Wood

Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees, and
other woody plants. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong
in tension) embedded in a matrix of ligninwhich resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as
only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees,[1] or it is defined more broadly to include the same
type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.[citation needed] In a living tree it performs a
support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys
water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer
to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood
chips or fiber.
Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, as a construction material, for
making tools and weapons,furniture and paper, and as a feedstock for the production of purified
cellulose and its derivatives, such as cellophaneand cellulose acetate.
In 2005, the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters, 47% of which
was commercial.[2]As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been
of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters
of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction. [3]

History
A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to
have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago.[4] Wood can be dated by carbon
dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object
was created.
People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction
material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper.
The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing
climate at that time.[5]

Structure[edit]
Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the
cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% 50%) andhemicellulose (15% 25%)
impregnated with lignin (15% 30%).[11]
In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result
the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels
("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

The structure of hardwoods is more complex.[12] The water conducting capability is mostly taken care
of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others
(buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is
customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porousand diffuse-porous.[13]
In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak,
[13]
the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localized in the part of the
growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest
of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of
wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the
vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

Magnified cross-section of Black Walnut, showing the vessels, rays (white lines) and annual rings: this is
intermediate between diffuse-porous and ring-porous, with vessel size declining gradually

In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is
scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this
kind of wood are alder,[13] basswood,[citation needed] birch,[13] buckeye, maple,willow,and the Populus species
such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar.[13] Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the
border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

Uses[edit]

Fuel[edit]
Main article: Wood fuel
Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of
the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer.
Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.

Construction[edit]

The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.[21]

Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses
and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in
common use today in boat construction. Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted
decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern
plumbing).
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America.
Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use
is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including
beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider variety of woods is used: solid wood doors are often
made from poplar, small-knotted pine, and Douglas fir.
The churches of Kizhi, Russia are among a handful of World Heritage Sites built entirely of wood, without metal
joints. See Kizhi Pogost for more details.

New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed
construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry.
They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.
In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in
roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.
Wood is also commonly used as shuttering material to form the mold into which concrete is poured
duringreinforced concrete construction.

Wood flooring[edit]

Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a wood flooring.

Main article: Wood flooring

A solid wood floor is floor laid with planks or battens which have been created from a single piece of
timber, usually a hardwood. Since wood is hydroscopic (it acquires and loses moisture from the
ambient conditions around it) this potential instability effectively limits the length and width of the
boards.[22]
Solid hardwood flooring is usually cheaper than engineered timbers and damaged areas can be
sanded down and refinished repeatedly, the number of times being limited only by the thickness of
wood above the tongue.
Solid hardwood floors were originally used for structural purposes, being installed perpendicular to
the wooden support beams of a building (the joists or bearers) and solid construction timber is still
often used for sports floors as well as most traditional wood blocks,mosaics and parquetry.

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Engineered wood[edit]
Main article: Engineered wood
Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific
performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued
engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or
other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit. [23]
These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels
(including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists.
[23]
Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991. [3] The
trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.

Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically (into fibers or
chips) or chemically (into cellulose) and used as a raw material for other building materials, such as
engineered wood, as well as chipboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Such
wood derivatives are widely used: wood fibers are an important component of most paper, and
cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic materials. Wood derivatives can also be used
for kinds of flooring, for examplelaminate flooring.

Furniture and utensils[edit]

Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for
tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.

Next generation wood products[edit]

Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire
replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites.
[24]
As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various
components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to
wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic
monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.[25]

Filtra Timber Trading Makati

2 reviews Woodworking Supply Store
Makati, Metro Manila
(02) 478 6888
Closed today

WEBSITE
DIRECTIONS

Philippine Wood Producers Association

(02) 817 6884

WEBSITE
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Solidwood Flooring Philippines

1 review Flooring Store
Makati, Metro Manila
(02) 478 6888
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Manila Wood Veneer Supplies

No reviews Woodworking Supply Store
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(02) 890 9471

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Filtra Timber Trading Warehouse

