyle of no
exercising.
The respondents were the same with their lifestyle in the no exercise sub category.
According to white (2003) , Women at greater risk for developing Breast Cancer are
those who had a history of cancer in the family , never had a child or had her first after
the age of 30, never breastfeed, obese , consumed a high fat diet , smoking and
consuming alcohol. Exercise decreases chances acquiring diseases.
Table 4.9 showed the number of female non - teaching employees of TSUs who
uses contraceptives and those who do not. They were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.9
Use of Contraceptives of the Female Non Teaching Employees of TSU
Use of Contraception
No
Yes
Total
Frequency
40
8
48
Percentage
83.33
16.67
100.00
Most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were not using
contraceptives (83.33%) than those who use (16.67%). This implied that most of the
44
female non - teaching employees of TSU were homogeneous in their lifestyle of not
using contraceptives.
The respondents were the same with their lifestyle in the no contraceptive using.
They were categorized accordingly.
Table 4.10 showed the number of female non - teaching employees of TSUs
number of children.
Table 4.10
Number of Children of Female Non Teaching Employees of TSU
# of Children
None
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Frequency
18
8
13
4
4
1
48
Percentage
37.50
16.67
27.08
8.33
8.33
2.08
100.00
Most of the female non - teaching employees had no children (37.50%) and
followed by those who have two (27.08%) and the least had five children (2.08%). This
implied that most of the female non - teaching employees were homogeneous in the
number of children they had which was none.
Women at greater risk for developing breast cancer are those who never had
children or had their first child after the age of 30, never breastfeed. White, 2003.
2. The Level of Awareness of the Female Non Teaching Employees of TSU on Breast
Self Examination.
The level of awareness of the female non - teaching employees on the breast self
examination was determined by the questionnaire formulated.
There were fifteen
questions formulated and they were answerable by 3, 2 and 1 which means aware,
slightly aware and not aware.
45
Table 5 shows the level of awareness of the female non - teaching employees of
TSU on breast self examination.
Table 5
The Level of Awareness of the Female Non - Teaching Employees of
TSU on Breast Self Examination
Statements
1. BSE or Breast Self Examination is the
regular examination of womens breast.
2. The importance of performing or practicing
BSE is for early detection of lump will lead to
eradication of breast cancer.
3. The appropriate time to perform BSE is
one week before your menstrual cycle.
4. If you have an irregular menstrual cycle the
proper time for you to perform BSE is choose
a particular date in every month.
5. You will start doing BSE for the first
menstrual period or any age starting from my
first menstrual cycle.
6. Breast Examination will be done every
month.
7. The appropriate position in performing
BSE standing in front of the mirror then
having hands on the hips or arms held
overhead.
8. The first step in performing the BSE is to
stand in front of the mirror (with visible
breast-naked from waist up) then observe for
the symmetry of each breast, the color,
presence of redness and lesions
9. Palpation of the breast tissue using finger
pads starts from the nipple circulating the
breast.
10. proper way in performing BSE
11. BSE is also known as Sariling Salat sa
Suso (SSS)
12. The palpation process covers the entire
breast, including the "axillary tail" of each
breast that extends toward the axilla (armpit).
13. The characteristics of a cancerous breast
lumps
14. the part of the breast where most breast
lumps are seen is the upper outer quadrant of
A(3)
U (1)
D (2)
Mean
Verbal
Descripti
on
47
2.98
Aware
43
2.87
Aware
21
14
13
2.14
Slightly
aware
22
17
1.72
Slightly
aware
23
17
2.31
Slightly
aware
32
12
2.41
Slightly
aware
32
15
2.64
Aware
18
18
12
Slightly
aware
15
22
11
1.85
Slightly
aware
16
15
17
2.02
Slightly
aware
41
2.79
Aware
30
13
2.52
Aware
13
21
14
1.83
10
12
26
1.95
Slightly
aware
Slightly
aware
46
the breast.
15. If you observe or feel abnormalities
(lumps) in your breast, consult the doctor
immediately.
48
Overall Mean
Aware
2.33
Slightly
aware
Legend:
A(3)
U(1)
D(2)
Agree
Uncertain
Disagree
The table 5 showed the respondents knowledge and awareness on Breast Self
Examination. Among the questions asked to the respondents, there were six questions
which gained a verbal interpretation of Aware which includes the following
propositions: what is BSE, what is the purpose of performing BSE, what is the
position is not recommended in performing BSE, other name for BSE, what part of
the body is palpated during BSE and what is the best thing to do when a mass is
palpated. The rest of the questions gained slightly aware verbal interpretation which
focuses on the proper way of doing and performing the BSE.
Based on the grand mean computed, the Level of Awareness of Female
Non- Teaching employees of Tarlac State University gained slightly aware verbal
interpretation. The respondents have knowledge on the basic concepts about Breast
Self Examination but they do not really know how exactly it is performed.
3. The Demographic Profiles of the Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU

