Non Destructive Tests

PDAJ
Visual Inspection
Ultrasonic Testing
Radiography Testing
Magnetic Particles
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Eddy Current Testing
www.iran-mavad.com
:
:
: -
:

www.iran-mavad.com

1 4

5 30

31 313

315 436

437 468

469 520

521 582
584 - 583
www.iran-mavad.com
1
/
11
19
23
12
17
24
28
30
/
31

/ /
32
35
36
www.iran-mavad.com
41

/

) ( Snell s Law

61
65
42
44
48
51
53
54
55
57
/
/

69
73
66
68
) (

1-4
2-4

81
) 3 4 (
83

/

) (
/ /
84
www.iran-mavad.com
73
74
79
80
86
92
97
104
113
117
106
107
109
110
112
128
129

) (
130
135
137
138
/

/

) DAC (

20

141
118
121
123
125
131
www.iran-mavad.com
144
149
150
155
157
159
163

DGS
166
173
165
181
183
175
176
178
179
/
IIW-V1
IIW-V2
BSI-A5
A5 Type B ESI-50 RAD
A6 A3 A7
D.C.B D.S.C.B
S.C.B F.B.H
V.W Step Block

197
199
/

/

) ( Tandem Technique

www.iran-mavad.com
185
186
188
189
190
191
193
195
196
200
203
204
208
210
213
223

/

D.A.C
D.A.C
) ( D.G.S
6
20 ) (

259
261

/
/
/

www.iran-mavad.com
225
227
228
231
233
235
237
239
242
246
250
253
256
261
262
266
267
270
272
274
276
277
279
292
295
283
286
288
296
297
302
305
/
/
315

/

/ /
316
321
325
318
320
331
337
325
326
329
/ /
/

/
www.iran-mavad.com
338
339
342
343
344
349
350
359
361
353
354
356
357
371
373
362
363
364
370
) (

378
381
374
375
377
381
382
383
384
385
www.iran-mavad.com
/ DIN
386
BSI
388
ASTM
389
ASTM ASME
390
393
400
403
394
398
409
411
404
405
406
407

) 1-9 (

420
421
413
414
415
417
418
420
422
425
www.iran-mavad.com

BSI

427
429
431
/
/
437
439
443
447
440
456
457
449
451
452
454
460
462
463
464
465
/
/
469
471
www.iran-mavad.com
473
10

) (
482
483
475
477
481

) ( Prod
) ( Yoke
493
499
483
487
491
492

/

ASME

500
503
504
509
510
511
513
515
/ ) (
521
523
525
527
529
www.iran-mavad.com
11

) ( Edge Effect
) ( Lift-off
) ( Fill Factor
535
537
Bridge
540
542
554
555
530
532
533
534
544
548
553
560
563
555
557
558
559
579
583
564
565
566
573
www.iran-mavad.com

.

.

API 1967

.

.

.
30

.

1382
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Non- Destructive Testing
www.iran-mavad.com
:

.
.
:
.
) ( Acoustic Emission ) ( Tin Cry
.

.

.

.

1960

www.iran-mavad.com
5750

.

.
) Nom-
( Destructive Evaluation
.
1
.

- 1

.

.

.
1- Fitness for Purpose Assessment
www.iran-mavad.com
- 2
.
.

.

.
- 3
.
.

.

.
.

.
- 4

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com

:
Visual Inspection
Ultrasonic Inspection
Radiographic Inspection
Magnetic Particles Inspection
Eddy Current Inspection
Leak testing
Acoustic Emission Inspection
Thermal Inspection
Dynamic Testing
Microwave Inspection
Optical Holography
Acoustical Holography
Hardness Testing
Laser Inspection
Acoustic Microscopy

.
.
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
VISUAL INSPECTION
ULTRASONIC TESTING
INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC PARTICLES TESTING
PENETRANT TESTING
EDDY CURRENT TESTING
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NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

VISUAL INSPECTION
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Inspection
( Visual
:

.

.
.

.
) (

.

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 1

.
:
- ( 3
- ( 2
- (1

.

.

.

:
- 1
2 .
- 3 .
- 4
.

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com

.

.

.

- 1

.

- 5500
) (1 .
) (
30
.

:
1
-2
Times Roman Numbers

Jaeger Numbers
1- Angstrom = 10 10 m = 10-8 cm
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 1
1-1
Visibility, orbital unit
1-1
.
5 6 %75
%75 .
.

./8
%18 .
30
.
- 2

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com

.
.

.
.

.

.

.
- 3

.

.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
11
) ( Endoscopy
P.F.I1

.

.

.
.

.

.

) ( Bore
) ( Borescope
.
1- Pipe Fabrication Institute
www.iran-mavad.com
12
/ 2
:
) ( Basic Design

.
) . ( 2-1

.
) (
) (

2-1
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13
) ( Mini Borescope
) ( Rigid
. 0/5 2/5
500 .
30 .

. 2-5 .
) ( Extendable Borescopes
) ( .
8
30 .
) ( 2-2 4 15 .
45 110 45 110
.
) ( Telescope Borescopes

.
.
990 5/5 12
. 360
) . ( 2-3
www.iran-mavad.com
14
/ 2

2-2
Field of view
Eyepiece
Attachmen
Direction of View
Light
outlet
Deflecting Prism
Inverting lense
Focusing
Light Connection
Direction of View
Working Length
Diameter
Focusing Control
Fiber Light Connector
Lens or Rod Lense System
2-3
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Field of View
15
) (
) ( Panoramic Borescope

. ) (
. 360
.

90 .
2-4
.

.
.

.
:
- 1 .
- 2 ) 2-5. ( 2- 6
- 3 .
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16
/ 2

Double light connection
2-4
2 -5
2-6
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17

) Flexible Bore-Scopes

. 1/4 13
12
) ( Quartz
30 .
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3 10 120
.
.
- 4
.
- 5
) ( Marker .
2-6
.
.
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18
/ 2
2-6

- 2-6
www.iran-mavad.com
19
Video - Scopes

.
.

.
C.C.D1

.

.

.
) . ( 2-7
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
2-8 .
)1 - C.C.D ( Charged Coupled Devices
www.iran-mavad.com
20
/ 2
CCD Chip
Wire that Carries

the Image Signal
Illumination
Light Outlet
Lens
C. C.D 2-7
CCD Camera with

Photo
Camera
Camera Head
Monitor
Photo
Lens
Flexible
Bore-scope
Video
Lens
Video
Printe
Rigid
Bore-scope
C.C.D 2-8
www.iran-mavad.com
Video Recorder
21

.
.
.
.

.
2-9
.
2-9
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22
/ 2
2-10
2-10 ) (

.
2-11
2-11
.
www.iran-mavad.com
23
3

.

.
.

.
- 1

.
www.iran-mavad.com
24
/ 3
2

.
3
) (

.

.
- 1 ) ( Internal / External High - Low

.
) . ( 3-1
- 2 ) ( Bevel Gauge
.
3-2 .
www.iran-mavad.com
25
- 3 ) ( Taper Gauge
.
) . ( 3 -3
) ( Filler Gauge .
4 ) ( Depth Gauge

) ( Under-Cut . 3-4
.
5 ) ( Concave & Convex Gauge

) ( ) -4
.( 3
- 6 ) ( Multipurpose Gauges

.
3-5 .
www.iran-mavad.com
26
/ 3
3-1
3-2
www.iran-mavad.com
27
3-3
-3-4
3-5
www.iran-mavad.com
28
/ 3

.
.
- 1 ) (
Thermomelt, Tempilstik Temperature Indicating Crayon

. .
250
250 .
250 .
3-6 . 101
213 .

C ( F
THERMOMELT

3-6
www.iran-mavad.com
29
- 2 ) ( Pyrometers

.
.
. )
( Electromotive force

. ASTM,E
230-87 :
3-1
Standard Thermocouples
) (
Type K
Nickel - Chromel-Alumel
Type J
Iron
Type E
Nickel - Chromel
- 3

.
) ( ) ( .
.

.
) ( ASTM E-230 .
www.iran-mavad.com
30
/ 3
- 4
Ferrite Indicator - Severn Gauge

.
.
.

.
) ( .
3-7
www.iran-mavad.com

NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
ULTRASONIC TESTING
www.iran-mavad.com
31

:

.
.

.

.
20000 .
) ( Ultrasonic 20 )
( Infrasonic .

.
.

Shock Wave .
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
32
/ 1
:
.

.
.

.

.
.
.

.

.
.
.

.

www.iran-mavad.com
33

.
.
.

.
.
.
1-1
.
1-1
www.iran-mavad.com
34
/ 1
) ( :
) (
.
.

. ) Non-Destructive
( Evaluvation .
) ( Critical flaw size

Fitness-for-Purpose-Assessment .
:

. ) ( v
.

.
=c/f
1-1
) ( mm
c ) ( Km/ Sec = mm / sec X 106
f ) ( MHz = 106 Hz
: v c .
www.iran-mavad.com
35
:
- 1 ) ( Longitudinal Waves

.
.

) Compression
( Waves .

. .
- 1-2
- 1-2
www.iran-mavad.com
36
/ 1
1-2

.
1-2
.
- 2 ) : ( Transverse or Shear Waves

) ( .
.

1-3 .
.
1-3
www.iran-mavad.com
37
:
-

.
- .
- 3
) Surface Waves
( :

.
. 0/9

- ) : ( RayLeigh
Lord Ray Leigh .
.
.

.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
38
/ 1
Steel
1-4
-2-3 ): ( Lamb Waves

.
) 90 (
.

- 1-5
- 1-5
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39

.
) (
.

.
1-6 C B .

C )
-1-6 ( .
A
) -1-6 ( .
C

A
- 1-6.
1-6 C, B , A
www.iran-mavad.com
40
/ 1
: 1
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 ) ( .
5
.
6 .
7
8 Lamb .
9
.
=c/f
-f ) (
c ) (
) (
10 .
www.iran-mavad.com
41

) : ( Piezoelectric Crystals
:

.
.

.
2-1 ) ( .

.
) ( .

.
www.iran-mavad.com
42
/ 2
> > > > > > >

> > > > > > >
> > > > > > >

) (

) (
2-1
:
) (
) . ( 2-2

.

.

2-2
www.iran-mavad.com
43
2-2

.
1-1 .
=c/f
) (
2-1 .
2t = c / Ff
2-1
Ff = c / 2t
- c Km / Sec.
- Ff ) ( Fundamental Frequency
- t ) (
:
2/5
.
- c 5.1 km/ sec .
) 2-1 (
Ff = c / 2t
2t = c / Ff
2t = 5.1 / 2.5 = 4.04 mm
t = 1 mm
www.iran-mavad.com
44
/ 2
X Y
) 2/5 ( .
) 5/74 ( X ) 3/ 84 ( Y
5.74 / 2.5 = 2.3 mm

3.84 / 2.5 = 1.53 mm

>=
2t ( x- cut ) = cx / Ff
= / 2 = 1.15 mm
>=
x-cut
2t ( y-cut ) = cy / Ff
t y-cut = / 2 = 0.76 mm
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
:
- 1 ) : ( Quartz Crystals

( SiO2 )3 .
:
) ( X - CUT
.
- ) ( Y-CUT
.
www.iran-mavad.com
45
) ( Z-Cut
.
X-Cut .
Z - Cut
X Cut
Y- Cut

2-3
2-3 .
.

.
.
- 2 ) : ( Barium Titanate

1250 .
www.iran-mavad.com
46
/ 2
BaTiO3 + CO2
BaCO3 + TiO2
) ( BaTiO3 140
) ( Curie point
. 24 %50
.
2
1

.

) 140 ( .
.
- 3 ) : ( Lithium Sulfate

.

.
) Li2 So4 ( .
4 ) : ( Lead Zirconate Titanate
Pb( Ti Zr )O3

.
.
2 - Resolution
1 - Transmitter
www.iran-mavad.com
47
- 5 ) : ( Lead Metaniobate
Pb Nb2 O6
. ) Beam
(
.
:
-
.
1
- Magnetostriction EMA
.

.
.
:
2-4

.
.
)1 - Electromagnetic Acoustic ( EMA
www.iran-mavad.com
48
/ 2
:
.
:
.

.
1
2-4
) ( Backing Media
- 2-5 .
- 2-5

.
.

2
.
2 - Epoxy Backing
www.iran-mavad.com
1 - Pulse Width
49
- 2-5
- 2-5
:
) ( Backing Media
:
) ( . . . . . - ) ( .
www.iran-mavad.com
50
/ 2

) ( .
.

. 10
4/6 IW-V1 23
50 .
www.iran-mavad.com
51

-
) Single Crystal ( Normal Probe
.

.

) ( Transceiver .

.

.

) . ( 2-6

2-6
www.iran-mavad.com
52
/ 2

.

.
.

.
-

.
.
.

2-7
www.iran-mavad.com
53
2-7 .

) (
.
:
- 1 10
.
- 2 10 14

.
- 3

.
4 .
- )
Beam Probes
( Angle

.
.
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
54
/ 2
:
)
(
.
- ) : ( Reflection

)
-2-8 ( .
.
- 2-8
- ) : ( Refraction

) - 2-8 ( .
:
.
www.iran-mavad.com
55
C
C
- 2-8

.

.
) ( Perspex ) , ( Plexi Glass ) , ( Acrylic Resin
) ( Snells Law

) : ( 2-1
Sin / Sin = C1 / C 2
)( 2-1
-
- C1
-
- C2
www.iran-mavad.com
56
/ 2
:

.
.

2-9 CP 1 )
( .
.

:
2-3
Sin L
CL2
SinL Sin t
C L1
C t2
Sin1 Sint
CP
C t1
- 1
- CP
- t
- Ct1
- L
- CL1
-t
- Ct2
- L
- CL2
www.iran-mavad.com
57

CL
C t
CP
- CS2
L
t
CL2
C t2

2-9
Angles
: ( Critical
- 1 ) : ( First Critical Angle

. ) (
27/3 .
www.iran-mavad.com
58
/ 2
:
) ( 1
90 . )
: ( 2-10
C p
C p

C st
Ct
2-10
Sin 1 / Sin 2 = C p1 / CSt2

Sin 1 / Sin 90 = 2.73 / 5.94
Sin 1 = 0.46
1 = 27.30

Sin 1 / Sin 1 = C p1 / CSt1
Sin 27.3o / Sin 1 = 2.73 / 3.24
Sin 1= 0.545
) (
1 = 33 0
- Cp1 ) 2/73 (
) 3/24 (
- Cst1
) 5/94 (
- Cst2
- 1
- 2
- 1
www.iran-mavad.com
59

27/3
) . ( 2-10
: ) 30 (
25 .
.

.
- 2
) Critical Angle
( Second

) ( .
) . ( 2-11
:
Sin 1 / Sin 2 = C P1 / CSt2
Sin / Sin 90 = 2.73 / 3.24
= 57.4 0
80
. 56 .
Sin 1 / Sin 2 = C P1 / CSt2
Sin / Sin 80 = 2.73 / 3.24
= 56 0
- CP1
- CSt
www.iran-mavad.com
60
/ 2

56
CP
CSt
=
-
2-11

) ( .

.
:
45 .
:
3/23 .
2/26 .
www.iran-mavad.com
61
:
Sin / Sin = CST / C Cu
Sin 45 / Sin = 3.23 / 2.26
Sin = 0.494 => = 29.6 0
- CST
- CCU
- 1
45
29/6 .

4-1 4-2 .

2-12 .
.

.
.

. )
( .
) ( .
70 60 45 38 35 80

.
:
.
www.iran-mavad.com
62
/ 2
Probe Index
2-12

.

