CONTRASTING

OPPOSING IDEAS

PERO
EMBARGO

A PESAR DE
MIENTRAS QUE
ALTHOUGH
THOUGH
EVEN THOUGH
IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE THE FACT
THAT

DESPITE
IN SPITE
OF

BUT
YET

Followed by

AUNQUE

Followed by

SIN

HOWEVER
NEVERTHELESS
EVEN SO
ON THE CONTRARY
STILL
Followed by INSTEAD

WHILE
WHEREAS

Followed by
Followed by

Clause (5)
clause (1a)

Adj /adv (1b)

Noun(2a)

Ing(2b)

Clause (3)

Clause (4)

1a. without comma: John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton. // Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able
to live quite comfortably.
1b. with comma: I worked quickly yet carefully. I am quick yet careful. // Susan is very fat but very active.. She is nice but stupid.
2.a
a. with comma: In spite of their quick arrival, the firemen could do nothing.
// Despite the rain, we went picnic.
b. without comma: It was a great match in spite of the bad weather. // The firemen did well despite their inexperience with catastrophic gas
explosions.
2b.
a. with comma: In spite of arriving quickly, the firemen could do nothing.
b. without comma: He was very fast in spite of being terribly overweight.

// Despite raining, we went picnic.

// They arrived late despite leaving in plenty of time.

3.
a. with comma: Although Jack is not very tall, he is excellent at basketball. // Though some of the volunteers never showed, we still packed a
great number of boxes.
// Even though residents smelled gas, the pipeline was not replaced. // Despite the fact that the sun has been shining
all day, the snow has not yet melted. // In spite of the fact that the economy has gone into recession, our company is surviving.
b. without comma: He likes to walk in the snow although his nose gets cold. // He is cheerful though he has worked the whole day. //
Justin rode
his bike to school even though the snow was slippery. // Justin made an excellent snowman despite the fact (that) he had never made one before. //
The mayor apologized in spite of the fact (that) snow removal was not his responsibility.
4.

With comma: He doesn't study much; however he gets good grades at school. // It was very stormy; nevertheless we went fishing. // He was a very
good swimmer; even so, he drowned. // The boy is not dumb; on the contrary, he's very smart for his age. // Jack didn't study for the
test; still he managed to pass it. // I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and cook something. OR I was invited to a party on
Saturday, but went to bed instead.

5.

With comma: I like living in the city, while / whereas my wife prefers the countryside.
languages have 30 or more.

// While / whereas English has just five vowel sounds, some

EXAMPLES ADDING
INFORMATION

POR EJEMPLO
EXCEPTO
FOR EXAMPLE
FOR INSTANCE
SUCH AS

Followed by

Enumeration (1)
-ing (4b)

ADEMS

ADEMAS DE
IN ADDITION
TO
AS WELL AS
BESIDES

MOROVER
BESIDES
FURTHERMO
RE

Followed by

Clause (2)

APART FROM
EXCEPT
BUT

Followed by

Noun (3a)

Followed by

-ing (3b)

Noun (4a)

1a. with comma: I can play quite a few musical instruments, for example, the flute, the guitar, and the piano. OR James can speak several languages.
For example, he is fluent in English, French, Spanish and Chinese. // There have been many leaders in history who have tried to rule the entire world,
for instance, Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great. OR In temperate latitudes, the higher the latitude the fewer the thunderstorms. For instance, for
Edinburgh and London
1b. without comma: Food such as Pizza and hamburgers are not really junk food.
2.
with comma: Soccer is a good sport; moreover, it is very easy to learn. // I don't like that house; besides, it's too expensive for me. // I dont want
stay here; furthermore, I have things to do. // She must dance gracefully. In addition, she must dance precisely
3a
a. without comma: She writes essays in addition to novels and poetry. // I like carrot cake as well as chocolate cake. // If only he would smile with
something besides his eyes. //

b. with comma: In addition to English, he speaks German // Spelling mistakes, as well as grammatical errors, are distracting to a reader. //
Besides the chickens, we have several other additions to the family.
3b.
a. without comma: He asked if he might record the interview in addition to taking notes. // The new clinic treats sick people as well as providing
young doctors with a place to acquire practice. // Mr Lane also got shares in the business besides receiving a salary increase.
b. with comma: In addition to being a great person, the physician was an excellent professional. // He hurt his arm, as well as breaking his leg. //
Besides being a fantastic footballer, hes also good at cricket, tennis and squash. //
4.
a. without comma: The room was empty apart from one man. // Nobody eats liver except (for) Teresa. // He likes all vegetables but carrots. //
With comma: Apart from car games, I have got a lot of games. // Except for newscasts, I hardly watch any television at all.
b.without comma: She doesnt like any sports apart from swimming. // She's not interested in anything except for skiing. // She is not interested
in anything but writing.
with comma: Apart from being offensive, this insinuation is false and completely inappropriate. // Except for being a little mentally ill, shes pretty
normal.