Correlated to their Breast Self Examination.
The demographic profiles; age, civil status, educational attainment, family history
of breast cancer, life styles; cigarette smoking, alcoholic drinking, fatty diet, exercising
and use of contraception, and number of children were correlated with the breast self
examination.
47
Table 6.1 showed the r values obtained from Pearsons r. The test was used to
determine if age was related to the breast self examination of the female non - teaching
employees of TSU
Table 6.1
Relationship between the Age and the Breast Self Examination
of the Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Age
1. BSE or Breast Self Examination is the regular examination
of womens breast.
2. The importance of performing or practicing BSE is for early
detection of lump will lead to eradication of breast cancer.
3. The appropriate time to perform BSE is one week before
your menstrual cycle.
4. If you have an irregular menstrual cycle the proper time for
you to perform BSE is choose a particular date in every
month.
5. You will start doing BSE for the first menstrual period or
any age starting from my first menstrual cycle.
6. Breast Examination will be done every month.
7. The appropriate position in performing BSE standing in
front of the mirror then having hands on the hips or arms held
overhead.
8. The first step in performing the BSE is to stand in front of
the mirror (with visible breast-naked from waist up) then
observe for the symmetry of each breast, the color, presence
of redness and lesions
9. Palpation of the breast tissue using finger pads starts from
the nipple circulating the breast.
11. BSE is also known as Sariling Salat sa Suso (SSS)
12. The palpation process covers the entire breast, including
the "axillary tail" of each breast that extends toward the axilla
(armpit).
13. The characteristics of a cancerous breast lumps
14. the part of the breast where most breast lumps are seen is
the upper outer quadrant of the breast.
15. If you observe or feel abnormalities (lumps) in your
breast, consult the doctor immediately.
rValues
0.0525
0.0619
0.2272
0.2161
Decisio
n
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
0.0117
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
0.0081
Accept
Ho
0.0832
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
0.0829
0.2119
0.1960
0.0682
0.1851
0.0033
0.1282
0.0000
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
48
CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846
The most represented age brackets by the female non - teaching employees were
the age of twenty five to twenty nine years old. Moreover, most of the female non teaching employees agreed to the breast self examination. All of the r-values which were
computed were less than the critical value at 0.05 level of significance. This indicates
that the null hypothesis which states that There is no significant relationship between the
age and the level of awareness on breast self examination, is accepted. This means that
age has nothing to do with the level of awareness on breast self examination. This was
due to the fact that most female non - teaching employees agreed to the statement and the
age brackets were mostly represented at the twenty five to twenty nine years old.
Table 6.2 showed the r values obtained from Pearsons r. The test was used to determine
if civil status was related to the breast self examination of the female non - teaching
employees of TSU.
Table 6.2
Relationship between Civil Status and the Breast Self Examination
Civil Status
1. BSE or Breast Self Examination is the regular
examination of womens breast.
2. The importance of performing or practicing BSE is for
early detection of lump will lead to eradication of breast
cancer.
rValue
s
0.128
6
0.153
4
0.127
3
Decisio
n
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
49
4. If you have an irregular menstrual cycle the proper time
for you to perform BSE is choose a particular date in every
month.
front of the mirror then having hands on the hips or arms
held overhead.
8. The first step in performing the BSE is to stand in front
of the mirror (with visible breast-naked from waist up) then
observe for the symmetry of each breast, the color, presence
of redness and lesions
the "axillary tail" of each breast that extends toward the
axilla (armpit).
14. the part of the breast where most breast lumps are seen
is the upper outer quadrant of the breast.
0.205
0
0.203
2
0.049
2
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
0.065
3
Accept
Ho
0.033
6
0.014
4
0.028
5
0.201
6
0.266
1
0.199
6
0.052
5
0.000
0
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
The most represented civil status by the female non - teaching employees were
married. Moreover, most of the female non - teaching employees agreed to the breast self
examination. All of the r-values which were computed were less than the critical value at
0.05 level of significance. This indicates that the null hypothesis which states that There
is no significant relationship between the civil status and the level of awareness on breast
self examination, is accepted. This means that civil status has nothing to do with the
50
level of awareness on breast self examination. This was due to the fact that most female
non - teaching employees agreed to the statement and the gap between the civil statuses
was only one.
if the educational attainment was related to the breast self examination of the female non
- teaching employees of TSU.
Table 6.3
Relationship between Educational Attainment and the Breast Self Examination of the
Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU
Educational Attainment
2. The importance of performing or practicing BSE is
for early detection of lump will lead to eradication of
breast cancer.
3. The appropriate time to perform BSE is one week
rValues
0.0213
Decisi
on
Accep
t Ho
0.0484
0.0295
Accep
t Ho
Accep
51
before your menstrual cycle.
4. If you have an irregular menstrual cycle the proper
time for you to perform BSE is choose a particular date
in every month.
5. You will start doing BSE for the first menstrual period
or any age starting from my first menstrual cycle.
7. The appropriate position in performing BSE standing
in front of the mirror then having hands on the hips or
arms held overhead.
8. The first step in performing the BSE is to stand in
front of the mirror (with visible breast-naked from waist
up) then observe for the symmetry of each breast, the
color, presence of redness and lesions
9. Palpation of the breast tissue using finger pads starts
from the nipple circulating the breast.
12. The palpation process covers the entire breast,
including the "axillary tail" of each breast that extends
toward the axilla (armpit).
14. the part of the breast where most breast lumps are
seen is the upper outer quadrant of the breast.
t Ho
0.0339
0.1329
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
0.1020
Accep
t Ho
0.1815
0.0234
0.0166
0.1723
0.0570
0.2250
0.0041
0.0608
0.0000
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
The most represented educational attainment by the female non - teaching