.
1 :
.
Twin or Single
Diameter
) (
Frequency

Probe Angle
Crystal Type
) ( .
www.iran-mavad.com
63
:
.
SE M W B 45 N 2
45 2 .
) ( Miniature
) ( MHz
SE M W B 45 N 2

MQ4S
4 S
M Q 4 S
: .
www.iran-mavad.com
64
/ 2
- 2 :

.

DGS .
.

.

- Echo Frequency
fn
- Focal Distance
FTn - Focal Depth

FLn - Focal Length
Deff - Effective Diameter
- Refraction Angle
- Parallel Displacement
Y n - Divergence Angle
Ta - Temperature Resistance
- Pressure Resistance
- Resistance to Wear
Vr - Gain Reserve
Ca - Cross-talk Distance
- Transmission Pulse- Resolution
www.iran-mavad.com
tn
65
3

)
( .

) ( .

.

.
.
3-1
.

3-1
www.iran-mavad.com
66
/ 2
:
) : ( Dead Zone

.

.

.
: ( Near Zone ) 1

.
.
) ( .

.

.
3-2

.
1 - Fresnels Zone
www.iran-mavad.com
67
Dead
zone
Far Zone
Probe
Near Zone
N/
-3
2

15
N/
3-2

3-1
.
N = D2 x f / 4 x C
=c/f
f/c=1/
N = D2 / 4 x
3-1
- N ) ( .
- f ) ( .
- c ) ( .
- ) ( .
www.iran-mavad.com
68
/ 2
) : ( Far Zone
3-2
.
. .
.
) (
3-2
:
Sin /2 = / D
3-2
- D ) (
- ) (
- ) (
- / ) (

3-3
www.iran-mavad.com
69

. )
( 3-2 .
K . K
) . ( 3-4
K :
- 1 K = 1.22
3-2 .
- 2 20 K = 1.08
3-2 20
%90 .
- 3 6 K = 0.56
6 .
- 4 ) K = 0 ( .
) ( K = 1.22
) K = 1.08 ( 20 dB drop
) K = 0.56 ( 6 dB drop
) K = 0 ( no dB drop
3-4
www.iran-mavad.com
70
/ 3
:
10 2/5
. .
- K 1.22
6
- C 5.9 x 10 m/ sec
- f 2.5 x 106 Hz
:
Sin /2 = K x / D
= C/f
5.9 x 106 / 2.5 x 106 = 2.38 mm
/d
Sin /2 = k
1.22 x 2.38 / 10 = 0.29

/2 = 16.88 deg.
2/5 5
:
= c/f
= . x / x => . mm
Sin / = K x / d
. x . / => .
/ = . deg.

.

.
3-5
.
www.iran-mavad.com
71
2/5 20
5 20 2/5
10 .
2/5 20
2/5 10
5 10
16/88
33/7
16/88
3-5
:

.
dB= 10 Log A12 / A22
) 4-5 (4
A1
A2
www.iran-mavad.com
72
/ 3

- 1
.
.
-2
.
- 3 ) ( N
.
- 4
1 .
- 5 ) (
.
) ( .
I 1 / I 2 = ( d 2 / d1 ) 2
- I1 ) (
- I2 ) (
- d1
- d2
- 6
.
- 7 ) (
.
Flaw Size
www.iran-mavad.com
1 - Critical
73

.

.
) : ( Impedance

.
) (
.

.
4-1
www.iran-mavad.com
Z=Xc
74
/ 4
) Impedance ( gr./cm2 .Sec
- Z
-
- c
) Density ( gr. / cm
) Velocity ( cm / Sec.

. .
.
) (1 ) (2

.
.
- 1 ) : ( Permeability Factor

) . ( 4-2
Z1 ) / ( Z2 + Z1 )2
4-2
P = 4 ( Z2
- P ) (
- Z1
- Z2
2 - Sonically Soft
www.iran-mavad.com
1- Sonically Hard
75
- 2 ) ( Reflection Factor

) . ( 4-3
) ( 4-3
R = ( Z2 Z1 )2 / ( Z2 + Z1 ) 2
- R
- Z2 , Z1
4-2 4-3 :

.
:

.
.
.
:
: 1 ) 1 (

5
2
Z1 = 1.5 .10 gr/ cm .sec.

5
2

Z 2 = 46 . 10 gr/ cm . sec
Media
www.iran-mavad.com
1 - Couplant
76
/ 4
:
2
) P = 4 Z1 x Z2 / ( Z1 + Z2
4 ( 46 x 1.5 ) x1010
( 46 + 1.5 )2 x 1010
=> 12%
P = 0.122
12.2%

R = 100 - 12.2 = 87.8 %

% 87/8
% 12/2
- 4-1
- 4-1 %100 12/2

87/8
. .

. -1
-4 .
www.iran-mavad.com
77
100%
1.3%
87.8 %
1.48 %
. %
.
. %
.
- 4-1

) 4-1 . ( 4-2

Z FE ( Z1 ) = 46 . 105 gr / cm2 .sec.

Z OIL ( Z2 ) = 1.27 .105 gr / cm2 .sec.
Z GL ( Z3 ) = 2.46 .105 gr / cm2 .sec.

10
Z 1 ) x 10
1010
4(Z2
(Z2+Z1)2
P = 4 (58.4 ) / 2234.5 = 0.010
10%
R = 100 10 = 90%
www.iran-mavad.com
78
/ 4
) P = 4 ( Z 3 x Z 1 ) / ( Z 3+ Z 1
P = 4 ( 2.46 x 46 ) / ( 2.46 + 46 ) 2 = 0.192

4-3
R = ( Z 3 - Z 1 ) 2 / ( Z 3 + Z1 ) 2
=> 80.8%
R = ( 2.46 - 46 )2 / ( 2.46 + 46 )2 = 0.808
19.2%
R = 100 19.2 = 80.8 %

.
.
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3 .
- 4
. .
www.iran-mavad.com
79
) 4-1 (

302
410
430
1100

110
) (

Inconel
105 cm/ sec
105 gr / cm2
7/85
7/86
7/3- 6/9
7/7
5/94
5/9
7/3-3/5
6
3/24
3/23
3/3-2/2
3/25
3
3
-
46/3
46
42-25
46
7/9
7/67
7/7
2/71
2/8
8/9
8/4
11/34
10/88
8/8
8/5
19/25
10/5
19/3
7/1
7/3
5/66
5/39
6/02
6/35
6/25
4/7
4/4
2/16
2/16
5/63
5/82
5/18
3/6
3/24
4/17
3/32
3/12
2/99
3/3
3/1
3/1
2/26
2/2
0/70
0/81
2/96
3
2/87
1/59
1/2
2/41
1/67
2/95
2/16
44/7
41/3
46/3
17/2
17/5
42
37
24/5
23/5
49/5
49/5
99/8
38
63
30
24
gr / cm3
2/9
2/79
1/93
1/57
0/64
0/73
2/64
2/79
2/65
2/32
1/58
- 1
.
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80
/ 4 4-2
) 4-2 (
cm/sec
105

Pyrex

) (
1/18
2/5
2/22
2/6
2/65
1/2 -1
2/2
1/2 1/1
0/9
1/6-1/2
5/4
2/73
5/77
5./57
5/57
5/73
2/2 -1/8
1/35
2/9 -2/4
2/2
2/3
5/1
1/13
3/43
3/4
3/52
3/8
0/55
1/1
-
1/11
3/14
3/13
-
3/2
14/4
12/4
14/5
15/2
2/7-1/8
2/97
1/2
1/8
2/8
2/7
SAE 20

20 C
3/23
1/26
1/11
0/87
0/92
10-15
1
0/0013
0/9
0/98
1/92
1/66
1/74
1/38
6/66
1/48
0/330
3/98
3/98
1/99
2/3
2/4
1/8
1/5
1/27
9/9-6/7
1/5
0 /00004
3/6
gr /cm3

105 gr/cm2
www.iran-mavad.com
81
Acoustical Intensity

.
) ( Bel & Decible
)
( . P1
P1 n
P2 .
P2 .
:
n dB = 10 log 10 P1 / P2
4-4
- P1
- P2

.
4-5
ndB = 10 log 10 ( A1 / A 2 )2
- A1
- A2
: 1
.
A1 = 5 cm A2 = 1 cm .
.
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82
/ 4
) n dB = log ( A / A ) = log ( A / A
n dB = log ( / ) = ( log - Log ) =

n = dB
14
.
: 2
20
%10 .
:
) n dB = 20 Log ( A1 / A2
20 %10 .
) n dB = 20 Log ( 100 / 10
) n dB = 20 ( Log 100 - Log 10 ) = 20 ( 2 - 1
20
n dB = 20 dB
%10 %100 20
.
3-4
:
- 1
.
- 2 ) 14 ( 3
.
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83
: 3
27 .
:
- 1 4-3 27 ) 14 13 (
14 dB + 13 dB = 27 dB
.
- 2 14 5 13 4/47 .
- 3 .
5 x 4.47 = 22.35
27 . 27
22 /35 .
4-3

1/12
) (
1/26
) ( dB
1
2
1/41
1/59
1/78
2/24
2/51
2/82
3/16
10
3/55
11
3/98
12
4/47
13
14
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84
/ 4

.
:
( 1 ) ( Frequency .
( 2 ) ( Pulse ) (
.
- ( 3 ) ( Pulse repetition frequency
.
- 4 ) ( Resolution
.

.
:
4-6
Pulse length = Velocity x number of waves

Frequency
: 4
4 2 .
.
) n = f ( MHz ) x t ( sec.
6
6

n = 4 x 10 x 2 x 10- = 8
Pulse length = 5.9 x 8 / 4 = 11.8 mm ~ 12 mm
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85
4 -4-2 :
- 7 .

.
- 3 .

.
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
- 7
- 3
- 4-2
- 4-2
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/ 4

) ( Attenuation

.
.
1 - Heat Conduction
2 - Viscous Friction
3 - Elastic Hysteresis
4 - Scattering

.
.
:
1
.
- 2 2 )
( 150 .
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87
3 4
75 .
- 4
:
2/5 150 0/3 .
4 75 0/6 .
- 6

.
- 7

.
- 8
%10 .

-

.
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88
/ 4
:
- 1 .
4-7
4-7
f /4C
N=D
N=D /4
2
- N ) ( mm
- D ) ( mm
- f ) ( MHz
- C ) ( km/ sec
- ) ( mm
:
.
- 2 6
.
- 3

.
) A1 , A2 - 4-3 ( .
80%
- 4- 3
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89
4 ) A1 -4-3 ( %80
) . ( S1
- 5 ) A2 - 4-3 ( %80
) . ( S2
- 4-3
- 6 S1 S2 ) . ( S = S2 S1
- 7 .
A => S - 6
4-8
2T
A ) ( .
- S .
- T ) ( .
:
6
.
S2 - S1 = 6 dB
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90
/ 4
: 5
60
4 10
) . ( 5.9 Km / Sec.
:
- 1 .
N=D f/4C
2
N = 102 x 4 x 106 / 4 x 5.9 x 106 = 17 mm

3 x N = 51 mm
-2 60 3N
125 .
- 3 60 120
) . ( 4 - 4
- 4 %80
) . ( S1 = 36 dB
- 5 ) 120 ( %80
) . ( S2 = 45 dB
- 6 .
S = S2 - S1 = 45 - 36 = 9 dB
T = 120 - 60 = 60 mm
-6
2 x 60
>=
S-6
2T
A = 0.025 dB / mm = 0.25 dB / cm
www.iran-mavad.com
91
mm
mm
4-4
:
- )
( .
80
) . ( .
= 4 dB
2 x 80 x 0.025
= Attenuation
80 4
.
-
%10 .
.
:

) ( Base Line .
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92
/ 4
-
) (
.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 4-5
1 2 .
- 4 ) ( V
%80 .
) V S1 ( .
- 5 4-5
%80 . )
W S2 ( .
- 6
.
A => ( S2 - S1 ) - 6
4-9
)2(W-V
- A
- V
- W
- S1
- S2
93
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- V
- 4-5
- 4-5
:

.
: 6
30
.
45 2 10
.
94
/ 4
www.iran-mavad.com
- 1 .
- C ) ( 3.23 km / sec
N = D2 x f / 4 C
N = 100 x 2 / 4 x 3.23 = 15.5 mm
= 3 x 15.5 = 46.5 mm
3N
- 2
.
o
Cos 45 = 2T / V
V = 2T / Cos 45o
V = 84.8
3 N 250
) ( .
3
T = mm
4-6
- 3 1 2 4-6 2
%80 . V S1 .
) V = 85 mm ( S1= 42 dB
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95
4 4-6 1 3
3 .
) W = 170 mm ( S2 = 62 dB
:
.
5
.
A => ( S2 - S1 ) - 6
)2(W-V
( 62 - 42 ) - 6
) 2 ( 170 - 85
0.8 dB / cm
>= A
A = 0.08 dB / mm
0/8
0/8 .
DGS DAC
.
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/ 4 /
104
/
Wave Conversion & Spurious Indications
) (

.

.

.

- 1

. .
IIW-V1 .

100 IIW-V1 25
. 25
K/D .
www.iran-mavad.com
105
-4-11 A
100 .
-4-11 100

.
- 4-11
250
-4-11
100

.
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106
/ 4
- 2

. 60

.
) -4-12 ( A
X
A
S1
S2
S3

-4-12
B
S3
S + S
- 4-12
-4-12
- 4-12 A ) (

.
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107
B
. ) ( X 4-12

.
- 3

. 4-13
4-14 :
4-13 70 4
.
. ) Double
( Sided Groove Weld .
4-13
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108
/ 4
4-14 70 2
.

.
4-14
:
) ( ) ( L.O.F 10 .
4-13 .
4-14 .
:
.
.
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109
- 4 ) (

.
)
. ( 4-15

.

) . ( 4-16

.
.
A
4-15
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/ 4
110
A
B
- 4-16
-4-16
- 4-16 A
B
.
- 4-16
.
60 70

.
- 5

.

0/3 .

.
.
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111

.
12 15
.
) (

.
50 mm
50 mm
mm
15
- 4-17
- 4-17
15 .
- 4-17
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112
/ 4

)
-4-17 ( .
6

) 38 35 45 ( .

.
4-18
.

.
A

A
A
4-18
.
60
70 .
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113
7

.

.
.

.
%4
.
- 8 ) ( Curved Surfaces

. 60
75 )
( 4-19 .
4-19
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114
/ 4

.
4-20 60

B,A .
A
4-20
) ( Incidence Point

)
( .
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115
) ( Hot Surfaces

.
.

.

. ASTM
55 %1 .
:
20 .
440 %8
) . ( 440 / 55 = 8 x 1% = 8%
:
)
( Continuous Scanning

.
: 4
- 1
.
- 2
.
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116
- 3
.
- 4
.
- 5 .
- 6
.
- 7
.
8
.
.
- 9 ) 70 (
.
.
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117
5

:

.

:
- Frequency Modulation
- Spectral Analysis
- Acoustic Holography
- Acoustic Microscopy
- Acoustic Emission
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118
/ 5
:

.
)
( Electro-Magnetic Acoustic
.
.
EMA
.
:
-
-
-
-
Pulse Echo Method

Transit Time Method
Resonance Method
Through Transmission Method
:
) : ( Pulse Echo Method

. .

.

.
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119

) ( Continuous Wave
.