2 reviews Woodworking Supply Store
San Mateo, Rizal
(02) 570 5750
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Pacific Timber Export Corporation

1 review Woodworker
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WEBSITE

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Nanbu Philippines Incorporated

1 review Plastic Resin Manufacturer
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Wood production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lumber and wood products are created from the trunks and branches of trees through a series of
steps, as follows.
Contents
[hide]

1Harvesting

2Timber mills

3Uses

4Hardwoods and softwoods

5Changes in technology

6References

Harvesting[edit]
Mature trees are harvested from pine plantations and also from native forests. Trees harvested at a
younger age can produce smaller logs, which can be turned into lower value products. Factors such
as the site and climatic conditions, the species, the growth rate, and silviculture can affect the size of
a mature tree.[1]

Timber mills[edit]
The native hardwood sawmilling industry originally consisted of small family-owned mills, but this
has recently changed to include a small number of larger mills. The mills produce large volumes of
standard products, and aim to ensure a "standard quality of product, efficiently and safely, at low
cost, with rapid production time and high output". [2]

Uses[edit]
Once the timber has manipulated in the required fashion, it can be used for its purpose. There are
many different purposes for wood including: plywood, veneer, pulp, paper, particleboard, pallets,
craft items, toys, instrument-making, furniture production, packing cases, wine barrels, cardboard,
firewood, garden mulch, fibre adhesives, packaging and pet litter. Western Australia has a unique
substance called bio-char, which is made from jarrah and pine. Bio-char can be used in the
manufacture of silicone and as a soil additive. Products[3]

Hardwoods and softwoods[edit]

Softwoods, such as the Australian eucalyptus, are highly valued, and are used mainly
for construction, paper making, and cladding. The term "roundwood" describes all the wood that is
removed from forests in log form and used for purposes other than fuel. Wood manufacturing
residues, such as sawdust and chippings, are collectively known as "pulp". [4]

Changes in technology[edit]
Originally, "trees were felled from native forests using axes and hand-held cross-cut saws". This was
a slow process involving manual labour. Nowadays, harvesting is done by a small team of
contractors, who are aided by various pieces of machinery. Sawmills were traditionally located within
forests, so logs had to be transported over long distances and rough terrain to reach their
destination. Soon, waterways were used to transport the logs. Later on, logs were transported via
tramlines, "first by steam-powered log haulers then by steam-powered locomotives, and finally diesel
and petrol-powered locomotives". Even in the modern era, timber is dried in kilns. The first steam
railway in Australia opened in Melbourne in 1854. This dramatically changed the nature of timber
transportation and made it possible for the sawmilling industry to move inland away from the coast,
due to transportation being made quicker and cheaper.[5]

Engineered wood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please

help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and
when to remove this template message)

Very large self-supporting wooden roof. Built for the world fair in the year 2000, Hanover, Germany.

75 Unit Apartment building, made largely of wood, in Mission, British Columbia.

Engineered wood, also called composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board,
includes a range of derivative woodproducts which are manufactured by binding or fixing the
strands, particles, fibers, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of
fixation[1] to form composite materials. These products are engineered to precise design
specifications which are tested to meet national or international standards. Engineered wood
products are used in a variety of applications, from home construction to commercial buildings to
industrial products.[2] The products can be used for joists and beams that replace steel in many
building projects.[3]
Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used to
manufacture lumber. Sawmill scraps and other wood waste can be used for engineered wood
composed of wood particles or fibers, but whole logs are usually used for veneers, such
as plywood, MDF or particle board. Some engineered wood products, like oriented strand
board (OSB), can use trees from the poplar family, a common but non-structural species.
Alternatively, it is also possible to manufacture similar engineered bamboo from bamboo; and similar
engineered cellulosic products from other lignin-containing materials such
as rye straw, wheat straw, rice straw, hemp stalks, kenaf stalks, or sugar cane residue, in which case
they contain no actual wood but rather vegetable fibers.
Flat pack furniture is typically made out of man-made wood due to its low manufacturing costs and
its low weight, making it easy to transport.