employees were the college graduate. Moreover, most of the female non - teaching
employees agreed to the breast self examination.
All of the r-values which were
computed were less than the critical value at 0.05 level of significance. This indicates
that the null hypothesis which states that There is no significant relationship between the
educational attainment and the level of awareness on breast self examination, is
accepted. This means that educational attainment has nothing to do with the level of
52
awareness on breast self examination. This was due to the fact that most female non teaching employees agreed to the statement and most of them were college graduates
determine if the family history of breast cancer was related to the breast self examination
of the female non - teaching employees of TSU.
Table 6.4
Relationship between Family History and the Breast Self Examination
Family History of Breast Cancer
2. The importance of performing or practicing BSE is
for early detection of lump will lead to eradication of
breast cancer.
4. If you have an irregular menstrual cycle the proper
time for you to perform BSE is choose a particular date
in every month.
7. The appropriate position in performing BSE standing
in front of the mirror then having hands on the hips or
arms held overhead.
8. The first step in performing the BSE is to stand in
front of the mirror (with visible breast-naked from waist
up) then observe for the symmetry of each breast, the
color, presence of redness and lesions
rValues
0.0551
0.0976
0.2291
Decisio
n
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
0.0492
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
0.0767
Accept
Ho
0.0000
0.0522
0.0605
0.1292
0.1425
0.2822
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
53
Ho
14. The part of the breast where most breast lumps are
0.1346
0.0105
0.0788
0.0000
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
The most represented family history of breast cancer by the female non - teaching
employees were those who had no family history of breast cancer. Moreover, most of the
female non - teaching employees agreed to the breast self examination. All of the rvalues which were computed were less than the critical value at 0.05 level of
significance. This indicates that the null hypothesis which states that There is no
significant relationship between the family history on breast cancer and the level of
awareness on breast self examination, is accepted. This means that family history on
breast cancer has nothing to do with the level of awareness on breast self examination.
This was due to the fact that most female non - teaching employees agreed to the
statements and most of them had no family history of breast cancer
if cigarette smoking was related to the breast self examination of the female non teaching employees of TSU.
Table 6.5
Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and the Breast Self Examination
Cigarette Smoking
rValue
s
-
Decisi
on
Accep
54
cancer.
for you to perform BSE is choose a particular date in
every month.
held overhead.
of the mirror (with visible breast-naked from waist up)
then observe for the symmetry of each breast, the color,
0.021
3
t Ho
0.209
8
0.147
3
Accep
t Ho
0.169
6
0.020
2
0.095
0
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
0.213
8
Accep
t Ho
0.163
5
0.016
6
0.179
6
0.440
8
0.225
0
0.004
1
0.243
3
0.000
0
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Reject
Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Most of the female non - teaching employees were not smoking. Moreover, most
of the female non - teaching employees agreed to the breast self examination statements.
55
Most of the r-values which were computed were less than the critical value at 0.05 level
of significance except for the eleventh statement where the r value was greater than the
critical value. This indicates that the null hypothesis which states that There is no
significant relationship between cigarette smoking and the level of awareness on breast
self examination, is accepted. This means that cigarette smoking has nothing to do with
the level of awareness on breast self examination. This was due to the fact that almost all
of the female non - teaching employees agreed to the statements and the most of them
were not smoking. However, in one of the statement, smoking appeared to be related.
This could be attributed that the smoker viewed the statement differently as compared to
those who were non smokers. She might not know about breast self examination and
thought only of cigarette.
if the drinking of alcohol was related to the breast self examination of the female non teaching employees of TSU
Table 6.6
Relationship between the Alcoholic Drinking and the Breast Self Examination
Alcoholic Drinking
rValue
s
-
Decisi
on
Accep
56
cancer.
every month.
held overhead.
0.049
7
t Ho
0.128
3
0.013
8
Accep
t Ho
0.206
1
0.047
1
0.097
7
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
0.056
9
Accep
t Ho
0.207
5
0.038
9
0.090
8
0.099
4
0.137
6
0.100
4
0.056
9
0.000
0
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
The most represented alcoholic drinking by the female non - teaching employees
were those who do not engage into alcoholic drinking. Moreover, most of the female non
57
- teaching employees agreed to the breast self examination. All of the r-values which
were computed were less than the critical value at 0.05 level of significance. This
indicates that the null hypothesis which states that There is no significant relationship
between alcoholic drinking and the level of awareness on breast self examination, is
accepted.
This means that alcoholic drinking has nothing to do with the level of
awareness on breast self examination. This was due to the fact that most female non teaching employees agreed to the statements and most of them do not engage into
alcoholic drinking.
determine if fatty diet was related to the breast self examination of the female non teaching employees of TSU.
Table 6.7
Relationship between the Fatty Diet and the Breast Self Examination
Fatty Diet
cancer.
every month.
rValue
s
0.070
1
0.065
0
0.291
2
0.037
2
0.110
7
0.020
Decisio
n
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Reject
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
58