.
5-1

5-1
.
) ( Pulse Envelope
.
:
- 1
.
- 2 / )
( Transceiver .
.
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120
/ 5
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
Clock Circuit
Pulser Circuit
Sweep Circuit
Marker Circuit
Receiver Circuit
Amplifier
Screen Display
Piezoelectric Probe
:

.
- 1 )
( Synchronizer Clock
) (
.
- 2
) 100 1000 ( .
1
3 ) ( PRF )
( Pulser Circuit .
)
( .
) 1 - Pulse Repetition Frequency ( PRF
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121
- 4 .
.

.

.
- 5
Marker Circuit
. )
. ( 5-2
:
.
.
.
:

.

.
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122
/ 5
1 ) ( A - SCAN

) . ( 5 2
Marker
Circuit

Clock Circuit
Pulser
Sweep Circuit
Amplifier
Receiver

Probe
5-2
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123
:

.
.

.

.
- 2 ) ( B-SCAN

.
.

:
-
) ( .
-
.
-

.
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124
/ 5
5-3 ) (
) ( .
.
Y AXIS
Sweep Circuit

Clock
Cicuit
Pulser
Circuit
Amplifier
Receiver
X AXIS
Probe Position Circuit
Probe
53-
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125
:
.
. .
3 ) ( C-Scan

.

.

) ( Depth Gate

.
. ) Time-of-Flight
.

) ( .
.
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126
/ 5
5-4 A
. ) ( Plan View
.
Depth
Gate
Clock
Circuit
Pulser
Circuit
Plan View
Receiver
Amplifier
Y Axis
Position Indicator
X Axis
Position Indicator
Probe
5-4
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127
:
- 1
.

.
- 2

.

.
- 3
.
) ( Multi-scans 1980
) ) (1 ( ) ) (2 ( ) (3
) (4 .

.
.
3 - Ultra -Image III
2 - Thickness Scanning
1- Projection Image Scanning
) 4 - UDRPS ( Ultrasonic Data Recording and Processing System
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/ 5 /
128
) ( Transite Time Method

) ( Time-of- Flight .
5-5
.

Time of flight
5-5
) ( Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges

.
Electro-luminescent
.

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
129

.
5-6 .

.

.
3
16
20 mm
mm
mm
mm
5-6 2 13
) : ( A-Scan Thickness Gauges

) (

.

.
.
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130
/ 5
) : ( Resonance Method
) (
.

.

.
) ( 2
=> t = n/2
=> c/f =
=> t = /2
Ff = c / 2t
2t = c / Ff
2t =
- Ff ) (
- t ) (
- ) (
- n

.
.
t = 2
5-7
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131

.
.

.

.
.
.
Through Transmission Method

.
.

5-8
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132
/ 5
:
.
.
) - 5-9 ( .
) %80 ( .
) - 5-9 ( .
) ( .
:
( - .
( - .
( - ) ( Couplant .
) 5-9 ( :

)
A - 5-9 ( .

. ) B
- 5-9 ( .
B A

www.iran-mavad.com
133
A
- 5-9
)(
B
- 5-9
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134
/ 5
- 5-10
. )
( .
) (
)(

- 5-10
:

. - 5-10
.
.
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135
) (

) (

) ( ) 5-11
(.

.
.

.

.
.

.

.

.
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136
/ 5

5-11
) ( Gate 1
( Gate 2 ) 2
PROBE NO.
GATE NO.
CHANNEL NO.. ..
5-12
5-12
.
:
.
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137
6

.
.

.
:
.

T
6-1
:
. . .
.
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138
/ 6

) (

. ) (
.
.
:
- 1
) ( .
2 10

.
- 3
. ) ( Range 10
.
- 4 ) (
) . ( 6-2
6-2
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139
:

. 15 20
:
:
- 1 50
) ( .
- 2 10
) (1 ) (2 ) (
2 4 .
2 10 4 20
. ( 6-3
10
A
B
E
6-3
2 - Calibration Control
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1 - Shift Control
140
/ 6
- 3 8 6 10
) A E
. ( 6-3
- 4 .
) (
.
6-4 14
14 28 42 .
mm
6-4
:

. 6-4 50
42
14 .
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141
) ( Initial or Transmission Pulse

6-3 6-4
.

.

. ) ( .
) ( .

.
.

.
- 6-4 40
.
.
- 6-4
.
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142
/ 6
40
- 6-5
- 6-5

) 3 (
.

0/5
.

.
.
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143
:

. 3 .
2/5 5
.
:
- 1 ) ( 10
- 2 5
5 ) 1 - 6-6 ( .
3 2/5
2/5 ) 2 - 6-6 ( .
2
2.5 mm
5 mm
- 6-6
.mm
mm
6-6
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144
/ 6
- 4
2/5 5 .
5
.
:

.

:
- 1 ) ( :

.
- 2 :

) ( 6-1
.
.
:
6-1
.
6-1
T1 / T2 = V1 / V2
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T1
T2
V1
V2
145
) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( km/sec - )( km/sec
25
.
5/9 4/7
) 4-1 . ( 4
:
- 1 6-1 25
.
Tcu = V fe / V cu
Tfe
25 / Tcu = 5.9 / 4.7

~ 20 mm
Tcu = 19.91 mm
- 2 25 20
.
- 3 25
.
- 4 25 20
40 ) 6-7
( .

.
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146
/ 6
20
40

mm
20
40 .
6-7

.
.

.
:
- 1 10
.
- 2 5
10 .
3 5 ) ( 8
.
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147
- 4 .
- 5 10 100
.
- 6 100
15 .
- 7 ) 200 (
15 .
- 8 .
) ( Skin Effect
.
- 9
.
- 10
2 5 .
- 11 2
.
- 12 2
.
- 13
.
- 14 4
200 .
- 15

.
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148
/ 6
16
)
. ( 6-8
6-8
R W2 / 4
- W ) (
- R
- 17 150
.
- 18
. 55
.
19

.
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149

.
- 6-9
20 40 .
20 40 .
mm
mm
mm
- 6-9
A =
mm
B = 40mm
mm
mm
- 6-9
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/ 6 /
150
- 6-9 40
20 .
20
20

.

.
)
( Back-wall Echo . ) (

.

.
:

.

.
) (
.
.
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151

.

.
.
:
20 2/5
500 .
DGS
) . ( 6 - 11
:
. . . ) ( Grass . :
- 1 750
.
- 2 500
) . ( 6-10
- 3 %80 38
.
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152
/ 6
- 4 . 400
.
- 5 %80 .
70 .
%80
70 - 38 = 32
6-10
- 6 DGS 500 400

) A . ( B
: 6-11 DGS
166 .
- 7 . A
C .
- 8 C ) 32 (
D .
- 9 D E .
- 10 E 1/5 1/5
.
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153
d
B
d
B
6-11

:
100
A1
A2 :
n dB = 20 Log A1 / A2
4-5 4
) 32 dB = 20 ( Log 100 - Log A2

) 32 dB = 20 ( 2 - Log A2
20 Log A2 = 40 - 32 = 8 dB
=> A = 2.5 mm
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Log A2 = 8 / 20 = 0.4
154
/ 6
%100
2/5 .
. ) ( Grass
32 .
%100 1/5
2/5
.
:
.
- 1 400 3 .
- 2 300 2 .
- 3 150 1 .
- 4 2
.
:

.
.

.

.
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155
:
-1
) D.A.C ( Distance Amplitude Correction
DAC

.

.

. DAC

) . ( 6-11
:
- 1 .
- 2 DAC
) 6-12 . ( 1
DAC .
1/4 T
1/2 T
3/4 T
6-12 DAC
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156
/ 6
- 3 %80
. .
- 4 2 3
.
5 .
- 6 ) . ( 6-13
/T
/ T
/ T
X
6-13
7
. .
%20 % 100
.
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
157
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3
.
- 4 .

.
- 2 ) ( 6 dB-Drop Technique

.
) n dB = 20 ( log 100 log 50
) ( 4
=> 6 dB
) ( )
( .
:
- 1
.
- 2 6-14
) - . ( 6-15
- 3 .
.
- 4 ) ( Gain control %80
) - 6-15 ( .
- 5
) - 6-15 ( .
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/ 6 6
- 6 ) ( Probe Index
) . ( 6-16
- 7 ) ( 5
. ) ( %80
.
- 8 .
.
6-14
80%
40%

- 6-15
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159
6 16
- 3 20
20 dB- Drop Technique

. 20
.

20
%10 .
) ( 4 %10
20 .
n dB = 20 Log A1 / A2
n dB = 20 Log 100 / 10
) n dB = 20 ( Log 100 - Log 10
ndB = 20 ( 2-1 ) = 20 dB
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/ 5 20
6-17 .
20 .
20
6-17
:
- 1 IIW-V1
.
- 2
.
- 3 %80
) A - 6-18 ( .
- 4
%10 ) - 6-18 . ( B
20 .
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161
5 20
) ( %80 ) C - 6-18 ( .
.
- 6
. .
) - 6-17 . ( K
- 7 5 4 6 K
.
80%

A
- 6-18
C

+ 20 dB
10%
B
- 6-18
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162

K1
K2
- 6-18
- 6-18 20
) K1 ( K2
.
:
- 1 20
) K1 , K2 - 6-18 ( .
- 2 %10
.
- 3 20
.
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- 4 ) ( Comparison Method

.
20 .
: Backwall Echo .
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
- 3 ) ( %80 .
) 6 -19 A - 6-20 . ( A1
- 4 .
)
6-19 B - 6-20 ( B1
T< N
N
6 - 19
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- 5
.
.
) 6 19 C - 6-20
. ( A2 , B2
- 6 4 5 .
B
A
- 6-20
6-20
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165
Multiple Echo Pattern
10
.
.
:
- 1
.
- 2 ) (
) - 6-21 ( .
- 3 %80 .
- 4 .
.
5
) - 6-21 ( .
- 6 .
.
- 7 5 4 6 .
6-21
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- 6 )
166
Gain Size
( Distance

.
.

.

. DGS .
6-22
6-22
.
.
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167
DGS
DGS ) (

.
) (
.

10
8
4
3
2
1.5
6-23
6-23 2
4 .
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168
/ 6
:
DGS :
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3 % 80 .
.
- 4
.
.
- 5 %80
.
- 6 DGS A B
) . ( 6-23
- 7 )
3 ( 5 C .
- 8 D
.
- 9 .
.

.
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169
:
75 4 20
. 40 .
DGS .
:
1 DGS

.
- 2
.
.
:
2
N=D xf/4xC
N = 102 x 4 x 106 / 4 x 5.9 X 106
N = 17 mm
- N ) ( mm
- D ) ( mm
- f ) ( 106 HZ
- C ) ( 106 m/ Sec

DGS .
:
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96
/ 4
) (
) ( Transfer Correction

.

.

.

.
D.G.S .
-
:
- 1
2 %80
.
) S1 T1 . ( 4-7
- 3
%80 ) T2
S2 . ( 4-7
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97
T = mm
T
S =
S =
4-7
4 10-4 .
T C = EC - E d
4-10
- TC ) (
- EC ) (
- Ed ) D.G.S (
5 4-11
.
E C = S 2- S 1

) E C = S - ( 2 x T2 x A
4-11
- S ) (
- A ) . (
-T2 ) (
- 6 D.G.S
A B ) . ( 4-8
- 7 ) ( Ed
.
- 6 EC Ed 4-11 .
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98
/ 4
: 7
60 .

A = 0.01 dB/ mm .
:
- 1
%80 .
25 34 .
.
2 %80
60 46 .
E d = dB
4-8
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99
3 T2 , S A EC .
S = S1 - S2 = 46 - 34 = 12 dB
T2 = 60 mm
A = 0.01 dB / mm
) E C = S - ( 2 x T2 x A
EC = 12 - ( 2 x 60 x 0.01 ) = 12 - 1.2 = 10.8 dB
- 4 25 60 ) D.G.S ( 4-8
.
5 EC = 7dB .
- 6 EC Ed .

TC = EC - Ed = 10.8 - 7 = 3.8 dB
- :

.
:
- 1
.
- 2 4-9 . )
( 2 %80
) . ( S1 , V1
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100
/ 4
- 3 - 4-9 .
%80
) S2 V2 . ( 4-9
- 4-9
- 4-9
- 4 .
) EC = S - ( 2 x V2 x A
- EC ) ( .
- S ) (
- V2 ) (
- A ) (
5 ) V1 ( V2 DGS
. ) ( )
. ( Ed
- 6 .
TC = EC - Ed
- Ed . D.G.S
- TC ) ( .
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101
:
- 1 S EC
EC .
- 2
D.G.S EC = Ed .

) ( S2 - S1 .
: 8
30
.

.
45
.

- 1 IIW-V1
30 .

V = 2T / Cos 450 = 2 x 30 / 0.707 = 84.8 mm
- 2 -4-10 IIW-V1
%80 .
34 72 .
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102
/ 4
- 3 - 4-10 .
) 40 85 ( .
mm
- 4-10
mm
- 4-10
- 4
.
) EC = S - ( 2 x V2 x A
S = S2 - S1 = 42 - 34 = 8 dB
) ( A = 0. dB .
) EC = S - ( 2 x V2 x 0
=> 8 dB
EC = S
- 5 DGS 72 85
.
4 ) . ( Ed = 4 dB
- 6 .
TC = EC - Ed = 8 - 4 = 4 dB
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103
:
- 1
.
2
2 4 .
- 3
.
- 4 ) (
.
.
- 5 .
- 6
.
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:
- 1 75
.
- 2 %80 ) (
) 42 ( .
- 3 .
.
- 4
) 40 68
( .
- 5 DGS ) ( 40 75
.
- 6 75 26
) C ( 6-23 .

68 - 42 = 26 dB
- 7 40
) D ( 6-22 .
- 8 D .
.
1/5 .
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171
:
- 1 DGS
) ( Researching .
- 2
.
- 3
.
.
6-24 DGS
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/ 6
- 4 .

.
6-25 DGS
.
.
.
mm
100
80
40
60
MB S-N
mm
20
RE+ dB
RE + dB
RE2
mm
RE
6-25
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173
7
)
Methods
( Immersion

.

.
.

.
)
( .

.

.
:

.
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174
/ 7
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
.
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5
.
- 6 .
.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
:

:
- ( 1
- ( 2
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- ( 3
175
1 :

. ) (
.

.
- 7-1
- 7-1 .
. -7-1
.
-7-1
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2 )
176
Method
: ( Bubbler

:
-

) . ( 7-2
.
7-2
-

.
)
( Mobile Carriage .
)
( .
) . ( 7-3
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177
6 10
.
- ) ( Wheel Type Probe

.
. )
. ( 7-4
7-3
7-4
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/ 7 /
) Focused Column
178
(:

. 7-5

.

7-5
7-6

7-6
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179

.
7 7
.
7-7 ) ( 4

.
- 7-7
- 7- 7

) 4 4-1 ( 4-2
.
10 40
.
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180
/ 7

.
) (
.
X = 1 /4 T + 6 mm
) ( 7-1
- X ) (
- T ) (
: 10
.
=> ( 1 /4 x 10 ) + 6 mm
X = 1/4 T + 6
X = 2.5 + 6 = 8.5 mm
100
) 34 ( 4 8/5 ) ( 34+10 44
68 88 ) 7-8
-(.
T= 10 mm
- 7-8
-7-8
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181
:
20 6

.

.

.
87/5
.
P = 4 ( Z1 x Z2 ) / ( Z1 + Z2 )2
4-2 4
7-9 A1 B1 A2
B2 ) . ( 7-10 ) ( A1
B1 .
A
C
7-9
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A1,A2
B1,B2
B
B
A
A
7-10
7- 9
.
7-11 C2 , C1 .

.
C1 C2
A
A
B
C
7-11
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183
8

:
-1
) : ( Calibration

.