REASON / CAUSE /
PURPOSE

YA QUE / PORQUE
BECAUSE
SINCE
AS
FOR

Followed by

Clause (1)

DEBIDO A/ PORQUE

PARA
IN ORDER TO
SO AS TO
TO

BECAUSE OF
ON ACCOUNT OF*
OWING TO*
DUE TO
INASMUCH AS*

Followed by

Noun (2a)

-ing (2b)

PARA
IN ORDER THAT
SO THAT

Followed by

Bare infinitive (3)

Followed by

Modals (4)

1a. with comma: Because it is late, we should go home. // He won't understand, since he doesn't speak English. // She failed to pass the
exam, as she made many mistakes. // We'll have to stay home, for it is raining outside.
1b. without comma: The baby is crying because he is hungry.

2a. with comma: Because of her sickness, Maria didn't go to the supermarket. // Owing to the heavy rain, we had to give up the idea of
a boat trip. // Due to lack of study, my low grade was. // Inasmuch as I already know you, I shall call you Jim, not James.
without comma: They stayed in because of the bad weather. // I could not enjoy the day on account of the awful weather. // They had
a delay owing to the traffic jam. // The unemployment was high due to the economic crisis. // The mayor apologized inasmuch as the
snow removal was behind schedule.
2b. without comma: She didnt study because of her headache. // The brothers thought she should have gone out with them on account
of being black. // I took some medicine yesterday due to having excessive cold.
with comma: Because of feeling sick, Maria didn't go to the supermarket. // Due to swimming, my body is getting tan.
*On account of cannot be at the beginning of a sentence. Owing to can only be followed by a noun. Inasmuch as can only be followed by
a clause.

3. They left early in order to arrive in time for the movie. // We moved the table so as to have more space for dancing. // She wrote
down his address so as not to forget it. // I'm going to Ireland to visit my family.

4. He gave her a present so that she would feel better. // We are all servants of the laws in order that we can be free. //

SEQUENCE / RESULT

EN PRIMER LUGAR
POR
ELLO
FIRST
OF ALL
TO BEGIN WITH
FIRSTLY
FIRST
TO START WITH

EN SEGUNDO LUGAR

SECOND
SECONDLY
THEN

FINALLY
IN SHORT
TO SUM UP
TO CONCLUDE
LASTLY
LAST BUT NOT LEAST

FINALMENTE

THEREFORE
AS A RESULT OF
CONSEQUENTLY
FOR THIS REASON
THUS

AS A
RESULT

Followed by
Followed by
by
Clause(4a)
clause (1)

Followed by

Followed by

Followed

Noun(4b)
Clause (2)

Clause (3)

1. First of all, you can't work full time as a foreign student in England. // To begin with, the ratio between attackers and defenders was
roughly the same. // Firstly, we learn how to cook. // First I went to see the editor of the Dispatch. // To start with, you need to
pick up your clothes.
2. And second, this kind of policy does not help to create jobs // He was first of all an absolute idiot, and secondly he was pretty
dishonest. // If it is not here, then it's lost.

3. Finally, there have been numerous women altogether outside the profession. // In short, it tells us everything about ourselves. // To
sum up, we cannot hope for greater success unless we identify our needs clearly. // To conclude, I'd like to say thank you to everyone
who has worked so hard to make this conference possible. // Firstly, that's illegal; secondly, it has serious disadvantages; thirdly, it's
not necessary; and lastly, did I mention that it's illegal? //
Last but not least, I want to thank all the people who sent me copies of my article in the paper.
4a. She didn't study, therefore she coudn't pass the exam. // There are still far too many deaths as a result of children drinking
washing-up liquids // They argued all the time, consequently they eventually got divorced. // For this reason, it will help the amount
of time spent on the project. // She hadn't eaten for days and thus felt very weak.
4b. As a result, he could not go to the country with the rest of the family.