Professional Documents
Culture Documents
remove dissolved gases from liquids (degassing) by sonicating the liquid while it is under a
vacuum. This is an alternative to the freeze-pump-thaw and sparging methods.
In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological
material. For example, sonication is often used to disrupt cell membranes and release cellular
contents. This process is called sonoporation. Sonication is also used to fragment molecules of
DNA, in which the DNA subjected to brief periods of sonication is sheared into smaller
fragments.
Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids.
Sonication can also be used to initiate crystallisation processes and even control polymorphic
crystallisations.[8] It is used to intervene in anti-solvent precipitations (crystallisation) to aid
mixing and isolate small crystals.
Sonication is the mechanism used in ultrasonic cleaningloosening particles adhering to
surfaces. In addition to laboratory science applications, sonicating baths have applications
including cleaning objects such as spectacles and jewelry.
Sonication is used in food industry as well. Main applications are for dispersion to save
expensive emulgators (mayonnaise) or to speed up filtration processes (vegetable oil etc.).
Experiments with sonification for artificial ageing of liquers and other alcoholic beverages were
conducted.
Soil samples are often subjected to ultrasound in order to break up soil aggregates; this allows
the study of the different constituents of soil aggregates (especially soil organic matter) without
subjecting them to harsh chemical treatment.[9]
Sonication is also used to extract microfossils from rock.[10]
Sonication can also refer to buzz pollination the process that bees use to shake pollen from
flowers by vibrating their wing muscles.
Equipment
Substantial intensity of ultrasound and high ultrasonic vibration amplitudes are required for
many
processing
applications,
such
as
nano-crystallization,
nano-emulsification, [6]
deagglomeration, extraction, cell disruption, as well as many others. Commonly, a process is first
tested on a laboratory scale to prove feasibility and establish some of the required ultrasonic
exposure parameters. After this phase is complete, the process is transferred to a pilot (bench)
scale for flow-through pre-production optimization and then to an industrial scale for continuous
production. During these scale-up steps, it is essential to make sure that all local exposure
conditions (ultrasonic amplitude, cavitation intensity, time spent in the active cavitation zone,
etc.) stay the same. If this condition is met, the quality of the final product remains at the
optimized level, while the productivity is increased by a predictable "scale-up factor". The
productivity increase results from the fact that laboratory, bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic
processor systems incorporate progressively larger ultrasonic horns, able to generate
progressively larger high-intensity cavitation zones and, therefore, to process more material per
unit of time. This is called "direct scalability". It is important to point out that increasing the
power capacity of the ultrasonic processor alone does not result in direct scalability, since it may
be (and frequently is) accompanied by a reduction in the ultrasonic amplitude and cavitation
intensity. During direct scale-up, all processing conditions must be maintained, while the power
rating of the equipment is increased in order to enable the operation of a larger ultrasonic horn. [11]
[12][13]
Finding the optimum operation condition for this equipment is a challenge for process
engineers and needs deep knowledge about side effects of ultrasonic processors.[14]
References
1. "Ontology".
2. "Sonochemical Reaction and Synthesis".
3. Suslick,
K.
S.
(1990).
"Sonochemistry".
Science.
247:
14391445.
Bibcode:1990Sci...247.1439S. doi:10.1126/science.247.4949.1439.
4. Suslick, K. S.; Flannigan, D. J. (2008). "Inside a Collapsing Bubble, Sonoluminescence
and Conditions during Cavitation". Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 59: 659683.
Bibcode:2008ARPC...59..659S. doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739.
5. Suslick, Kenneth S. (February 1989). The Chemical Effects of Ultrasound. Scientific
American. pp.62-68 (p.62)
6. Peshkovsky, A.S., Peshkovsky, S.L., Bystryak, S. "Scalable high-power ultrasonic
technology for the production of translucent nanoemulsions", Chemical Engineering and
Processing: Process Intensification, 2013. 69: p. 7762.
7. Golmohamadi, Amir (September 2013). "Effect of ultrasound frequency on antioxidant
activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin content of red raspberry puree". Ultrasonics
Sonochemistry. 20 (5): 131623. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.01.020. PMID 23507361.
8. Deora, N.S., Misra, N.N., et al. (2013) Ultrasound for improved crystallisation in food
processing, Food Engineering Reviews, 5(1):36-44.
9. Kaiser, Michael; Asefaw Berhe, Asmeret (August 2014). "How does sonication affect the
mineral and organic constituents of soil aggregates?-A review". Journal of Plant Nutrition
and Soil Science. 177 (4): 479495. doi:10.1002/jpln.201300339. Retrieved 18 February
2016.
10. Gensel, P.G.; Johnson, N.G.; Strother, P.K. (1990). "Early Land Plant Debris (Hooker's"
Waifs and Strays"?)". PALAIOS. 5 (6): 520547. doi:10.2307/3514860. JSTOR 3514860.
11. Peshkovsky, S.L. and Peshkovsky, A.S., "Matching a transducer to water at cavitation:
Acoustic horn design principles", Ultrason. Sonochem., 2007. 14: p. 314322.
12. A.S. Peshkovsky, S.L. Peshkovsky "Industrial-scale processing of liquids by highintensity acoustic cavitation - the underlying theory and ultrasonic equipment design
principles", In: Nowak F.M, ed., Sonochemistry: Theory, Reactions and Syntheses, and
Applications, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2010.
13. A.S. Peshkovsky, S.L. Peshkovsky "Acoustic Cavitation Theory and Equipment Design
Principles for Industrial Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound", Book Series:
Physics Research and Technology, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2010.
14. Parvareh, A., Mohammadifar, A., Keyhani, M. and Yazdanpanah, R. (2015). A statistical
study on thermal side effects of ultrasonic mixing in a gas-liquid system. In: The 15 th
Iranian
National
Congress
doi:10.13140/2.1.4913.9524
of
Chemical
Engineering
(IChEC
2015).