.
-2
) : ( Basic Calibrations
- 3
) : ( Periodic Calibrations
- 4
) : ( Normal Calibrations
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- 5
184
) : ( Calibration Block
) Test Block
: ( Standard
) Test Block
: ( Reference
:

.

.

) ( Standard Test Block
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185

.
.
:

.
1 - ASME & ASTM - Calibration Blocks :
) ASME, ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers
) ASTM, ( American Society for Testing and Materials
2 - AWS, Calibration Blocks :

) AWS, ( American Welding Society
3 - ISO, IIW , IOW , BSI & ESI - Calibration Blocks :

) ISO , ( International Organization for Standardization
) IIW, (International Institute of Welding
) IOW, ( Institute of Welding
)BSI, (British Standard Institution
) ESI, (Electricity Supply Industry
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186
/ 8
:
-1 : IIW-V1
V1
.
.
- 1 100 25 200 .
- 2 ) ( .
- 3 1/5 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 7
) 8-1 - 8-1 ( :
8-1 8-2 V1 :
8-1
Sin = X - 35 / R
- 8-1 V1
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187
mm

Perspex
- 8-1 V1
100 mm
25 mm radius
8-2 V1 25 100
: V1 BSI-2704 A2 .
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- 2
188
IIW - V2
V1

.
8-3 IIW - V2 . 12/5 20
) ( 1/5 5 .
BSI- 2704 A4 .
or .
mm
mm
20
8-3
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300
189
- 3 ) 5 ( I.O.W- A5
BSI - A

.
) (
. 8-4 . ESI BCB/N, A5
) ( Beam Calibration Block .
83 mm
50 mm
mm
mm
Hole dia. . mm
mm
- 8-4 A5
mm
mm
mm
305 mm
100
32 mm
Resolution holes 1.5 mm dia.
35 mm
75 mm
- 8-4 A5
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190
/ 8
- 4 : A5, Blank Type B

A5 ESI
1/5 .
) ( Long Beam Path A5, Blank type C
) . ( 8-5
mm
150 mm
8-5
- 5 : ESI , 50 RAD Block

.
50
) . ( 8-6
150 mm
50 mm
50 mm
8-6
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199
) ( Scanning Techniques

.

.
:

) ( Scanning Technique .

.

.
.
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200
/ 9
:
- 1 :
) ( Lateral Scanning Technique
)
( .
9-1 C2, C1,B2 ,B1, A )

( .
:
.
d5
C2
C1 C2
d4
C1
d2
d3
B2
B2
B1
B1
9-1
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d , d
d1
201
:
- 1 A ) (
.
.
- 2 B1
.
- 3 B2
B1 .
- 4 C1 C2
.
:

.
- 15
%70 .
- 2 :
) Rotational Scanning Technique

.

.
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202
/ 9
- 9-2
-9-2 :

B
B
A
9-2 A,B
9-2
A
.
B
.
:
.
.
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203
- 3 :
) Scanning Technique
( Orbital

. 9-3 :
) ( :
( A1
) - 9-3 ( .
( A2
.
A2
B2
A1
B1
- 9-3
A1
A2
9-3
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204
/ 9
) ( :
( B1,B2
) - 9-3 ( .
B1
B2
9-3
:

) ( .

.
- 4 :
)
Scanning Technique
( Transverse

A
.
B 9-4
)
( .
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205
B
A
9-4

) : ( 9-5
: ) (

.
.
( 1
.
( 2 1
.
: 2
.

.
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206
/ 9
: 3
.

.
9-5
:
: 1

.
) -9-6
(.
: 2
) (

) - 9-6 ( .
2
.
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207
: 3
) (
15

) - 9-6 ( .

- 9-6

- 9-6

15
- 9-6
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208
/ 9
) (
- 1 ) (

.
.
- 2 70
.
- 3 35
.
- 4

.
- 5
.
- 6 45
. 45
.
- 5
) or Traversing Scanning Technique
( Depth

. )
. ( 9-7
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209
- 9-7
) (
.
-9-7 A,B,C . A
B C
20 %10
A .
:
.
B
A
C
- 9-7
B
-9-7
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210
/ 9
: 9-7
1 : ( A .
%80
.
2 : ( B
%10 . 20
20 %90 .
- 3 .
4 : ( C A
%10 .
20
.
- 5
.
20 .
- 6 ( Tandem Technique ) :

.

.

.
.
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211
1
2
.
.
) (
.
- 9-8
-9-8
-9-8
. - 9-8

.
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2 - Double Sided V Groove
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1 - Lack of Side Wall Fusion
212
9-8 A B A
B .
.
:
1 .
- 2 45
.
- 3
60 4 .
- 4
.
:
.
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213
) ( Beam Profile

.
.
.
9-9
. ) ( P
) ( V
.
P

9 -9
:
:
- 1 BSI-A5 .
- 2 .
- 3 ) (
.
- 4
.
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214
/ 9
:
- 1 IIW- V1 .
- 9-10
) Probe
. ( Index Point
- 9-10
- 2 1/5 A5
) - 9-10 ( .
mm
32
Resolution Holes
mm Dia.
1.5
19mm
- 9-10 ) ( Welding Institute Block, A5
: A5 4 1/5
) Resolution
.
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215
3
. %80
) ( A1 ) ( B1 ) 9-11
(.
A1
B1
9-11
- 4 9-12
%10 ) %8 ( . A2 .
A2
A2
B1
9-12
- 5 3
%10 A3 ) . ( 9-13
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216
/ 9
A3
A3
B1
9-13
- 6 4 3 5 3 ) ( B4 ,B3 ,B2 , . .
A1 , A2 ,A3 .
7 .
.
- 8
.
- 1- 8 %80 . A1
- 2- 8 %10 . A2
- 3 8 %10 . A3
20
) . ( 9-14
:
.
www.iran-mavad.com
217
0
0
A3
A1
A2
0
0
B1
B2
B3
B4
9-14
:
60 4
.
:
1 IIW V1
.
- 2 13 A5 .
%80
) - 9-15 ( .
- 3 ) .
A1
( = 22.5 mm
- 4 %10 .
) 9-15
. ( A2 = 18 mm
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218
/ 9
22.5 mm
13 mm
- 9-15
18 mm
13
13 mm
10%
9-15
- 5
%10 . .
) - 9-15 . ( A3 = 31 mm
31 mm
13 mm
- 9-15
www.iran-mavad.com
219
6 4 3 5 25 19 32 .
.
B1 , depth 13 mm
A3 = 31 mm
A2 = 18 mm
A3 = 48 mm
A2 = 24 mm
A3 = 61 mm
A2 = 31 mm
A3 = 76 mm
A2 = 39 mm
A1 = 22.5 mm
B 2 , depth 19 mm
A1 = 33.8 mm
B 3 , depth 25 mm
A1= 44
B 4 , depth 32 mm
A1= 58 mm
- 7 ) ( .
- 8 .
) . ( 9-16
mm
B=
B =
B=
B=
9-16
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220
/ 9
Beam spread
MWB , 60 , 4 N
9-17
9-17 60 4 N
.
.
:
25
15 30 .
.
:
- 1 .
2 15
) 9-18 . ( P
3
P .
- 4 P 30 .
www.iran-mavad.com
221
5 .
) - 9-18 ( .
15 mm
P
25 mm
mm
9-18
15 mm
mm
9-18
- 9-18
.
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222
/ 9
9
1
) ( Scanning Technique .
2 ) ( Lateral Scanning
6 20 .
3 ) ( Rotational Scanning
) ( Lack of Side-wall Fusion .
4 ) ( Orbital Scanning
.
5 ) ( Transverse Scanning
.
6 .
) ( As-welded
.
7 ) ( Tandem Technique
.
8 ) (
.
www.iran-mavad.com
223

:

.

.
30
) ( Shear Wave 36 .
) (

.
.

.
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224
/ 10

.

..
.

.
:
) (
:
) : ( Beam Path
V

) . ( 10-1
10-1
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225
:
) . ( V-Path . ). ( Skip Distance
10-2 S T P .
S = V - Path
10-2
10- 1 .
10-1

P = 2 T x Tag
P/2 = T x Tag
- P
- T
-
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
226
/ 10
:
20 70
. ) : ( 10-3
:
P = 2T x tag
P = 2 x 20 x tag 700
P = 2 x 20 x 2.76 ~ 110 mm
P/2 = 110 / 2 = 55 mm
mm
110
=P
V/
70 0
P/2 = 55 mm
10-3
:
Cos 70 = T / V/2
0
V/2 = T / Cos 700

V/2 = 20 / 0.34 = 58.8 mm
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V = 117.6 mm
227

20 117/6
110 .
.
10-4
10-4
.
) ( 10-1
.

.
) ( Pr
) ( Pe .
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228
/ 10

.
:
10 160 60 70 45
:
70 : 70
.
60 : 60 75
.
45 : 45 52
.

:
:
10-2
) (
.
) ( 0/5 .
10-2
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R W2 / 4
229
- W ) (
- R
10-2 ) ( R )
( W
.
:
) (
) ( 2 70 .
70 )
. ( 10-5
10-5

20 :
- 1 3
.
- 2 ) ( .
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230
/ 10
- 3
. )
. ( ar1 10-6
.8
ar2 ar1
2R
.75
0.7
ar2
.65
0.6
.55
ar
0.5
.45
0.4
.35
0.3
.25
0.2
0.1
0.25
0.2
.15
.10
.06
.01 .02
t/ R
10-6
- 4
) ( .
) ar2 . ( 10-6
- 5 .
:
) ar2 -ar1 /2R ( 10-6
) ( t / D .
) ( .
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231
:

.
.
Sin = ( R - t ) / R
) t = R ( 1 - Sin
10-3
t / R = 1 - Sin
- t
- R
-
a
10-7
10-1 t a
10-7 :
- t
- a
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232
/ 10
10-1

)(t

)(a

70
0.06 R
0.38 R
60
0.13 R
0.5 R
45
0.29 R
0.70 R
38
0.38 R
0.79 R
R 10-1 .
:
-1
.
- 2 20
.
.
- 3
) ( .
- 4
.
- 5 .
- 6 .
7
2 4 ) ( .
www.iran-mavad.com
233
) (
:
) (

.
10-4 10-5 )
: ( 10-8
Sin = a / c
10-4
10-5
Cos = b / c

a = b x Tag
- ) (
- a ) (
- b ) (
- c ) (
a
c
10-8
:
60 .
30 .
.
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234
/ 10
:
- ) : ( a
a = c x sin 60 o
>=
sin = a / c
a = 30 x 0.86 = 25.8 mm
-
o
b = c x cos 60
>=
cos = b / c
b = 30 x 0.5 = 15 mm
:
-10-9
) Pr ( Sr
) Pe ( Se .

:
:
-10-9
) ( t/2R
Fp .
.
Fp .

) ( 10-6
- Pe
- Pr ) ( 10-9
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235
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508 25/4 60 .
.

t /D = 25.4 / 508 = 0.05
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Pr = 2 x t x fP x tag 600
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-10-9
.
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4 . 68
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.
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B
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DAC
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H
* E
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* S
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D.G.S
D.G.S
.
.
DGS
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. .
:
DGS .

.
:
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.
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S = x dB
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A
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S2 = x2 dB
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.
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5 ( S = S2 - S1 ) . D .
- 8 E .
- 9 .
. .

.
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SIZE
GAIN dB
A
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10 -19
:
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3 B .
.
A ) ( C .
) ( S2-S1 D .
D E . E
3 2 2/5 .
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DGS
.

.
10 -20
. 1 70 4

.
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100
80
60
mm
40
20
.
mm
MWB -
R + dB
C + dB
C
R
.
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25 V2 R2
30 .
3 .
1 - Miniature Probe
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.
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B . ( 10-23
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10- 22 . %80
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D . ( 10-23
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2 . ( 10-22
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5 A 10-27
%10 ..
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6 )
C . ( 10- 30
7 ) ( L .
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L
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C1
B1

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C1
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10-31 .

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.
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.( 11-1
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.
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11 - 1
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- 2 2
.
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3 2
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5
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-
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- 2 3 .
- 3
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.
- 5 4 6
.
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2
.
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) . ( 11-4
- 4
6 .
- 5 %70
.
- 6 75 .

11-4
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-1 ) (
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.
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- 4 .
- 5
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1 2 ) ( .
4 .
5 .
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.

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.

.
5

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.

.
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: - :

) A,B,C ( 11-6
.
) D . ( 11-6
- :
1
V
.
) E
. ( 11-6
. - ) ( :

.
.
) F
. ( 11-6
- .
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F
D
C
E,F
A,B,C
D
1
E,F
11-6
A,B,C,D
DGS
.
) ( .
)
( DAC .
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) ( Planar Point Defects

.
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) ( Delay )
A,B - 11-7 ( .
) ( )
D,C -11-7 ( .
D
C
D
B A

- 11-7
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) E1 -11-7 ( .
) E2 - 11-7 ( .
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E1
E2
F1,F1
E1,E2
E1
E2
- 11-7
D.G.S . DAC .
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- 3 )
Longitudinal Palanar Defects

.
.
:
- Lack of Side Wall Fusion
- Incomplete Penetrations
- Cold laps
) - Incomplete Fusion ( Lack of Inter-run Fusion
- Under Cuts

) A1,A2 11-8 ( .
) B1,B2 (
)
C D 11-8 ( .
B2 , B1
L.O.P
L.O.F
D
B
- 11-8
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273
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A1,B1

A2,B2
A1,A2,B1,B2
C,D
A1,A2,B1,B2
- 11-8

.
)
( .

2 6 .
) ( 2 20 3 20 .
.
DAC
.
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- 4 )
274
Like Defects
( Fine Thread

.
) ( . :
- Fine Slag Inclusions
) - Elongated Slag Inclusions ( Wagon Track
- Narrow & Tight L.o.P
1 ) A1 -11-9 ( .
3 ) A2 -11-9 ( .
3 .
.
) B2,B1 -11-9 ( .
2 ) C -11-9 ( .
1 ) D -11-9 ( .
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1
A
A , B
C,D
B
F2
-11-9
F1
X
E1
E2
X
L.o.P
F
X
X > X
E
X =X
-11-9
: Narrow LoF 1
) E1 E2 -11-9 ( .
- Slag Line 1
) F1,F2 - 11-9 ( .
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6 . Slag line . .
- 5 ) (
) Coarse Thread like Defects ( Cracks
:
.
:
( -3
( -2
( -1
1
2 .

.

.

.
) ( Fracture
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3 4
.
2 - Inter-granular
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277
:
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11-10
:
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3 ) A2,B2,C2 11-11 ( .
4 . 75
2
) D1,D2 11-11 ( .

D4
D2
D
D
C
-11-11
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3 75
1 ) D3,D4 -11 -11 ( .
) ( .
A,B,C
D1,D
D3,D
4
A,B,C

-11-11
4

-11-11
) (
.
) ( .
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-
) ( 9

1 2 3 .
:
- 1 ) ( :
3 ) A1,B1 -11-12 ( .
3
) C1 -12
-11 ( .
4 6
. 3
.
) A2,B2,C2 -11-12 ( .
-2 ) : ( 2
) ( 3 4
) A3, B3 A4, B4 -11-12 ( .
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- 3 ) : ( 3
) ( 3 4
. ) A5,B5,A6,B6 -11-12 ( .
A,B,C

A1
B2
B1
A2
C1
C2
-11-12 1
A,B
B3
B4
A4
- 11-12 2
A,B
A6
A5
B6
B5
-11-12 3
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4
C,C
281
3
A,B
A,B
A,B
A,B
A,B
A,B
-11-12
-11-12
.
:
.
20 .
3 4 .
:

.
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8 14 1 .