held overhead.
14. the part of the breast where most breast lumps are seen
Ho
0.010
8
Accept
Ho
0.059
8
0.091
2
0.205
3
0.176
5
0.133
0
0.013
3
0.066
8
0.000
0
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Most of the female non - teaching employees do not engage into fatty diet.
Moreover, most of the female non - teaching employees agreed to the breast self
examination. Most of the r-values which were computed were less than the critical value
at 0.05 level of significance except for the third statement where the r value was greater
than the critical value. This indicates that the null hypothesis which states that There is
no significant relationship between fatty diet and the level of awareness on breast self
examination, is accepted. This means that fatty diet has nothing to do with the level of
awareness on breast self examination. This was due to the fact that most female non -
59
teaching employees agreed to the statements and most of them do not eat fatty foods.
However, in one of the statement, fatty diet appeared to be related. This could be
attributed that the some female non teaching employees who engaged into fatty diet,
viewed the statement differently as compared to those who do not eat fatty foods. They
might be very busy preparing food than knowing about the appropriate time to perform
BSE is one week before menstrual cycle.
determine if having an exercising was related to the breast self examination of the female
non - teaching employees of TSU.
Table 6.8
Relationship between the Exercising and the Breast Self Examination
Exercising
cancer.
month.
held overhead.
r
Value
s
0.044
0
0.100
1
0.426
4
0.140
2
0.041
7
0.274
8
0.441
9
Decisi
on
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Reject
Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Reject
Ho
60
10. Proper way in performing BSE
14. The part of the breast where most breast lumps are seen
0.048
3
0.343
6
0.265
2
0.396
7
Accep
t Ho
0.050
1
0.192
7
0.157
2
0.000
0
Accep
t Ho
Reject
Ho
Accep
t Ho
Reject
Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Most of the female non - teaching employees do not engage into exercising.
at 0.05 level of significance except for the third, seventh, ninth and eleventh statements
where the r values were greater than the critical value. This indicates that the null
hypothesis which states that There is no significant relationship between exercising and
the level of awareness on breast self examination, is accepted.
This means that
exercising has nothing to do with the level of awareness on breast self examination. This
was due to the fact that most female non - teaching employees agreed to the statements
and most of them do not exercise. However, in four of the statements, exercising
61
appeared to be related. This could be attributed that the some female non teaching
employees who engaged into exercise, viewed the statement differently as compared to
those who do not exercise. Exercising causes one to be aware of her body like in self
examination of breast cancer. Females could perform exercise and self examination
simultaneously. They could easily check the changes in their body because of the
menstrual cycle. They knew if the change was caused by the exercise or by the cancer or
by their menstrual period. There is a difference in the body especially in the breast
between females with their period and without their period.
determine if the use of contraception was related to the breast self examination of the
female non - teaching employees of TSU.
Table 6.9
Relationship between the Use of Contraception and the Breast Self Examination
Use of Contraception
cancer.
month.
rValue
s
0.065
2
0.049
5
0.090
4
0.052
0
0.061
8
0.058
2
Decisi
on
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
62
held overhead.
0.050
4
0.214
8
0.127
4
0.123
6
0.015
9
0.329
1
0.2113
14. The part of the breast where most breast lumps are seen 0.046
6
0.000
0
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Reject
Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Accep
t Ho
Most of the female non - teaching employees do not use contraceptives.