Contents
[hide]

1Types of products
o

1.1Plywood

1.2Fibreboard

1.3Oriented strand board

1.4Laminated timber

1.5Laminated veneer

1.6Cross laminated

1.7Parallel strand

1.8Laminated strand

1.9Finger joint

1.10Beams

1.11Trusses

2Advantages

3Disadvantages

4Properties

5Engineered wood flooring manufacturing

o

5.1Lamella

5.2Core/substrate

5.3Aesthetics

6Adhesives

7Other fixations

8Standards

9References

10External links

Types of products[edit]

Engineered wood products in aHome Depot store

Plywood[edit]
Plywood, wood structural panel, is sometimes called the original engineered wood product.
[4]
Plywood is manufactured from sheets of cross-laminated veneer and bonded under heat and
pressure with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. By alternating the grain direction of the veneers
from layer to layer, or cross-orienting, panel strength and stiffness in both directions are maximized.
Other structural wood panels include oriented strand board and structural composite panels. [5]

Fibreboard[edit]
Medium-density fibreboard, is made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood
fibres, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature
and pressure. [6]

Oriented strand board[edit]

Oriented strand board (OSB) is a wood structural panel manufactured from rectangular-shaped
strands of wood that are oriented lengthwise and then arranged in layers, laid up into mats, and
bonded together with moisture-resistant, heat-cured adhesives. The individual layers are crossoriented to provide strength and stiffness to the panel. Produced in huge, continuous mats, OSB is a
solid panel product of consistent quality with no laps, gaps or voids. [7]

Laminated timber[edit]
Glued laminated timber (glulam) is composed of several layers of dimensional timber glued together
with moisture-resistant adhesives, creating a large, strong, structural member that can be used as
vertical columns or horizontal beams. Glulam can also be produced in curved shapes, offering
extensive design flexibility.

Laminated veneer[edit]
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet.
The grain of all veneers in the LVL billet is parallel to the long direction. The resulting product
features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability that offer a broader range in
product width, depth and length than conventional lumber. LVL is a member of the structural
composite lumber (SCL) family of engineered wood products that are commonly used in the same
structural applications as conventional sawn lumber and timber, including rafters, headers, beams,
joists, rim boards, studs and columns.[8]

Cross laminated[edit]
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is a versatile multi-layered panel made of lumber. Each layer of
boards is placed cross-wise to adjacent layers for increased rigidity and strength. CLT can be used
for long spans and all assemblies, e.g. floors, walls or roofs.[9] CLT has the advantage of faster
construction times as the panels are manufactured and finished off site and supplied ready to fit and
screw together as a flat pack assembly project.[10]

Parallel strand[edit]
Parallel strand lumber (PSL) consists of long veneer strands laid in parallel formation and bonded
together with an adhesive to form the finished structural section. A strong, consistent material, it has
a high load carrying ability and is resistant to seasoning stresses so it is well suited for use as beams
and columns for post and beam construction, and for beams, headers, and lintels for light framing
construction.[5] PSL is a member of the structural composite lumber (SCL) family of engineered wood
products.[11]

Laminated strand[edit]
Laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL) are manufactured from flaked
wood strands that have a high length-to-thickness ratio. Combined with an adhesive, the strands are
oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. LSL and OSL offer good fastener-holding
strength and mechanical connector performance and are commonly used in a variety of applications,
such as beams, headers, studs, rim boards, and millwork components. These products are
members of the structural composite lumber (SCL) family of engineered wood products. [8] LSL is
manufactured from relatively short strandstypically about 1 foot longcompared to the 2 foot to 8
foot long strands used in PSL.[12]

Finger joint[edit]
Finger-jointed lumber is made up of short pieces of wood combined to form longer lengths and is
used in doorjambs, mouldings and studs. It is also produced in long lengths and wide dimensions for
floors.

Beams[edit]
I-joists and wood I-beams are "I"-shaped structural members designed for use in floor and roof
construction. An I-joist consists of top and bottom flanges of various widths united with webs of
various depths. The flanges resist common bending stresses, and the web provides shear
performance.[13] I-joists are designed to carry heavy loads over long distances while using less
lumber than a dimensional solid wood joist of a size necessary to do the same task [1]. As of 2005,
approximately half of all wood light framed floors were framed using I-joists [2].