2
3 4
) ( ) A B 11-13
(.
Probe B
Probe A + dB
B
A
A dB
B dB
11-13
:
2 3 .
. .
)
( .
3 - Crater Cracks
2 - Stress Corrosion Cracking
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:
) (
.
.
:
( :

.
.
( :

.
.
:

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- Isolated Slag Inclusions
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-

.
) A1,B1,C1,D1 . ( 11-14
B
Metallic Inclusions
Nonmetallic Inclusion
D
3
A2,B2
C2, D2
A1,B1
C1,D1
A2,B2,C2,D2
A1,B1,C1,D1
11-14
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- :
) A2,B2 . ( 11-14
3 ) C2 . ( 11-14
3 ) D2 . ( 11-14
:
4 20 .
3 6 20 .
20 .
4 6 .
DAC
.
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- 7 ) ( Multiple imperfections
:
:
- 1

.
- 2

.

.
:
) (
- Cluster Porosity
- Reheat Crack
- Group of Graphite
:

.

.
) -11-15 (.
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D
B
C
- 11-15
B2
A,B1,C,D
Cluster Porosities
5
- 11-15
:
.
5 .
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- 8 ) : ( Intermittent Imperfections
:

.

.

.
.

) V (
.
:
1 - Broken Slag Lines
2 - Parallel Slag lines
3 - Linear Point Porosities
:

:
- 1
. 2 3
4 ) A3, A2, A1 . ( 11-16
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)
A4 . ( 11-16
- 2 .
5
) B . ( 11 -16
- 3 ) . ( 3
5
) C . ( 11-16
E
C
A A
-11-16
A
D& E
- 11-16
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)
E,D . ( 11-16
: 11-16
A3, A2, A1

.
B

.
C
.
.
- :

:
- 1 .

) A1 . ( 11 -17
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2 .

)
A2 . ( 11-17
- 3 ) (
.

) B
. ( 11-17
.
) C . ( 11-17
A1
A2
11-17
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:
-1
.
- 2
DGS .
3
.
- 4
.
- 5

.
.
- 6
.
7
.

.
- 8
) ( .
- 9
.
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.
- 10
) (
70 80
.

.
11

) 70 ( .
- 12
) (
.

11-18 .
B2
B1
A2
11-18
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11-19 ) (
.
5
.
B2
.
A2

11-19
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12

) ( Ultrasonic Testing Procedure
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.
4 5
.

.

:
-
.
- .
- .
- .
-
.
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:
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- 2 ) - (
- 3
- 4
Material
Dimension
Welding Process
Weld Configuration

.
.
:
.

.
) (
) ( T.I.G )
( .
.
.
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:

:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
- 6
) Shielded Metal Arc Welding ( SMAW

) Submerged Arc Welding ( SAW
)Gas Metal Arc Welding ( GMAW
) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding ( GTAW
) Flux Covered Arc Welding ( FCAW
)Electric Resistance Welding ( ERW
:

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
Butt Joint
Corner Joint
Tee Joint
Lap Joint
) ( Butt weld
) ( Fillet Weld .

.
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) . ( 12-1
Tee Joint
Tee Joint
Corner Joint
Butt Joint
Corner Joint
Lap Joint
-12-1
- 12-1
-12-1 -12-1 )
( .
) ( Fusion welds

) ( .
12-2 :
) ( Set Through .
Tee K .
) ( Set-On
.
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- 12-2 ) ( Set on
- 12-2 ) ( Set Through
:
- 12-3
.

- 12-3
- 12-3
-12-3
.
12-4
) ( .
12-4
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12- 5
.

.
- 12-5
- 12-5

.

.

.
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301

:

.
:

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.

.

)
( Inadequate penetration
25 300
. .

) ( Level .
.

.
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.
:
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) ( )
( ) . ( Gap
12-6 Single- Sided V Groove
.
.

Land

Gap
12-6
- 3 ) ( Material
- 4 ) ( Dimension
.
5 ) ( Technique
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6 ) ( Equipment
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.
- 8 ) ( Couplant
) (
- 9 ) ( Surface Condition
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.
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.
-12 ) ( Reference & Standard Test Blocks
.
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) (
- 14 ) ( Sensitivity
.
- 15 ) ( Testing Procedure
:
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304
- 16 ) ( Method of Calibration
.
- 17 ) ( Evaluation
.
18 .

19 ) ( Reporting
.

.

.
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191
6 3
BSI , A

) ( Beam Squint
.
) ( 8-7
T
L
50
Sin = T/ L
Tag = T/ 50
8-7 A3
- 7 6
BSI - A
A6 .
A3 ) 8-8
(.
3 mm Hole & 9 mm Bore
3 mm Hole & 6 mm Bore
50
4mm
8-8 A6
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- 8 : RSB - A7
) ( Round Step Resolution Block
A7
. BSI A7 )
. ( 8-9
15
15
75
15
15
15
8-9 ) A7 (
193
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D.C,B
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ASTM AWS
.
50 ) . ( 8-10
R=
8-10 ) DC (
194
/ 8
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- 10 :
D.S.C,B
) ( Distance & Sensitivity Calibration Block
8-11 DSC . ASTM

AWS .
1 3 0.032

) ( DAC .
0.032
8-11 DSC 1 - 3
-11
S.C,B
195
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AWS ASTM
. /
DAC
) . ( 8-12
Holes / in.
8-12 ) S.C.B (
12
F.B.H
) ( Flat-Bottom-Holes
F.B.H
) ( . 10 8
19
.
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- 13 ) : V W, Block , ( LSW / M
VW LSW 15
.
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. ( 8-13
8-13 VW
- 14 :
8-14 :

.

.

8-14
197
:

. .
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- 1

)
( Segregation .
- 2 ) ( BS 4331

) Low or Medium - Carbon Ferritic Steel ( Killed
Normalized , Grain refined & Homogeneous
- 3
) (
0.8 m .
- 4
4 22

6 . .
- 5
0/1
.
198
/ 8

:
1 .
.
2

.
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3 DAC
DAC .
- 4 20
DAC .
5 .
6
.
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Terms & Definitions

Ultrasonic Testing
305 313
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305
) (

) (
) (

) (
.

) 20 20000 (

) (

:
.
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Acoustic Impedance
Acoustic Couplant
Amplitude
Amplifier
Angle of Beam Spread
Angle of Incidence
Angle of Reflection
Angle of Refraction
Angle Probe
Angle of Squint
Angulation
A- Scan Display
Attenuation
Attenuation Coefficient
Attenuator
Audio frequency
AVG ( DGS ) Diagram
Back-Wall Echo
Base Line
Beam Angle
Beam Axis
Beam Emission Point
Beam Index
Beam Profile
Beam Spread
Boundary Echo
306
B-Scan
) (
Calibration Block

Combined Double Probe

Compressional Wave
) (
Contact Scanning

Continuous Wave
) (
C-Scan Display
) (
Couplant

Corner Effect
) (
Critical Angles
) 27/3 56/4 (
Cross Noise
) ( :
.
Cross Talk

Crystal
) (
Crystal Array

Crystal Backing
) (
Crystal Mosaic
) ( .
Curved Crystal
.
Cylindrical Reflector
.
) D.A.C ( Distance Amplitude Correction
.
Damped Train
.
Damping

Dead Zone
) (
Decibel
/
Delay Time- Base Line

Decay Technique
:
.
www.iran-mavad.com
307
Defect Detection Sensitivity

) (

Depth Scan
Diffraction
Diffuse Reflection
Directional Sensitivity
Distance Amplitude Correction Curve

Dispersion Sound

Divergence

Double Probe Technique

Double-Traverse Technique

Double Bounce Technique
) (
Double Crystal Probe

Double Transceiver Technique
:

.
Echo
.
Echo Ghost
:

.
Echo Spurious
) (
Effective Beam Angle

Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer
: EMA

.
Effective Beam Profile

Electronic Noise

Expanded Time Base

www.iran-mavad.com
308
Far Field

Flat Bottom Hole
.
Focussed Probe

Frequency
) (
) Fresnel Region ( Zone

Full Skip Technique

Fundamental Frequency
) (
Gain Control

Gap Scanning

Gate

Ghost Echo

Grass

Half-Skip Technique

Hard Face Probe
.
Hard Wave
:
.
Hertz
.
Immersion Probe
) (
Immersion Testing

Initial Pulse Indication
) (
Interface

Interface Signal

Indirect Scan

Internal Echoes
.
Isobar

Lamb Wave

Lateral Scan

www.iran-mavad.com
309
Linearity

Logarithmic Amplifier
.
Longitudinal Wave

Love Wave
.
Magnetostriction Transducer
:
) .
200 ( .
Manual Scanning

Maximizing

) Mode Change ( Mode Transformation
) (
Multiple Echo
) (
) Near Field ( zone

Noise

Normal Probe

Oblique Technique

Operating Frequency

Orbital Scanning

Parasitic Echo

Piezo-Electric Effect

Pitch And Catch Technique

.
Planar Surface

Plane

Plane Wave

Plate Wave

Presentation

www.iran-mavad.com
310
Probe

Probe Face

Probe Shoe Delay
:
.
Pulse

Pulse Duration
) (
Pulse Echo Technique
) (
Pulse Envelope
.
Pulse Length
) (.
) Pulse Repetition Frequency ( PRF

Pulse Width
) ( .
Quadruple Traverse Technique

Range

Range Resolution

Rayleigh Wave

Receiver
Reference Block

Reference Standard

Reflected Energy

Reflected Pulse

) Reflection Factor ( Coefficient

Reflecting Prism
:
.
Refracted Wave

Reflector
) (
Reject Control
) ( grass
Probe Array
www.iran-mavad.com
311
Repetition Rate
) (
Resolution

Resonance Technique

Reverberation Time
:
.
) 60 ( .
Ringing Time
.
Rotational Wave
.
Rotational Scan

Scale Expansion
.
Scanning

Scan Pitch

Scatter

Sensitivity Level

Shadow Zone

.
Shear Wave
) (
Sidewall Echoes

Short Pulse

Side Lobe
.
Single-Bounce Technique

Signal-To-Noise Ratio
.
: 3 %20

%20 . Signal to Noise Ratio .
www.iran-mavad.com
312
Single Probe System

Single-Traverse Technique

Skip Distance

Snells Law
) (
Standing Waves

Stand-off

Straddle Scan

.
Spherical Wave

Spurious Echoes

Suppression

Surface Wave

Swivel Scan

Tandem Probe Technique

Test Frequency

Test Block

Test Surface

Threshold
Time Base

Time Base Range
) (
Total Attenuation

Total Reflection

Transceiver
) (
Transducer
) (
Transmission Factor

Transmission Technique

Transmission Point

www.iran-mavad.com
313
www.iran-mavad.com
Transmitter Pulse
Transverse Wave
Transverse Scan
Triple-Bounce Technique
Triple-Transverse Technique
Twin Crystal Probe
Ultrasonic Frequency
Ultrasonic Waves
Velocity of Propagation
Vee Path
Water Path
Wave
Wavelength
Wave Motion
Wave Transformation
Wedge
Wetting Agent
Zero Angle Probe
325

) (
) (
.

.

.
.
:

. 1.6 x 10-12 erg
.
2-1
W ) (
M ) ( 9.1 x 10-28 gr
- C ) (
- V ) (
e ) (.
www.iran-mavad.com
=ex V
W = 1/2 Mc
326
/ 2
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4 ) (
- 5
) ( Filament
3 5 5 15
.
) ( .
) ( .

.

. :
2-2
-7
x 10
E = 1.4
- E ) (
- Z ) (
- V ) (

.
www.iran-mavad.com
327
2-1

. 250 %3
%97 .
Efficiency %
2Voltage
Kev -1

.
.
) (
3370 .

. ) (
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
328
/ 2

2 - 2
2-2

.

.

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
329
100

.
)(1
2-2
) (2 5 15
) 60 ( .
.

.
) :( Penetration Power
.

.
2-3 200 25

.
Kv
2-3
2- Step - up Transformer
www.iran-mavad.com
1- Step - Down Transformer
330
/ 2

.
%10 %50 .
) : ( Intensity

.

.
2-3
= T x I
- T
- I
2-3
.
.

3-2 .
:

3 10 .
www.iran-mavad.com
331
:
.
2 10 2
. 5
2-3 .
I1 = 2 mA
T1 = 10 min
I2 = I1 x T1 / T2
>=
T1 x I 1 = T2 x I 2
10 / 5 = 4 mA
I2 = 2
: .
:
:

-

.
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 2
332
) ( Electrical Waveform
.

.
.
.
100
.
.
1
.
%30 .
2
.
.
.
:
- 1 .

.
) ( .
- 2 .
.
2 - Constant Potential
www.iran-mavad.com
1- Villard Circuit Waveform
333
) ( Focal Spot Size
) (
.

.
:
- 1 ) : ( Normal Focal Spot
1 1 5 5 .
- 2 ) : ( Mini Focal Spot

0/2 0/8 .
- 3 ) :( Micro Focal Spot
0/00 5 0/0 5 .
- :

.
- 1 - ) : ( Directional Radiation
4-2 .
.
.

.
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334
/ 2
2- 4
- 2- ) : ( Panoramic
) (
) 360 ( .
2 . .
1
.

2-5
1 - Rod anode
www.iran-mavad.com
335
6- 2
.
.
.
6-2

) 1 (

30 .
2 10 .
1 - Cavity of a linear Waveguide
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 3
Unit
336
( Control

.

.

.
2 3
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
337

.

.
.

.
.
.

.
) (
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
338
/ 3

1/5
. 82
.

. 59
60 . 192 191 .
) (
.
59
1
60
+ 0n => 27C
27Co
Co60 => + (1.17 Mev ) + ( 1.33 Mev ) + 28N60
Ir 192 +
27
>= Ir 191 + 0 n 1
137 1 .
Life
( Half

.
.
1 - By-Product of Fission
www.iran-mavad.com
339

. 192 74 60
3/75 .
:

.
.

.
%10
.
10 /3 x Half life
%10
192 %10 246 ) 8
.
10 / 3 x 74 = 246 day
246 / 30 = 8 month + 6 day
60 17 175 .
10/3 x ( 5 x 365 + 90 ) = 19150/3 = 6383 day
6383
6383 / 365 = 17.48 => 17 year + 175 day
17 175
192 24
) : ( 3-1
1/100 x 1/ 70 x Half-life = decay rate per day
3-1
www.iran-mavad.com
340
/ 3
192 60 3 .
1/100 x 1/70 x 74 = 0.01057
192 24
24
60 x 0.01057= 0.634 => 60 - 0.634 = 59.37 curie
24
59.37 x 0.01057= 0.628 => 59.37 - 0.628 = 58.74 ci
24
58.74x 0.01057 =0.62 => 58.74 - 0.62= 58.12 ci

t .
-0.693 t / T
N = N0 exp ( - t ) = N0 exp ( - 0.693 t / T ) = N0 x e
= 1/2
-0.693
N = N0 / 2 t / T
3-2
- N
- N0

- T
- t
:
192 60 10
N = N0 / ( 2 ) t / T
N = 60 / ( 2 ) 10/74
N = 54.6 curies
>=
N = 60 / 1.098
192 10 54/6
.
www.iran-mavad.com
341

. 60 1.17+1.33 ) 1.2 Mev
( 3 Mev .
) ( Source Strength

. ) ( Becquerel
. )( Curie
.
10
Ci Giga Bq 3.7 x 10
.
) ( Specific Activity

.

.
.