at 0.05 level of significance except for the twelfth statement where the r value was
greater than the critical value. This indicates that the null hypothesis which states that
There is no significant relationship between the use of contraception and the level of
awareness on breast self examination, is accepted.
This means that the use of
contraception has nothing to do with the level of awareness on breast self examination.
This was due to the fact that most female non - teaching employees agreed to the
statements and most of them do use contraceptives. However, in one of the statement,
63
the use of contraception appeared to be related. This could be attributed that the some
female non teaching employees who uses, viewed the statement differently as compared
to those who do not use.
Table 6.10 shows the r values obtained from Pearsons r. The test was used to
determine if the number of children was related to the breast self examination of the
female non - teaching employees of TSU.
Table 6.10
Relationship between the Number of Children and the Breast Self Examination
Number of Children
1. BSE or Breast Self Examination is the regular examination
of womens breast.
2. The importance of performing or practicing BSE is for early
detection of lump will lead to eradication of breast cancer.
4. If you have an irregular menstrual cycle the proper time for
you to perform BSE is choose a particular date in every month.
front of the mirror then having hands on the hips or arms held
overhead.
8. The first step in performing the BSE is to stand in front of
the mirror (with visible breast-naked from waist up) then
observe for the symmetry of each breast, the color, presence of
redness and lesions
10. Proper way in performing BSE
rValues
0.0923
Decisio
n
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
0.1426
Accept
Ho
0.1475
0.0117
0.1067
0.1509
0.0897
0.0701
0.0740
0.1346
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
64
the "axillary tail" of each breast that extends toward the axilla
(armpit).
0.2227
0.1250
0.2294
14. The part of the breast where most breast lumps are seen is
the upper outer quadrant of the breast.
15. If you observe or feel abnormalities (lumps) in your breast,
consult the doctor immediately.
0.3084
0.0000
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Accept
Ho
Reject
Ho
Accept
Ho
Most of the female non - teaching employees do not have children. Moreover,
most of the female non - teaching employees agreed to the breast self examination. Most
of the r-values which were computed were less than the critical value at 0.05 level of
significance except for the fourteenth statement where the r value was greater than the
critical value. This indicates that the null hypothesis which states that There is no
significant relationship between number of children and the level of awareness on breast
self examination, is accepted. This means that the number of children has nothing to do
with the level of awareness on breast self examination. This was due to the fact that most
female non - teaching employees agreed to the statements and most of them do not have
any children. However, in one of the statement, the number of children appeared to be
related. This could be attributed that the some female non teaching employees who
have no children, viewed the statement differently as compared to those who have.
Having no children gave the difference of the breast of females who breast fed and who
did not breast fed their children. The degree of sag in the breast is more on those who
breast fed than those who did not. The number of children gives a higher degree of sag
than those who had one child and especially to those with no children.
65
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter consists of the findings based on the problems identified, the
conclusions drawn from the findings and the recommendations. The primary purpose of
this study is to determine which of the demographic profiles relate to the level of
awareness of the female non - teaching employees of TSU.
Summary of Findings
The data gathered by the researcher were statistically analyzed leading to the
following findings:
1. Twenty five and eighty sixth percent (25.86%) of the female teaching employees
of TSU were at the age bracket of thirty to thirty four years old.
2. Fifty six and twenty fifth percent of the o female non - teaching employees of
TSU were married.
66
3. Ninety seven and ninety two percent (97.92%) of the female non - teaching
employees of TSU had finished bachelors degree.
4. Eighty seven and fiftieth percent (87.50%) of the female non - teaching
employees of TSU had no family history of breast cancer.
5. Ninety seven and ninety two percent (97.92%) of the female non - teaching
employees of TSU were not smoking.
6. Eighty nine and fifty eighth (89.58%) of the female non - teaching employees of
TSU were not drinking.
7. Eighty one and twenty fifth percent (81.25%) of the female t non - teaching
employees of TSU had fat diet.
8. Ninety one and sixty seventh percent (91.67%) of the female non - teaching
employees of TSU were not exercising.
9. Eighty three and thirty three percent (83.33%) of the female non - teaching
employees of TSU were not using contraceptives than those who use.
10. Thirty seven and fiftieth percent (37.50%) of the female non - teaching employees
had no children.
11. The Grand mean of Level of Awareness of the female non - teaching employees
of TSU on breast self examination is 2.33.
12. The r-values which were computed were less than the critical value at 0.05 level
of significance on relationship between the age and the breast self examination of
the female non - teaching employees of TSU.
67
of significance on relationship between civil status and the breast self examination
of the female non - teaching employees of TSU.
of significance on relationship between educational attainment and the breast self
examination of the female non - teaching employees of TSU.
of significance on relationship between the family history of breast cancer and the
breast self examination of the female non - teaching employees of TSU.
of significance except for the eleventh statement where the r value was greater
than the critical value on relationship between cigarette smoking and the breast
self examination of the female non - teaching employees of TSU.
of significance on relationship between the alcoholic drinking and the breast self
of significance except for the third statement where the r value was greater than
the critical value on relationship between the fatty diet and the breast self
of significance except for the third, seventh, ninth and eleventh statements where
the r values were greater than the critical value on relationship between the
68
exercising and the breast self examination of the female non - teaching employees
of TSU.
of significance except for the twelfth statement where the r value was greater
than the critical value on relationship between the use of contraception and the
of significance except for the fourteenth statement where the r value was greater
than the critical value on relationship between the number of children and the
Conclusion
1. The study revealed that the female non - teaching employees of TSU were
heterogeneous in terms of their ages.
2. The study revealed that most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU
were homogeneous in their
3. This implied that almost all of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were
homogeneous in their educational attainment.
homogeneous in the family history of breast cancer.
homogeneous in their lifestyle of not smoking.
69
6. . This implied that almost all of the female non - teaching employees of TSU
were homogeneous in their lifestyle of not drinking.
homogeneous in their lifestyle of not having fatty diet.
homogeneous in their lifestyle of no exercising.
9. This implied that most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were
homogeneous in their lifestyle of not using contraceptives.
10. This implied that most of the female non - teaching employees were
homogeneous in the number of children they had which was none.
11. The mean verbal description showed that the female non - teaching employees
were slightly aware.
12. There is no significant relationship between the age and the level of awareness on
breast self examination.
13. There is no significant relationship between the civil status and the level of
awareness on breast self examination.
14. There is no significant relationship between the educational attainment and the
level of awareness on breast self examination.
15. There is no significant relationship between the family history on breast cancer
and the level of awareness on breast self examination.
16. There is no significant relationship between cigarette smoking and the level of
70
17. There is no significant relationship between alcoholic drinking and the level of
18. There is no significant relationship between fatty diet and the level of awareness
on breast self examination.
19. There is no significant relationship between exercising and the level of awareness
on breast self examination.
20. There is no significant relationship between the use of contraception and the level
of awareness on breast self examination.
21. There is no significant relationship between number of children and the level of
Recommendation
The researcher would like to recommend the following:
1. The female non-teaching personnel of TSU should be oriented on the Breast
Self Examination by means of conducting a seminar on how to do the proper BSE
which the college of Nursing can participate to it.
2. Knowledge of the non-teaching personnel should be checked regularly.
3. Encourage all the female non-teaching personnel of TSU to do BSE once a
month.
4. Encourage all the female non-teaching personnel to have their regular exercise
to enhance their body, lessen the intake of fatty and cholesterol rich food and to
temper alcohol drinking and smoking for those who smoke.
71
5. Pamphlets regarding breast self examination should be disseminated to provide
additional knowledge to the female non-teaching personnel of TSU
6 affiliates should educate the female non teaching personnel of TSU regarding to
the appropriate practices regarding on BSE to increase their level of awareness
7 clinical instructor should demonstrated the proper way in performing BSE when
teaching
9 practice regular seminar to the TSU non teaching personnel on how to do the
proper BSE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bekker,Morwisan and Mateau,(2004) et al. Breast Self Examination
Breast self-examination: defining a cohort still in need. (2007). Toulon Cedex, et al.
Breast cancer screening recommendations: is mammography the only answer?. (2006).
Anthony B. Miller, et al.
Breast cancer Screening: A summary of he evidence for the US Preventive services Task
force. (2006) Linda L. Humphrey, et al.
Clinical breast examination for asymptomatic women - Exploring the evidence. (2007)
Jill Thistlethwaite, et al.
72
DOH Pamphlet (2008): Bresat Cancer Control Program of the Philippines