Trusses[edit]
Roof trusses and floor trusses are structural frames relying on a triangular arrangement of webs and
chords to transfer loads to reaction points. For a given load, long wood trusses built from smaller
pieces of lumber require less raw material and make it easier for AC contractors, plumbers, and
electricians to do their work, compared to the long 2x10s and 2x12s traditionally used as rafters and
floor joists.[12]

Advantages[edit]
Engineered wood products are used in a variety of ways, often in applications similar to solid
wood products. Engineered wood products may be preferred over solid wood in some applications
due to certain comparative advantages:

Engineered wood is felt to offer structural advantages for home construction.

[14]

Because engineered wood is man-made, it can be designed to meet application-specific

performance requirements.

Engineered wood products are versatile and available in a wide variety of thicknesses, sizes,
grades, and exposure durability classifications, making the products ideal for use in unlimited
construction, industrial and home project application. [15]

Engineered wood products are designed and manufactured to maximize the natural strength
and stiffness characteristics of wood. The products are very stable and some offer greater
structural strength than typical wood building materials.[16]

Glued laminated timber (glulam) has greater strength and stiffness than comparable
dimensional lumber and, pound for pound, is stronger than steel.[2]

Some engineered wood products offer more design options without sacrificing structural
requirements.[17]

Engineered wood panels are easy to work with using ordinary tools and basic skills. They
can be cut, drilled, routed, jointed, glued, and fastened. Plywood can be bent to form curved
surfaces without loss of strength. And large panel size speeds construction by reducing the
number of pieces to be handled and installed.[15]

Engineered wood products make more efficient use of wood. They can be made from small
pieces of wood, wood that has defects or underutilized species. [18]

Wooden trusses are competitive in many roof and floor applications, and their high strengthto-weight ratios permit long spans offering flexibility in floor layouts. [19]

Sustainable design advocates recommend using engineered wood, which can be produced
from relatively small trees, rather than large pieces of solid dimensional lumber, which requires
cutting a large tree.[12]

Disadvantages[edit]

Some products may burn more quickly than solid lumber.

They require more primary energy for their manufacture than solid lumber.

The adhesives used in some products may be toxic. A concern with some resins is the
release of formaldehyde in the finished product, often seen with urea-formaldehyde bonded
products.
Cutting and otherwise working with some products can expose workers to toxic compounds.
Some engineered wood products, such as those specified for interior use, may be weaker
and more prone to humidity-induced warping than equivalent solid woods. Most particle and
fiber-based boards are not appropriate for outdoor use because they readily soak up water.

Properties[edit]
Plywood and OSB typically have a density of 35 to 40 pounds per cubic foot (550 to 650 kg per cubic
meter). For example, 3/8" plywood sheathing or OSB sheathing typically has a weight of 1.0 to 1.2
pounds per square foot.[20]

Engineered wood flooring manufacturing[edit]

Lamella[edit]
The lamella is the face layer of the wood that is visible when installed. Typically, it is a sawn piece of
timber. The timber can be cut in three different styles: flat-sawn, quarter-sawn, and rift-sawn. Keep in
mind that each cut will give the board a different final appearance.

Core/substrate[edit]
1. Wood ply construction ("sandwich core"): Uses multiple thin plies of wood adhered together.
The wood grain of each ply runs perpendicular to the ply below it. Stability is attained from
using thin layers of wood that have little to no reaction to climatic change. The wood is
further stabilized due to equal pressure being exerted lengthwise and widthwise from the
plies running perpendicular to each other.