3-2
S.A
- M
- T
www.iran-mavad.com
/T
S.A = 0.693 x M
342
/ 3
:
60
192 .
137 170
3-1 .
. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, ASNT
3-1

Cesium
Cobalt
60
Thulium
Iridium
5.27 years
170
192
137
129
days
Tm2o3
74.3
days
Ir
30.1
years
CsCi
Characteristic
Isotope
Half - Life
Chemical form
Co
) Density ( gr./cm
) Gamma rays ( MeV
3
22.4
3.5
8.9
0.084
0.052
0.31, 0.47
, 0.60
0.66
1.33-1.17
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.31
0.003
0.7
0.55
125
0.34
80
1.35
310
R/ hr-m per curie

MSv/h-m per gigabecquerel
3.0
3.0
10.0
3.0
Approximate diameter /mm
15
20
33
Uranium shield Dai . /cm
1.0
Low
0.125
to 0.5
Good
20
High
0.5
to 2.5
Medium
54
Low
1-4
225
High
2.5
to 8
Poor
Good
) Beta rays ( MeV

)(1
Typical uranium shield

) weight ( Kg
Specific activity
Useful penetrating range
) In steel ( inch
Image quality
) ( 1
.
www.iran-mavad.com
343

) (
.
) ( 60 192

.

.
3-1 .
.

6
25 30
3-1
) ( Container device
3-1
.
.
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344
/ 3

.
) ( Doze 5
100 ) ( 10
. ) ( Sievert 100 ) ( rem .

- 1 )
Type
( Shutter
.
) . ( 3-2

.

3-2 ) (
www.iran-mavad.com
- 2
345
)( Torch Type Container

.
.
3-3
3-3 .
. 1960
.
- 3 ) ( Remote control

.
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
346
/ 3

- 1

.
) ( Depleted Uranium
. .
.

.
.
- 2

.
.
.

.

) . ( 3-4
www.iran-mavad.com
347

3-4
4-3 192 ) (
.
) ( Depleted Uranium

3-5 60
www.iran-mavad.com
348
/ 3
5-3 60 .
60
.

.
.
:

) (
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
349

:
- 1 ) ( Radiograph

) ( .
- 2 ) ( Density
.
.
3 ) ( Sensitivity

.
:

.

.

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
350
/ 4
:
1
2
3 ) (
4
5
- 6
- 7
1
-

.
.
.
) (
.
) 2-3 ( 2
.
E = I1 x T1 = I2 x T2 = I3 x T3
E ) - (
T ) (
- I ) (
www.iran-mavad.com
351
: 1
2 2 6
. 3
:
I2
= T2
x I1
T1
E1 = E2
>=
I1 = 6 mA
T1 = 2min
/ T2
I 2 = I1
= 12 / 3 = 4 mA
T1
:
. .
-

.
.
10 3
30 .
5 6 .
=> I1 x T1 = I2 x T2
=> I2 = 6 min.
( - E
( - T
E 1 = E2
10 x 3 = I2
( - I
- 2 ) (

.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 4
352
I > I
D
D
4-1
4-1
D1
D2
I1
I2
I1 / I2 = ( D2 )2 / ( D1 )2
1
2
1
2
4-1
1 D1 2 D2 .
2

1 .

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
353
( Direct square law
E1 D1 E2 D2
) . ( 4-2
2
2
) E1 / E2 = ( D1 ) / ( D2
4-2
- D1 1
- D2 2
- E1 ) ( E1 = I1 x T1
- E2 ) ( E2 = I2 x T2
: 2
192 6
) 2 ( .
30 2 .
E1 = 2 x 6 = 12 ci-min
30
D1 = 30 cm
30 45
2-4 ) ( .
2
D2 / D1
E2 = E1
>=
E1 / E2 = D1 / D2
45 2 / 30 2 => E2 = 27 mA min
T2
E2 = 12
x
x
E2 = I 2
T2 = 27 / 6 = 4.5 min

.
2
2
T1 / T2 = D1 / D2
T2 = 2 x 452 / 302
T2 = 9 / 2 = 4.5 min
www.iran-mavad.com
354
/ 4 /
: 3
3 4
60 2/5 .
48

4-2
T1 = 3 x 4 = 12 mA-min
2
/ D1
E1 = I
E 2 = E 1 x D2
2
) E2 = 12 x ( 48 ) / ( 60
E2 = 12 x 2304 / 3600 = 7.68 mA min

T2 = 2.56 min => 2 min + 34 sec.

.
- 3

.
:
.
150 25
350 ) 14 ( 400
12 1000 5 .
www.iran-mavad.com
355
6 80120
.
) ( .
80 35 .
120 2/5
.

.
:

.
1-4
0.5 MeV
.
:
12
:
1-4 1/1
.
Steel equalent => 12 x 1.1 = 13.2 mm
4-1
.
www.iran-mavad.com
356
/ 4
4-1
KeV
100
150
220
400
192
60
137
12
0/12
0/18
0/35
0/35
0/35
0/6
0/05
0/08
12
18
1/6
1/4
1/4
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/4
1/3
1/3
1/1
1/4
1/3
1/3
1/1
1/1
1/1
16
1/4
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
14
12
2/3
3/2
25
12/6
3/4
5/6
0/45
0/35
- 1 100 .
- 2 100 .
4 ) : ( Intensifying Screen
100
%1 %99

.
www.iran-mavad.com
357
.
.
:

.
1 2 .
.

.
.

) ( .

- ) ( Lead Intensifying Screen

. ) Lead foil
( .
400
.
2 - Flexible Screen
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1- Rigid Screen
358
/ 4
60

) ( Back scattering .
:

.

.

.
:
100 .
.
.
. 0/125
0/25 .
0/25 .
www.iran-mavad.com
359
- ) ( Fluorescent Screen
1 2

.

.

.
.

.
.
- ) ( Fluorometallic Screens

. .

.
:
.
2 - Zinc Sulphide
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1- Calcium tangstate
360
/ 4
5

.
8 .
- 6
.

.
.
5 .
7

) ( Latent Image .
.
6
.
www.iran-mavad.com
361
:

.

.

. .

.
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
362
/ 5

- 1 ) ( A
1

.
0/175 .
- 2 ) ( B

.
- 3 ) ( C

.
.
- 4 ) ( D
) ( Hardener
) . ( 5-1
D
C ) 0/0125 (
A . /175
B
5-1
Polyester Base
www.iran-mavad.com
1-
363

) (

.

.

.
) ( Image Contrast
:

.
Gradient
.
.
H & D2
.
5-2
) ( .

.
1
2 - Hurter-Driffield Method
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1- Film Characteristic Curve
364
/ 5
5-2
5-2 A B
2 4
.
. 0/8 ) 1/2 (
A 1/3 B 0/7 .

) (
.
www.iran-mavad.com
365
:
1
.
- 2 .
- 3 8 .
.
- 4
) 16 ( .
- 5 3 ) 32 ( .
- 6 5 4 6 )
128 64 256 ( .
- 7 .
- 8 .
- 9
) 0/6 . ( 3/2
:

1
2
3
4
5
6
8
16
32
64
128
256

0/9
1/2
1/5
1/8
2/1
2/4
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0/7
0/9
1/4
2/6
2/85
3/2
366
/ 5
- 10 3/5
2/5 .
- 11
) . ( 5-3
.
.
D=
.
= D
.
.
.
5- 3
5-3 1
2 .
31 ) ( anti log 1.5 45 )
( Anti-lon 1.65 14 1/2 .
www.iran-mavad.com
367
) . ( 5-1
5-1
Tag = D / T
-
D
T
5-3 1 2
:

= 5.2

) => ( 2.65 - 1.35
Tag 1 = D1 / T 1
) / (1.75 1.5
=> (1.25- 0.75 ) / ( 1.5 - 1) = 1.0
Tag 2 = D2 / T2

. 2 4
.

.
.
:
10 60
2/3 . 1
.
10 9
. 60 54
5-3 .
www.iran-mavad.com
368
/ 5
1/73 1/78 .
1 ) - Log 60 = 1.78
2 ) - Log 54 = 1.73

. 2/4 2/14 .
Density = 2.4 - 2.14 = 0.26

1 10
0/26 .
.
D
.
.
.
.
5-4
www.iran-mavad.com
369
:

.
7
1 .
:
- 1

.
- 2

.
- 3
.
A F -5
4 .
A ) (
B
B C .
C D
D E
E F
1 - Subject Contrast
www.iran-mavad.com
370
/ 5

. ASTM

.

:
- ) (
- ) (
- ) (
) (

. .

.
:
( 1
( 2
( 3
- ( 4
Ultra Fine Grain

Very Fine Grain
Fine Grain
Medium Grain
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371
/ 5
:

:
- 1 ) ( Direct Type, Non-Screen type

.
.
) ( Non-Screen Type
.

.
- 2 ) ( Screen Type

.
. Screen Type
.

.
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
372
/ 5

) ( Sheet ) ( Roll
.

.

.
.
) ( Film Loading .
:
.
www.iran-mavad.com
373

.

) ( Latent Image
.
.

) (
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
374
/ 5
/
- 1 ) ( Development
1 2
) ( .

.

.

.
.
.
- 2 ) ( Stop Bath

.
) ( %3 .

.
1 2 .
.
2 - Hydroquinone
www.iran-mavad.com
1 - Metol
375
- 3 ) ( Fixing

.
.
.
.
.
) ( .

.
.
) (1 .
.
.
- 4 ) ( Final Washing

.
.
.
30 .
- 5 ) ( Drying
.

1 - Clearing time
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276
/ 6
) ( Dryer Cabinet
. ) (
.
6-1 .
) ( .
.
- 1
Film Loading
-2
- 7
Development
- 3 ) (
- 6
Drying
- 4
- 5
Fixing
Cleaning
6-1
www.iran-mavad.com
377
) (

. .
.
.
) ( .

.

.

.
:
- 1
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5
) ( Replenisher

) ( .

.
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378
/ 6

.
.
1 ) (
. .
2
.
.
3 20 16
) ( Hydroquinone
.
4 .

.
.
5
. 10 15
. .
- 6 .
2 3 .
www.iran-mavad.com
379
7 .
- 8
) ( .
- 9
. ) ( Replenisher pH
.
10 %40
.
.
1974

.
11 15 18
. 30
.
12 .

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
280
/ 6

- 1 ) (
.
- 2 .
- 3
.
- 4
.
- 5
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
381

:

.
:
- ( 1
( 2
( 3
- ( 4
- ( 5 ) (
- 1 ) (

.

) ( Film Viewer .
.
www.iran-mavad.com
382
/ 7
/I
7-1
D = Log10 I0
- D
- I0 ) (
- I

%10
.
)?=D
( I0 = 100 , I = 10 ,
D = Log I0 / I
D = Log 100 / 10
D = 2 -1 = 1
>=
D = Log 100 - Log 10

) ( . 2
.
D = Log 100 / 1 = Log 100 - Log 0
D=2
>= D = Log 100

.
.
:
www.iran-mavad.com
383
) ( Reference Film Strips 15

.
.
)( Photoelectric Densitometer
.
4 .

.
- 2 ) ( Radiograph Contrast
) (
:
) ( Subject Contrast
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
384
/ 7

.

25 %5
160
250 .

.
) ( Film Contrast

.

. A B
7-1 :
A 24 ) 16 40 ( 1/3
B 46 ) 16 62 ( 1/1
. A
B .
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385
.
.
.
.
.
Sec.

7-1
:

.
- 3
) ( Radiography Sensitivity

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 7
386
)Quality Indicator
( Image

) ( I.Q.I . ) Penetra-meter
( .
.
:
- ) ( DIN
) ( Wire Type IQI - DIN 54109

.
) . ( 7-2
:
S = ( t / T ) x 100
7-2
- S
- t
- T
: 125
7-2 :
t = S x T x 100
t = 2.5 mm
>=
>=
S = t / T x 100
t = 0.02 x 125 x 100

125 2/5
.
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387
50
1 .
t = S x T / 100 = 2 x 50 / 100 = 1mm
7-2 DIN 54 109

. ) 3/2 ( 1
0/1 ) ( 16 .
7-1
.

DIN
DIN 62 FE
62 FE
10 ISO 16
6 ISO 12
10 16
62 FE
DIN
1 ISO 7
1 7
6 12
7-2
14
13
12
11
10
15
0.16 .125
0.2
0.25
.32
0.4
0.5
0.8 .63
10 - 16
7-1
1.6 1.25 1
1-7
6 - 12
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1
16
3.2 2.5
0.1
388
/ 7
) ( B.S.I
) ( Wire type IQI , B.S.I 3971/80

. 7-3 BSI- 3971-83 ISO
1027-83 . 7-2 .
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
0.01 .125 0.16 0.2 0.25 0.32 0.4 0.5 .063 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.6 2.0
.063 .08
2.5 3.2
4-10
15-21
1-6
9- 16
7-2

BS 3971
15 FE 21
BS 3971
9 FE 16
7-3
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BS 3971
4 FE 10
389
- ) ( ASTM
Wire Type IQI, ASTM-E-747/84

) . ( 7-4 D,C,B,A
:
A
B
C
D
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
0/08 0/25
0/25 0/81
0/81 2/5
2/5 8
ASTM
ASTM

7-4
:
Aluminum Bronze
Inconel & Titanium
Aluminum
Magnesium
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390
/ 7
) ( ASTM
Plaque Type IQI, ASTM, E-142 / 68

) ( 1T 2 4 ) ( 2T , 4T
.
.
0/005
.
0/18 )
( . A B
.
) ( ASME
ASME, Plaque Type IQI
ASTM ASME
ASME 2T, 3T, 4T
0/25 0/01
.
ASME
) 7-5 ( .
4T
3T
2T= 0.024
2T
1T= 0.025
ASME
-7-5
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4T
ASTM
391

) -7-5 ( .
) -7-5 ( .
- Grade 4
- Grade 5
-7-5
:
.
2 - 2T
%2
.
) 2-2T %2 ( 2T
) 1-2T %1 ( 2T ) 2-4T
%2 ( 4T .
:
ASTM , ASME

.
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392
/ 7
:
.
.
.
4-1 .
:
DIN BS Al Fe
ASTM .
ASTM .
.
.
:
1
) (
) 2 (
.

.
2 - Film Side
www.iran-mavad.com
1 - Source Side
- 4
393
) ( Image Definition
.
.

.
7-6
7-6
:
A .
B ) (
.
C
.
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394
/ 7
:
- ( 1 )
7-6 . ( A
- ( 2 ) 7-6 ( B
.
( 3 )
7-6 . ( C
.
7-2
7-2
/ S I = D0 / DI
S0
- S0 ) (
- SI ) (
- D0
- DI
:
10 16
20 .
S0 / SI = D0 / DI
16 / 20
= / SI
10
SI = 12.5 cm
) ( Unsharpness

.
7-3
www.iran-mavad.com
UTotal = ( Uf + Ug ) 1/2
395
- Uf ) (
- Ug ) (
7-3 ) ( Uf
.
) ( Ug :
) ( Focal Spot Size
) (
. 7-7
.
.

7-7
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396
/ 7
) ( Focal to Object Distance

- 7-8
A B . B
A .
A

- 7-8
- )( Focal to Film Distance

- 7-8 A C C
) ( A .
A
-7-8
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397
- ) ( Beam Profile
7-9 D ) (
.
) . ( D
D
- 7-9
-
7-9 E

.
.
A
-7-9
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398
/ 7

. .
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
) ( Penumbral Distance

.

.
.