Double reading in breast-cancer screening: what women know about it. (2008).
Guillaume Desjeux, et al.
Evidence against breast self examination is not conclusive: what policymakers and health
professionals need to know. (2006). Anne J Kearney, et al.
Journal of Healthway Philippines (2009), Global Campaign Against Breast Cancer
Kearney, Anne J. (2004) et al. Centre for Nursing Studies Canada, aheearney
Knowledge and practice of breast self examination among female traders in Ibadan,
Nigeria, Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate. Vol. 3 No. 2.(December 2005).
Level of awareness regarding breast cancer and its screening among Indian teacher, Anita
Khokar, et al.
Lexicon Publication, Inc. Copyright(2000), Webster Dictionary
Randomized community trial of a breast self examination skills-building intervention for
inner-city African-American women. (2005) Seth Kalichman, et al.
Salem, Ali Abu DT (2007) Registered Nurse. Royal Medical Services Irbid, Jordan
Screening and prevention of breast cancer in primary care. (2004). Cornelia Baines, e al.
Appendix A
Breast Self Examination:
Level of Awareness of Female
Non-teaching employees of Tarlac State University
I.
Personal na impormasyon
Pangalan (opsyonal):
Edad:
Katayuang sibil:
Pinakamataas na antas sa pag-aaral na naabot:
Bilang ng anak:
Trabaho:
Mayroong kaanak na my kanser (breast cancer);
73
Lifestyle:
( )Naninigarilyo
( )Madalas umiinom ng alak
( )Madalas kumakain ng matabang pagkain
( )Nageehersisyo
( )Gumagamit ng contraceptives(pills)
II.
SUKATAN NG KAALAMAN. Ang bawat tanong ay may kasunod na sagot.
Lagyan ng tsek kung sang-ayon, di alam o di sang-ayon ang sumusunod na
bilang:
TANONG
1. Ano ang BSE o Breast
Self Examination?
Ito ang regular na pag-eksamin
ng suso ng babae.
2. Bakit importante ang
pagsasagawa ng breast
self examination?
Sa
tulong
ng
BSE,
maagang natutuklasan ang
kanser sa suso at maagap
din itong nahahanapan ng
atensyong medical.
3. Kailan
mainan
na
isagawa ang BSE?
Isang linggo pagkatapos ng
buwanang dalaw
4. Kung irregular ang
buwanang dalaw, kalian
ito mainam na isagawa?
Mamili ng isang araw kung
kalian ito isasagawa.
5. Anong edad maaaring
simulan
ang
pagsasagawa ng BSE?
Kapag nagsimula nang
magkaroon ng buwanang
dalaw at tuwing unang
araw ng dalaw
6. Angbreast
self
examination
ay
ginagawa_______.
Sang-ayon
Di alam
Di sang-ayon
74
Minsan sa isang buwan
7. Sa pagsasagawa ng
BSE, ang sumusunod
ay
maaaring
posisyonhabang
ginagawa ang BSE
maliban sa:
Nakahiga at nakatagilid
habang nakaposisyon ang
kamay sa may ulo.
8. Ano
ang
unang
ginagawa
sa
pagsasagawa ngBSE?
Tumayo sa harap ng
salamin,
simulan
ang
pagsalat sa suso kung may
bukol ito
9. Saan magsisimula ang
pagsalat sa suso?
Sa gitna palabas ng suso
10. Ito ang tamang hakbang
sa pagsasagawa ng
BSE:
tumayo sa harap ng salamin
at obserbahan ang suso para
sa di karaniwang anyo
umpisahang kapain ang
kaliwang suso gamit ang
darili ng kanang kamay
paikot
pigain ang utong at
obserbahan kung anong
lumalabas
ulitin sa kabilang suso ang
proseso
11. Mas kilala ang BSE sa
tawag na ______.
Sariling Salat sa Suso o
SSS
12. Maliban sa suso, ano
pang
parte
ang
karaniwang sinasalat sa
75
pagsasagawa ng BSE?
kilikili
13. Ito ay hindi katangian
ng bukol na may kanser
Kadalasang ang bukol ay
masakit at maaaring ang
bukol ay lumaki.
14. Saan
kadalasang
nagkakaroon ng bukol
sa suso?
sa taas na bahagi labas ng
suso (upper outer quadrant)
15. Ano ang dapat na gawin
kapag may nasalat na
bukol sa suso?
ikunsulta agad sa doktor
I.
Appendix B
Breast Self Examination:
Level of Awareness of non-Teaching
Personnel of Tarlac State University
(English)
Demographic Data
Name (optional):
Age:
Civil status:
Educational attainment:
Number of Children:
Nature of work:
Family History of breast cancer:
Lifestyle:
76
( )smoking
( )consumes alcoholic beverages
( )increase fat and cholesterol in diet
( )routinely exercising
( )use of pills as contraceptives
II.
Level of awareness.
Question
Agree
Uncertai
n

