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7. Generation of FM Signals
Direct FM
Indirect FM

A VCO is a sine wave generator (oscillator), that

is capable of producing different frequency
sinusoid depending on its input voltage.

Direct FM
In direct FM the instantaneous frequency of the
carrier is varied directly with the message signal
by means of a device known as a voltage
controlled oscillator. (VCO)

Thus a VCO is an FM modulator. If the input to the

VCO is the message m(t)


  =

A typical implementation of the VCO is a Hartley

Oscillator that uses a voltage variable capacitor to
control the frequency of the oscillator.

  =  

 =  +   

2  
   = 2  + 2    


Thus the VCO output signal is

 = cos 
 

= cos (2  + 2    )

Which is the desired FM signal.

Disadvantage of direct FM hard to build a stable

high frequency oscillator. Thus carrier frequency fc
tends to drift.

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Indirect FM
Indirect FM begins with a narrow band FM signal
which is passed through a frequency multiplier to
increase the frequency deviation to the desired level.

Indirect FM
Consider a square law device for example:

For an FM signal input;

Is a non-linear device designed to multiply the input

signal by a given factor.

Indirect FM
Thus after filtering the first term (at DC), both the
carrier frequency and the modulation index are
doubled.

Indirect FM
NB- to WB Conversion
If the input to freq. multiplier is;

NB- to WB Conversion

The output will be

Use of frequency multiplication by factors of n=

100 to 1000 are typical and would increase the
carrier frequency to impractically high values.

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Indirect FM

Example: NB- to WB Conversion

NB- to WB Conversion
A frequency conversion (mixing or DSB-SC
modulation) is conducted after frequency
multiplication.

Example: NB- to WB Conversion

Armstrong (Indirect FM Modulator)

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Armstrong (Indirect FM Modulator)

A typical arrangement yields

8. FM Demodulators
FM Limiters
In FM transmission, the noisy received signal is an
AM/FM signal since the amplitude of the FM
signal is corrupted by noise.

8. FM Demodulators
FM Limiters
Since in FM the message signal m(t) is contained
in the instantaneous frequency of the received
signal we may safely strip away the noisy envelope
of the received signal without distorting m(t). The
device that removes the amplitude fluctuations is
known as a limiter. In the limiter does not proceed
the FM detector additional noise will be included
in the demodulated output.
Many limiter circuits and techniques exist. Usually
they take the form of large signal saturating
amplifiers located in the IF section of the receiver.

8. FM Demodulators
FM Detectors
Almost all FM detectors (discriminators) are of the
form;

{Exception to the above scheme are tracking filter

circuits such as phase locked loops.}

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8. FM Demodulators
FM Detectors
The input is assumed to be a limited FM wave:

8. FM Demodulators
With AM envelope

The differential output is an AM/FM signal:

Thus the message signal m(t) can be recovered
from the envelope of vb(t) exactly as it was
performed for DSB-LC signals.

8. FM Demodulators
The implementation of FM Detection can take at
least nine different forms, since there are 3
differentiation techniques and 3 amplitude
demodulators.
AM demodulators include:
1. Peak envelope detectors
2. Average envelope detectors
3. Synchronous detection

8. FM Demodulators
Differentiation techniques include:
1. Direct Differentiation
The current through a capacitor equals
=

()


where v(t) is the voltage across C.

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8. FM Demodulators
2. . Frequency Domain Differentiation
The Fourier transform of a differentiator is
  = 2.
Hence we can pass   through a filter with a
transfer function that is linear over the range of
frequencies of the FM signal.

8. FM Demodulators
3. Time Delay Differentiation
Pass   through a time delay network
  =  !"#$%& to obtain  (  )
 

H(f)

  (
+

1/to

Then for small 


   ( )
  =



8. FM Demodulators
Any combination of the above three differentiators
and AM demodulators will result in an FM
demodulator.
Some popular combinations are:
1. Clarke-Hess Demod. Direct differentiation and
average envelope detection.
2. Slope Demod. Freq. domain differentiator and
peak envelope detector.
3. Foster Sealy Demod- Time delay differentiator
and peak envelope detector.
4. Pulse count Freq Demod. Time delay
differentiator and avg. envelope detector.

8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking

A different approach to FM demodulation is to use
a frequency tracking filter or phase lock loop.
We place a VCO in a feedback loop.

)* =

)
1
= )
+
1 + +

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8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking

Since the output freq of the VCO is linearly related
to the voltage input
 =  ()
The phase of the VCO is

8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking

If the loop gain is large, the phase difference will be
small so that
And
Which is the desired demodulator output since for
an FM wave;

Solving for  (), we get

proportional to m(t)

8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking

If the loop gain is large, the phase difference will be
small because:
-((. +/0 = +
1

And

) = ) 2314
)* =

5&
1

= )

2
2314

Thus for large GH

)* 0