. 7-4
:
7-4
- Ug ) ( Unsharpness Geometry
- F
- t
- d0
www.iran-mavad.com
Ug = F x t
d0
399
d0
) FFD ( A
)t(B
Ug
7-10
Ug = F x t / d0
>=
Ug / F = t / d0
) ( P 10-7 t
:
7-5
- P ) ( Penumbral distance
- A
P= BxF
A-B
- B
: 1
:
) ( F= 4 ) ( B = 20 ) ( B= 500
.
:
P = B x F / ( A - B ) => ( 20 x 4 ) / ( 500 20 ) = 0.167 mm
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400
/ 7
0/167 .
0/25 .
: 2
2 914 25
)
B ( .
P = 25.4 x 2 / ( 914 25.4 ) = 0.057 mm
- 5 )
Scattering
( Radiation

.
) ( Fogy
. :
- ) ( Forward Scattering

.
- ) ( Wall Scattering

.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
401
- ) ( Back Scattering

.
.

.

:
- 1
:
(
- 2
:
(
(
(
(
3 :
:
( -
( -
( -
( -
( -
www.iran-mavad.com
402
/ 7 7
4 :
( - ) (
( -
( -
( -
7-11 .
) ( Hot Pass
) Wagon Truck Slag
. ( Line
7-11
www.iran-mavad.com
403
8

:

.

.

.

.
.
.

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
404
/ 8
) ( Single Wall- Single Image

.
) . ( 8 1
8-1
.
- ) ( Directional Exposure
) ( 8-1
) ( .

) -8-2 ( .
) ( Panoramic
) (
.
) . ( 8-3
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405
8-2
8-3 ) (
) ( Double Wall-Singlee Image

.
) . ( 8-4
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406
/ 8

) ( .
) (
. .
8-4 .
. ) 120 (
.
.
.
-
8-4
) : ( Diagonstic Film Length

.
) ( Latitude
.
www.iran-mavad.com
407
8-5 B,A C
.
B C

%10 .
120
4 90 .
A
C

8-5
) ( Double Wall Double Image
) ( Eleptical
90 .
) (
) . ( 8 6
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408
/ 8

) ( Offset
.
) ( 8-6

.
1/4 ) (
90 1/7
) . ( 1
1/5 SFD
SFD

8-6
www.iran-mavad.com
409
: 1
50 12/5
:
d = 50 - ( 2 x 12.5 ) = 25 mm
D/ d = 50 / 25 = 2
1/4
2 x 1.7 = 3.4
1/7
3/4
45 ) . ( 8-7
8-7
) ( Crawler Machine

.
137 .
:
1 .
2 .
3 ) (
.
www.iran-mavad.com
410
/ 8
4
.
- 5 137 ) ( Remote control
.
:
- 1 ) ( .
.
2
.
3

.
4
.
5 .
6 .
:
5 .
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
411
9

:

.
.
K
:
E=K.I.t
9-1
- E
- K
- I
- t
K .
3 4 12
6 .
E = I1 x t1 = 3 x 4 = 12 mA min
12 = I2 x t2 => I2 = 6 mA min

K
.
www.iran-mavad.com
412
/ 9
= ( d1 )2 / ( d2 )2
/ E2
E1
E1 E2 d2 , d1 .
:
20 3 300
2 . 400
.
E1 = 20 x 3 = 60 Ci-min
>=
I2 = E2 / 20
>=
T1
T2
2
/ d1
E1 = I1
E2 = I 2
E2 = E1 x d2
2
/ 3002
>=
E2 = 106 Ci min
) I2 = E2 / 20 => 106 / 20 = 5.3 min, ( 5 min + 18 sec
E2 = 60 x 400

. )
( K
.
) ( Exposure chart

:
- ( 1
- ( 3
- ( 6
- ( 2
- ( 4
- ( 7
www.iran-mavad.com
413

18 16 14 12 10 20
.
:
- 1 10
.
- 2 .
170 3 .
- 3
2 .

.
- 4 .
- 5 12
2 .
) ( .
- 6 5 18 16 14 20
2 .
- 7 .
.
- 8
.
www.iran-mavad.com
414
/ 9
- 9 .
170 3 .
- 10 9 .

.
min
mA
K
K
17
Andrex CMA
Agfa D
Lead screen
SFD = cm
sec
Developer G-
l
Mi

9-1
) (mm
9-1 170 160 200

. 3
5 .
www.iran-mavad.com
415

9-1 :
- ( 1 Agfa D7
- ( 2 70
- ( 3 0/1
- ( 4 24
- ( 5 2 .

9-1
.
9-1

Density = 2
=> T x 1
D=2

) S.F.D ( 70 cm
70 = T x 1
D =1.5 => T x 0.7

D =2.5 => T x 1.3
35 = T x 0.25
D=3
50 = T
=> T x 1.8
05
- F.F ) ( Film Factor

- D
- T
- S.F.D ) ( Source to Film Distance
www.iran-mavad.com

F.F
35
Tx
T x .
T x .
Tx
=
=
=
=
D
D
D
AX
416
/ 9
: 9-1 12 170
3 2 .
1/5 1-9
0/7 .
) 3 min x 0.7 = 2.1 min ( 2 min + 6 sec.
) D7 ( 35 MX 115
9-1 3/2 .
T2 = T1 x 3.2
T2 = 3 x 3.2 = 9.6 min.
:
.
.
. .

100
) 4-1 . ( 4

.
.
417
www.iran-mavad.com
) ( .
.

.
.

- 1 .
- 2
) . ( E = Ci x T

.
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
418
/ 9
*FF x 60
9-2
2
x
Ci- hr x SFD
=T
Ci x 402 x 20
- T ) (
- Ci-hr ) ( 9-2
- SFD ) ( Source to FiIm Distance
- FF ) ( Film Factor
- Ci ) (
* - 60 .
2-9 :
- ( 1 192 .
- ( 2 40 .
- ( 3 0/1 .
- ( 4 20 5 .
- ( 5 ( Film Factor ) 20
.
- ( 6 2 .
www.iran-mavad.com
419
:
30 1/25 192 10

:
Agfa D7 :
2
: 9 2
/ 1/25 9-2 5/33
.
Agfa D7 9-3 35 .
Ci = 10 curie
Ci hr = 5.33
SFD = 30 inch
FF x 60
T = ( Ci - hr ) x ( SFD )2
20
60
FF = 35
40
40
( 30 )2 x 35
Ci
T = 5.32
10 x 40 x 40 x 20
T = 31.41 min
:
- 1 9-2 9-3 .
- 2 9-1 9-1
.
- 3 A ,E ,F ) ( 9-3
.
www.iran-mavad.com
420
/ 9
9-2
/
0.2 .31 .37 .43 0.5 .56 .62

5 2
4
7
3 2
2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7
5 8
5
3
6 5
.74
0.8 .87 .93 0.1 1. 1.1

8 1
4
7
06 2
3.1 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.1 4. 5
5 5
5 35
.18
5
2
0.7
9-3
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1. 1.6

7
3
55 2
9
5 1
5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.6 7.3 8. 9
5
3 4
5
3
1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2. 2.6
4
7
2
5
7 5 2
10. 12 14 17 20 23 27 32
5
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Industerex MX
Kodak F
Industerex AX
Kodak F
Industerex CX
Kodak F
AA -
Kodak A
Microtex MX
Kodak E
Industerex A
Kodak E
Agfa D
Agfa D
Agfa D
Cronex NDT
Dupont
www.iran-mavad.com
421
10

:

.

:
- 1 .
- 2
.
- 3 .
- 4 ) 0/25 (
.
- 5 .
:

.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
422
/ 10
- 1

.
-

.
- 2
:
) ( -
- 3

.
) (
.
www.iran-mavad.com
423
- 4

) ( Diagonstic film length .
.
- 5

.
.
.
.
6
:
-
.
.
-

. .
-
.
100
400 .
www.iran-mavad.com
424
/ 10
) (
.
- 7

. )
( .
S = t x 100
T
( - S
( - t
( - T
- 8

.

.
.
9

.
Ug = B x F
A-B
( - Ug
( - B
( - A
( - F
www.iran-mavad.com
425
10

.

.
.

.
10-1 :
) ( B11 ) ( Section 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 16in )
( 12.5 mm ) ( IQI, 10-16 ) ( 0 to 55cm ) ( 12/8/82
.
THK . MM
DINFE
DIA.
WELD NO.
PROJ. B
SEC.
IQI
10-1
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426
/ 10
- 11
:
- ) (
- .
-
- .
12

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
13
:
- ) (
-
-
-
-
www.iran-mavad.com
427
- 14
- ) (

.
) (
0/3 .
-

.
) (
Thiosulfate
.

.
- 15

:
-
.
- :
.
- :
.
- .
www.iran-mavad.com
428
/ 10
:

.

.

.
.

.

BSI 2910/86
.
www.iran-mavad.com
429
B.S.I - 2910 / 86
- Technique
- Type of equipment, exposure Container & KV rating
- Type of film
- Intensifying screen
- Cassette ( film ) shilling and beam collimating
- Source dimensions or focal size ( in. mm )
- Geometric relationship defined by sketch
- Length of weld covered on each radiograph and number of

radiographs to be taken
- Tube voltage , type and strength of source strength

- Material thickness range
- Surface condition and profile
- Type, size and position of IQI
- IQI sensitivity required
- Film destiny
- Processing
- Limitations of The procedure
www.iran-mavad.com
431
Absorption

Absorbed Dose

Absorbed Dose Rate

Activity
Adequate Shielding
.
7/5 ) 0/75 (
Anode

Back Scatter
) (
Beam Angle

10
) Becquerel ( Bq
) ( 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10 Bq
Betatron
10 35
Cassette
) (
Cathode
) (
Characteristic Curve

Clearing Time

Compton Scatter

Constant Potential Circuit

Continuous Spectrum

Contrast

Contrast Sensitivity

Curie

3.7 X 1010 .
Dose Equivalent

Dose Equivalent Rate

Decay Curve

Defect Detection Sensitivity

Densitometer

Absorption Coefficient
www.iran-mavad.com
432
Development

) (
Dose Rate Meter

Duplex-Wire Image Quality Indicator

Effective Dose Equivalent

Effective Focal Size

Electromagnetic Radition

Energy Imparted

Exposure

Exposure Chart

Exposure Rate

Film Base
.
Film Contrast
) (
Film Processing

Film Speed

Film Unsharpness
) (
Film Viewing Screen
) (
Filter

Fixing

Film Sensitivity

Flourorescent Screen
) (
Flourography

Flourometallic Screen
) (
Fluoroscopy
:

) ( .

.
Dosimeter
www.iran-mavad.com
433

) ( F.F.D

) (
.
) (
) (
) (
.
100 .

) (

) (

) (
) (

www.iran-mavad.com
Focus Size
Focus To Film Distance
Fog
Gamma Radiography
Gamma Rays
Gamma Ray Source Container
Geiger-Muller Counter
Gradient
Graininess
Granularity
) Gray ( Gy
Half Life
Half Value Thickness
Hardener
Image Contrast
Image Definition
Image Enhancement
Image Magnification
Image Quality Indicator
Image Quality
Industrial Radiography
Inherent Filteration
Inherent Unsharpness
Intensifying Factor
Intensifying Screens
Ionization Chamber
434
Kerma
.
Latent Image

) Linear Electron Accelerator ( L.I.N.A.C

.
Linearity Energy Transfer
) (
Localizing Cone

) Long Anode Tube ( Rod Anode Tube

Luminance
.
10 .
Masking

Metal Intensifying Screen
) (
Microfocus Radiography
:
.
Moving Beam Radiography
) : ( Collimated
.
Neutron Radiography

Non- Screen Film

Object-To-Film Distance

Over Development
:
.
Pair Production

Panoramic Exposure
) (
Penetrameter
) (
Penumbra
) (
Photoelectric Absorption

Photographic Emulsion
) (
Photographic Transmission Density

www.iran-mavad.com
435
Protective Material

:
.
Proton Radiography

) Quality ( Radition

Rad
100
Radiation Energy

Radioactivity
Radioisotop

Radioisotop Container

Radiograph

Radiographic Contrast
) (
Radiographic Exposure

Radiography
Radiology

Radiometer

Rayleigh Scattering

Reciprocity Law

) Rem ( Rontgen Equivalent Man
:
.
Replenisher
) (
Resolustion

Rod Anod Tube

Roentgen
:
.
Scattering

Screens

Source Data Lable
) (
Projection Radiography
www.iran-mavad.com
436
Source Size

Specific Activity

Step Wedge

Stop Bath

Subject Contrast
) (
Target
) (
Television Fluoroscopy

Tenth Value Thickness
:
10 .
) Thermoluminescent Dosimetry ( TLD
:
.
Thickness Sensitivity
.
Tube Current
) (
Tube Diaphragm

Tube Shield
.
Tube Shutter

Tube Window
:
.
Under Development
) (
Unsharpness

Useful Density Range

Van De Graaff Generator
:

) 0/5 5 ( .
X-Radiation

X-Ray Paper
.
Source To Film Distance
www.iran-mavad.com
437

.
) ( Opening
.
1940 Whiting test
. ) (
.

0/05 ) ( .
. 10
15 .
.
.
.
:
Dye Penetrant Testing
Dye Check
www.iran-mavad.com
438
:
1 ) ( Penetrant Media

.
2 ) ( Dwell Time
.
3 ) ( Removing
.
4 ) ( Developer Media

.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3
.
- 4
.
5 ) (
.

- 1
.
: ) ( Fatigue Cracks
) ( Stress Corrosion Cracking .
www.iran-mavad.com
439
2
.
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
:
.
- 6 .
:
- 1 .

.
2
.
- 3 ) (
. .
- 4 50
.

ASTM-E165 :
-
-
www.iran-mavad.com
Visible Liquid Penetrant

Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant
440
/ 1
Visible
.
.
:
1
2 ) ( Post-Emulsifiable Penetrant
Solvent- Removable Penetrant
3
Post-Emulsifiable-Hydrophlic
.
Water Washable Penetrant
) (

.
:
- 1 )( Cleaning

.
- 2 ) ( Applying Penetrant

) . ( 1-1
- 3 ) ( Dwell Time
5 60 ) (
.
www.iran-mavad.com
441
1-1
4 ) ( Penetrant Removing
) ( Dwell Time
) . ( 1-2
)
( .
.
:
.
5 ) ( Drying
) ( 2

.
1-2
6 ) ( Appling Developer
.

) ( ) . ( 1-3
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 1
442
: ) ( Dry Powder Developer )
Wet
( Developer .

1-3
7

.

-1-4
- 1-4
1-4 .

.
8 ) ( Final Cleaning

. :
www.iran-mavad.com
443
) (
8
:
2
.
7
.
) ( Day-Light
) ( Darkness . )
( .
)Techniques
( Immersion

.
.

.

.
:

.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 1
444
) ( 1- 5
1

.
) ( Dwell Time
.
) ( Robot .
1-5
2 ) ( Draining Stage

.
3 ) ( Remover Stage

4 ) ( Ultraviolet Light Inspection

.
www.iran-mavad.com
445
5 ) ( Drying Stage

. .
.
6 ) ( Developing Stage
) (
.
: 1
.
: 2 ) ( Oil Base
.
7 ) ( Viewing Stage
-1 7
1-5
.
2 7

.

)
( . .
ASTM E 433 . 1-6
.
www.iran-mavad.com
446
/ 1
-1-6
- 1-6
-1-6
.
www.iran-mavad.com
447
/

:
1
2
3
4
5
6 ) (
) ( .

.
.
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 60 .
5 ) 95 ( .
6 ) 30 ( .
www.iran-mavad.com
448
/ 2
7 ) (.
8
.
9 .