2. The importance of performing or practicing BSE
is for early detection of lump will lead to eradication
of breast cancer.
4. If you have an irregular menstrual cycle the
proper time for you to perform BSE is choose a
particular date in every month.
5. You will start doing BSE for the
first menstrual period or any age starting from my
first menstrual cycle.
6.BreastExamination will be done every month.
7.The appropriate position in performing BSE
standing infront of the mirror then having hands on
the hips or arms held overhead.
8. the first step in performing the BSE is to stand
infront of the mirror (with visible breast-naked from
waist up) then observe for the symmetry of each
breast, thecolor, presence od rednes and lesions
9. Palpation of the breast tissue using finger pads
starts from the nipple circulating the breast.
11. BSE is also known as SarilingSalatsaSuso (SSS)
including the "axillary tail" of each breast that
extends toward the axilla (armpit).
14. the part of the breast wheremost breast lumps are
15. If you observe or feel abnormalities (lumps) in
disagree
77
your breast, consult the doctor immediately.
Appendix C
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
17 August 2010
DR. PRISCILLA C. VIUYA
President
Tarlac State University
Madam:
We, the 4th year BS Nursing students of TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY, are
currently enrolled in Research II. As part of the course requirements, we need to
accomplish a research study entitled Breast Self Examination: Level of Awareness of
Female Non-teaching employees of Tarlac State University. One of the features of
the study is to gather information thru questionnaire.
78
In this regard, we respectfully seek for your approval to allow us to conduct our
data gathering among the respondents in this institution. Rest assured that any
information entrusted to us will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Raiz, Jayscent F.
Rodriguez II, Rolando D.
Sabat, Aprillyn A.
Sotelo, Jeffrey R.
Sumang, Jerico B.
NOTED:
Mr. Andrew Sebastian Matias, R.N, MAN,
Class Adviser
Mr. Apollo G. Facun, R.N, MSN
Thesis Adviser
Appendix D
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
15 July 2010
Mr. Joselito Yturralde
Head, Human Resource Department
Municipality of Concepcion
Province of Tarlac
Dear Sir,
We, the 4th year BS Nursing students of TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY, are
currently enrolled in Research II. As part of the course requirements, we need to
accomplish a research study entitled Breast Self Examination: Level of Awareness of
Female Non-teaching employees of Tarlac State University. One of the features of
the study is to gather information thru questionnaire subject to validation.
79
In this regard, we respectfully seek for your approval to allow us to conduct
validation of our questionnaire among the potential respondents in your municipality.
Rest assured that any information entrusted to us will be treated with utmost
confidentiality.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Raiz, Jayscent F.
Rodriguez II, Rolando D.
Sabat, Aprillyn A.
Sotelo, Jeffrey R.
Sumang, Jerico B.
NOTED:
Mr. Andrew Sebastian Matias, R.N, MAN,
Class Adviser
Mr. Apollo G. Facun, R.N, MSN