2. Finger core construction: Finger core engineered wood floors are made of small pieces of
milled timber that run perpendicular to the top layer (lamella) of wood. They can be 2-ply or
3-ply, depending on their intended use. If it is three ply, the third ply is often plywood that
runs parallel to the lamella. Stability is gained through the grains running perpendicular to
each other, and the expansion and contraction of wood is reduced and relegated to the
middle ply, stopping the floor from gapping or cupping.
3. Fibreboard: The core is made up of medium or high density fibreboard. Floors with a
fibreboard core are hygroscpoic and must never be exposed to large amounts of water or
very high humidity - the expansion caused from absorbing water combined with the density
of the fibreboard, will cause it to lose its form. Fibreboard is less expensive than timber and
can emit higher levels of harmful gases due to its relatively high adhesive content.
4. An engineered flooring construction which is popular in parts of Europe is the hardwood
lamella, softwood core laid perpendicular to the lamella, and a final backing layer of the
same noble wood used for the lamella. Other noble hardwoods are sometimes used for the
back layer but must be compatible. This is thought by many to be the most stable of
engineered floors.

Aesthetics[edit]
Engineered wood flooring is mainly industrially fabricated in the form of straight edged boards, with
milled jointing profiles to provide for interconnecting of the boards. Such manufacturing is most cost
efficient but leaves an industrial looking surface. In nature no straight lines exist; therefore there is a
rising trend to modify the visual appearance to imitate it. In recent years numerous producers have
been taking on the challenge of adding more natural aesthetics.

Adhesives[edit]
The types of adhesives used in engineered wood include:
Urea-formaldehyde resins (UF)
most common, cheapest, and not waterproof.
Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF)
yellow/brown, and commonly used for exterior exposure products.
Melamine-formaldehyde resins (MF)
white, heat and water resistant, and often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs.
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or polyurethane (PU) resins
expensive, generally waterproof, and does not contain formaldehyde.
A more inclusive term is structural composites. For example, fiber cement siding is
made of cement and wood fiber, while cement board is a low density cement panel,
often with added resin, faced with fiberglass mesh.

Other fixations[edit]
Some engineered products such as CLT Cross Laminated Timber can be
assembled without the use of adhesives using mechanical fixing. These can range
from profiled interlocking jointed boards,[21][22] proprietary metal fixings,[23] nails or
timber dowels[24] (Brettstapel - single layer or CLT[25][26]).

The Philippine Wood Producers Association (PWPA) is the national

association of corporations, partnerships and individuals involved in forest
management, logging, forest plantation development, manufacture of
lumber, veneer and plywood, pulp and paper and other wood products as
well as in trading, shipping and sales of these products.
Objectives

To achieve unity of participants in the wood industry the government

and business sectors can effectively interact with.

To promote the sustainable management of natural and plantation

forests that will increase their capacity to supply the wood requirement
of, and enhance their capability to provide ecological balance for, the
country.

To advance the efficient utilization of timber into quality lumber,

plywood, pulp and paper, and other wood products that are competitive in
the market.

To service and protect the market of the wood industry against unfair
trade practices.

To attain public appreciation for the role of wood industry in the social,
economic, and environmental development of the country.

How furniture industry

contributes to PH economy
MANILA The Philippine economic growth has raised most of its sectors, one
of which is the ever-growing furniture industry.
With real estate developments popping up around the country, there has also
been an increase in proliferation and promotion of Filipino-made products both
locally and globally.
According to the Chamber of Furniture Industries of the Philippines, the sector
has given its fair share of economic contributions.
In 2014, the furniture industry was able to create nearly 2 million jobs.
It has also given assistance to communities in the various regions where
materials come from, and is considered one of the top exports of the country.
Its very important to support local talent because we are known as the Milan
of Asia. The creativity of the people is being nourished in the Philippines, and
the special skills from the grassroots level up to the higher levelthese all
contribute to the economy, said Salvio Valenzuela, executive director of the
Chamber of Furniture Industries of the Philippines, on ANC's "On The Money."
The industry, however, has also faced several stumbling blocks that have
hindered its growth.
One of the issues that affected the sector is the congestion in Manila ports,
which handicapped delivery of products around the country. The port
congestion also raised costs of trucking services.
The disruption in electricity also affected local production.
Valenzuela said side from product development, getting to know those in the
industry as well as finding avenues to find products is a good way to help
furniture businesses.
We, in partnership with government, are helping all the SMEs in the furniture
industry in terms of basic manufacturing, product development, and in
marketing, so we will able to continue the production line and offer products
globally that are acceptable in international standards, he said.