Thesis Adviser
Appendix E
Sample Computation of the Significance of the Relationship between the
Age with the First Statement of the Level of Awareness of the Female Non Teaching Employees of TSU on Breast Self Examination.
1. HO: There is no significant relationship between the age and the first statement of
the level of awareness of the female non - teaching employees of TSU on breast
self examination.
80
2. HA: There is a significant relationship between the age and the first statement of
the level of awareness of the female non - teaching employees of TSU on breast
self examination.
3. Level of Significance: 0.05 (two tailed test)
4. Degree of Freedom: df = n - 2
= 48 - 2
= 46
5. Critical Region: if r > 0.2846, reject HO
if r < 0.2846, accept HO
Formula: r= 2
NXY ( X ) ( y)
[ N X ( X ) ] [ N Y ( Y ) ]
2
6. Computation: n = 48
XY = 4692
X = 1584
Y = 142
X2 = 55608
Y2 = 424
r= 2
48(4692)( 1584 ) (142)
[ 48( 55608)( 1584 ) ] [48(424) (142 ) ]

2
= 0.0525
7. Decision: Accept the null hypothesis since the computed r value which is equal
to 0.0525 is lesser than the critical value of 0.2846 at 0.05 level of significance
with 46 degree of freedom.
8. Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between the ages with first
statement on the level of awareness of the female non - teaching employees of
TSU on breast self examination.
81
1 the study revealed that the female non teaching employees of tsu were heterogeneous
in terms of their ages
2 the study revealed that most of the female non teaching employees of tsu were
homogeneous in their
Civil status married
Educational attainment-college graduate
History of breast cancer
Lifestyle
-not smoking
-not drinking
82
-not having fatty diet

-no exercising
-using contraceptives
Number of children

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1

1. What is the profile of the female non-teaching employees of TSU in terms of

2. What is the level of awareness of respondents on breast self examination?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents demographic profile and

4. What is the implication of the findings of this study to nursing service?

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study believes to benefit the following:

For future researchers: This study was enthralled to serve as a motivation or an

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Awareness. Is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of

Auxiliary services. It provides essential services to students, faculty and staff,

Breast self examination. Is a procedure performed by individual to

Educational attainment. Is the highest academic level of education a

Pearson r. Is a measure of the correlation (linear dependence) between two

Slovins formula. It is used to determine the sample size.

OVERVIEW OF BREAST SELF EXAMINATION

In the latter, familiarity with double reading increased as age decreased.

Individual mammography depended on prior habits and gynecologists' prescriptions.

Clinical breast examination (CBE) is often offered as a component of the well

transport/treatment/medical expenses, indifference, no time, non-awareness of gravity of

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Health Belief Model consists of 6 concepts: (1) perceived susceptibility to an

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

The second box contains the processes to be done by the researchers in

, where as n is the sample size, N is the population, e is the margin of

error (0.03 is constant).

Table 3. Total Number of respondents using Slovins formula

, where f is frequency, N is the population.

, where R is the range, N is population and 3.322 is

Most of the female non - teaching employees of TSU were not

There were fifteen

3. The Demographic Profiles of the Female Non - Teaching Employees of TSU

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

The most represented educational attainment by the female non - teaching

All of the r-values which were

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

7. The appropriate position in performing BSE standing in

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

This means that

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

Most of the female non - teaching employees do not use contraceptives.

This means that the use of

CRITICAL VALUE: 0.2846

DOH Pamphlet (2008): Bresat Cancer Control Program of the Philippines

1. BSE or Breast Self Examination is the regular

Mr. Apollo G. Facun, R.N, MSN

48(4692)( 1584 ) (142)

[ 48( 55608)( 1584 ) ] [48(424) (142 ) ]

-not having fatty diet

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