20 .

) ( Set .
. 350 500
.
2-1
www.iran-mavad.com
449
.

.

: .
- 1
- 2 ) ( Post-Emulsifiable Penetrant
- 3
Solvent- Removable Penetrant

- ) ( Water Washable Pentrants
- 1-
.
.

.
.
.
-2-
.
.
.
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
450
/ 2
- )( Emulsifiable Penetrants
-1-
) ( Shallow Cracks
.

.

.
-2-

.
2
1
.
) ( Solvent Penetrants
-1-
.
.
.
-2-

.

.
.
2 - Anodized surface
1 - Chromate surface
www.iran-mavad.com
451
) ( Penetrant Removing
) (
8 .
:
1 20 PSI 45
) . ( 2-2
2 ) ( .
- 3 ) ( Remover 45
) -2-2 ( . 1 2
.
.
) -2-2 ( .
.

< 450
-2-2
2-2
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/ 2
452
) ( Post Emulsifiable Penetrant

) ( Dwell Time .
:
.
45 ) ( Remover
) . ( 2-3 .
- 1
-2
- 3
- 4
2-3
:
- 1
. .
2
.
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453
- )( Solvent Removable Penetrant

) ( .
) ( 2-4
.

.

.

2-4
) ( Fluorescent Penetrants

.
.

.

.
:
.
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/ 2
454
) ( Developers
:
1 ) ( .
2 .
3 ) ( .
4 .
5 ) ( .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .

) ( Dry Developer

.
.
:
.
.
. .
.
www.iran-mavad.com
455
/ ) ( Aqueous Wet developer

.
.
.
.
.
.

.

.
) ( Non- Aqueous Wet Developer

. .

.

.
2-5 .
www.iran-mavad.com
456
2-5
www.iran-mavad.com
457
/

:
(
(
(

.
.
:
- ) ( Mechanical Methods
-
High Pressure Water

High Pressure Steam
2 ) ( Ultrasonic Cleaning Method

.
.
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458
/ 3
- 3 ) ( Chemical Method

.
4 ) ( Solvent Method

.
:

:
1 ) (
2
3
4
5
6
Wet Blasting Shot

Dry Blasting Grit
Grinding
Wire Brushing
Emery Paper
Scraping
) ( Inspection Before Developing
.
.

. .

. :
www.iran-mavad.com
459
- 1

.

.

) ( .
: 3000 4200
.
.

3500
.
:
1
2
3
4
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460
/ 3
- 2

. 500Lux.

30
.

:
1 .

.
) ( Stress Corrosion Cracking
.
.

3-1
-3-1
3-1
.
www.iran-mavad.com
461
2 .

.

.

3-2
3 .

.

3-3
4 .
) ( Pin Holes
) ( Cavities
) . ( 3-4
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462
/ 3

3-4

.
.
1
.
2 .
.
3
.
3-1 .
:

.
) (
.
www.iran-mavad.com
463
.
.

.

) ( Indicator Test Block
:
Oil Quenched Tool Steel 813
.
2024 Aluminum 510
.
.
3-5
.
3-5
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464
Material
Form
Type of
Discontinuity
Fluorescent
Water
Washable
Penetrant
/ 3
Fluorescent
Emulsifiable
Penetrant
min
Fluorescent
Emulsifiable
Penetrant
min

Time
Dwell
Casting
Porosity
Cold Shut
Steel
Laps
Extrusion
Forging
Welds
L.o.F
min
Porosity
Crack
Fatigue Crack
Under cut
NR
NR
Carbide
Speed
Tools
Casting
Mangnesium
Extrusion
Forging
Welds
L.o.F
Porosity
Crack
min
Porosity
Cold Shut
min
NR
- min
-
NR
Laps
L.o.F
Porosity
Crack
Fatigue Crack
NR
Casting
Aluminum
Extrusion
Forging
Welds
Porosity
Cold Shut
Laps
L.o.F
Porosity
Crack
Fatigue Crack
NR
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:
- 1
( Open )
.
( ) L.o.F - 2
( NR - 3
Not Recommended )
.
465
Aerosol Spraying

Air-Accelerator Spray
) (
Air-Agitated Wash
.
Air Water Spray Gun

Background

Background Coloration

Background Fluorescent

Black Light
) (
Black Light Filter

Bleed-out

Blotting

Brush Application

Carrier Fluid
.
Carry Over of Penetrant

Color Contrast Penetrant
) (
Combined Color Contrast and Fluorescent Penetrant
:
.
:
) ( BS 3683

.

www.iran-mavad.com
Comparator Test Block
Compressed Air Drying

Contrast Film
Cooling Station
Corrosion Inhibitor
Degreasing Fluids
Degreasing Plant
Developer
466
) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

www.iran-mavad.com
Detergent Remover
Developer Station
Developer Time
Dry Developer
Drying Station
Dye Penetrant
Developer Soluble
Developer Wet
Dip Rinse
Discontinuity
Drag-out
Drain Time
Drying Oven
Dwell Time
Electrostatic Spraying
Emulsifiable Penetrant
Emulsification Time
Emulsifier
Emulsifier Lipophilic
Evaluation
False Indication
Family
Flash Point
Fluorescent Penetrant
Foot-Candle
Hydrophilic Emulsifier
Hydrophilic Remover
467

) (

:
.

) (

) (
) (
www.iran-mavad.com
Immersion Rinse
Immersion Time
Interpretation
Non-aqueous Liquid Developer
Oil and Chalk Process
Over Emulsification
Over Washing
Penetrant
Penetrant Comparator
Penetrant Dual Purpose
Penetrant Flaw Detection
Penetrant Fluorescent
Penetrant Post Emulsifiable
Penetrant Solvent Removable

Penetrant Station
Penetrant Visible
Penetrant Water Washable
Penetrant Time
Pooling
Post Cleaning
Post Emulsification
Precleaning
Relevant Indications
Replenisher
Rinse
Solvent Remover
468
Spray Nozzle
Temperature Envelope
Thixotropic Penetrant
Ultrasonic Cleaning
Ultraviolet Radiation
Ultraviolet Meter
Vapour Degreasing
Vehicle
Visible Light
Wash
Water Tolerance
Water Washable Penetrant Process
www.iran-mavad.com
Wetting Agents
Terms & Definitions

Magnetic Particles Testing
515 520
www.iran-mavad.com
515
Aerosol Spraying

Alternative Current

Alternative Current Magnetization

Ampere Meter

Ampere Turns
) (
Aperture Type Coil
:
.
Arc Strikes
) (
Background

Background Paint
) (
Berthold Penetrameter

Black Light

Black Light Filter

Burning
) (
Carrier Fluid
.
Central Conductor

Centrifugal Tube Settlement Flask

Circular Magnetization

Circumferential Magnetization

Clip-On Ammeter

Coagulation

Coercive Force

Coil Technique
) (
Color Magnetic Ink

Compass Test
) (
Conditional Agent

Air-Accelerator Powder Spray
www.iran-mavad.com
516
Concentrates

Contact Pads
) : ( Shim
.
Contrast
) (
Continuous Technique
:
.
Core

Curie Point

Current Flow Technique
) (
Demagnetization

Demagnetization Coil

Detecting Medium

Diffuse Indications

Direct Current

Dry Powder

Dry Powder Technique

Dry-out Time
) (
Effective Magnetic Permeability

Electrode
) ( Prode
Electromagnet

Examination Method

Extenders

False Indication

Ferromagnetic
.
Ferromagnetic Particles

Fill Factor

Contact Head
www.iran-mavad.com
517
Flexible Cable Technique

Fluorescent Magnetic Ink

Fluorescent Magnetic Particles Inspection

Fluorescent Powder

Flux Density
) (
Flux Indicator
) (
Flux-Leakage Field

Flux Lines

Flux Meter

Flux Concentration

Full Wave Rectified Current

Functional Test
:

Furring

Gauss

Gauss Meter

Half Wave Rectified Current

Hall Effect
:

.
Hysteresis

Immersion Procedure

Indications

Indirect Magnetization
) (
Induced Current Flow Techniques

Induced Field

) Induction ( Magnetic

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518
Inherent Fluorescence

:
.
Laminated Pole Pieces
:

Lifting Power

Light Intensity

Lines Of Force
) (
Local Magnetization

Longitudinal Magnetization

Magnetic Circuit

Magnetic Leakage Field

Magnetic Field Distribution

Magnetic Field Indicator

Magnetic Field Leakage

Magnetic Field Strength

Magnetic Field Strength Meter

Magnetic Flaw Detection Ink

Magnetic Flow Technique
:
.
Magnetic Flow Coil Test Piece
:
.
Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Hysteresis

Magnetic Indication
) (
Magnetic Ink

Keeper
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519

Magnetic Particles

Magnetic Permeability

Magnetic Poles

Magnetic Powder

Magnetic Saturation

Magnetic Writing
:

.
Magnetizing Current
:
.
Magnetizing Force

Magnetometer

Multidirectional Magnetization
:
) (
Non-Relevant Indication
.
Near Surface Discontinuity
) (
Oersted
) (
Parallel Conductors
:

.
.
Particles Content

Peak Current
:

.
Permanent Magnet
) (
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520
Polymer Technique
:
.
Portable Flux Indicator

Powder Blower

Prods
) (
Residual Magnetic Field

Residual Technique

Retentively

Saturation Magnetic

Skin Effect
) (
Solenoid

Subsurface Discontinuity

Surge Magnetization
:
) ( .
Suspension

Test Ring
) (
True Continuous Technique
:

.
Vehicle
.
Visible Light
) 4000 7000 (
Water Break Test
) (
Water Washable

Wet Technique
) (
Wet Slurry Technique

Yoke

Yoke Magnetization

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469

:
350
. )
( Magnesia ) ( Magnetite
.
1928 )
( de Forest
1930 F.B..Doane .

) - 1-1( .
.

.
.

.
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470
/ 1
-1-1
-1-1
) (

) . ( 1-2
-1-2
FLUX LINES
-1-2
FLUX LINES
-1-2 -1-2
.
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471

:
- 1

.
- 2

.
- 3
) (
.

:
) ( Paramagnetics

. .
) ( Diamagnetics

.
.
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472
/ 1
) ( Ferromagnetics
.
.

.
:
) ( Soft Magnets

.
) ( Hard Magnets

.
:

.
- 1
.
- 2
.

.
: ) ( Permeability
.
.
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473

.
.

) ( Flux Density .
.

) ( Flux Density
b
c
+B
) H ( Field Strength
+H
1-3
1-3
:
a .
b .
c .
.
>=
) ( Magnetisation
1-1
Field Strength
) ( Magnetising Force
= B / H => Flux Density
- B ) Gauss . ( Tesla
- H ) . ( Oersted
100 .
5000 10000 .
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474
/ 1

) ( Permanent Magnet
) ( Horseshoe
. .
) ( Hard Magnet
.
Ticonel , Alnico Alcomax
.

.
:
-1 .

.
-2
.

)
( ) . ( 4-1

.
www.iran-mavad.com
475

1-4
1-4
) ( .
.
.
1-5
1-5
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 1
476
) ( Magnetic Particles

.
) . ( 1-6

.

.
1-6
1-6
.
.
:
.
www.iran-mavad.com
477

) (
.
.
) ( Dry Powder
)
( Soft Iron
.
.

.

.
:
- 1
.
- 2 .

.
- 4 .
. .
- 5 . .
50 .
www.iran-mavad.com
478
/ 1

-1 ) ( Open
.
- 2
ASTM E 709 315
.
- 3 .
- 4 )
250 600 ( .

- 1
.
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
:
.
.

.
) ( Wet Particles

) ( ) ( .
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479
:
-
) ( Oil suspendible liquid
) ( Kerosene Petroleum Hydrocarbon

) (
.
.
) ( :
- 1 ) ( Low Viscosity .
- 2
.
- 3 . 60
93 .
- 4 .
.
- 5 .

- 1 .
8 15 .
- 2 .
- 3 ) ( .
www.iran-mavad.com
480
/ 1

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
: ) 40 (
.
) ( Water with Conditioner Agent

.
.

.
.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
.
- 5 ) ( Viscosity .
- 6 ) pH 10/5 ( .
www.iran-mavad.com
481
.
) ( .

.

.
10 )
( Shadow .
:
- 1
.
:
.
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4
.
- 5
.
.
:
.
www.iran-mavad.com
482
/ 1

.
.
:
1
- 1 1-7 100
.
2
) ( .
- 3 30 .
:
- ) ( 1/5 2/5 .
- 0/1 0/4 .

1-7
1 - Pear Shaped Centrifuge
www.iran-mavad.com
483

.
.

.
) ( Bar Magnetism

2-1
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484
/ 2
2-1
.
.
.
) (
.

.
10 200
280 .
.
:

. .
60 .
- 2
) ( Threader Bar Technique

.
.
.
.

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
485
) ( Central Conductor
2-2

.

10 200
) . ( 2-2
Crack
2-2
) ( Internal Clamps

d1 d2 ) . ( 2-3
DC - 280 Amps .
d1 = 10 mm , d2 < 50 mm => AC - 200 Amps.
DC - 1100 Amps.
d1 = 40 mm , d2 < 50 mm
=> AC - 1000 Amps

d2

d1
2-3
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486
/ 2
) ( Non Central Conductor

) (
) . ( 2-4
2-4
2-4
.

.
60
) : . ( 2-5
60
2-5
) ( FW-REC. AC 200 .
) ( HW - REC. AC 140 .
) ( AC 200 .
www.iran-mavad.com
- 3
487
) ( Coil Method
:

. 2-6
.
2-6

.
) ( Transverse
.
2-7
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488
/ 2

) (
.
.
)
( .
2-8 .
2000
.
) ( Fixed Ciol ) ( Felexible Coil
.
45 .
2-8
www.iran-mavad.com
489

) ( Fill Factor
1-2
.
AN = X.D
2-1
L
- AN ) (
- X
22000 32000 . 11000
D ) ( :

.
L ) ( :
: ) ( L/D 15
L/D 15 )
( .
Effective Length
: 38 2/5 ) ( Fixed Coil

. 6 5

AN = X . D
L
N=5
) X = 22000 D = 6 in ( Fixed Coil
L = 38 in
?=A
>=
AN = 3474
AN = 22000 X 6
N = 695 Amps
38
:
. ASME
SEC.V 2-2 2-3 :
www.iran-mavad.com
490
/ 2
- : L/D > 4
AN = 35000
2-2
L/D + 2
: L/D < 4
2-3
4500
= AN
L/D
2-9 2-10
.
.
2-9

2-10
2-10
.
www.iran-mavad.com
491
) ( Magnetic Ring

.

) . ( 2-11

2-11
) ( Induce Fluxing

) . ( 2-12

2-12
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492
/ 2
) (
.

. .
- 6
) ( Prod Method

.
.

2-13
2-13
.
.
:

) . ( 2-14
www.iran-mavad.com
493
) (
.
2-14 .
.
2-14
) (
.
.

. ) ( 2-15
.
2-15
www.iran-mavad.com
494
/ 2

) ( Mobile ) . ( 2-16
)
( Subsurface 8 .
2-16
.

) . ( 2-17

2-17
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495
:
- 1
. .

- 2 )
( Sparking . .
- 3
.
- 4 .
- 5 .
) ( Shim
.
- 6
) . ( 2-15
- 7 .
25
100 . 80 .
- 8
.
20 .
10
.
-11 .
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/ 2
- 7
496
) ( Yoke Technique

.

) ( Yoke
.

.

.
2-18
2-18

.
www.iran-mavad.com
497

.
) N ( ) S
( .
2-19
2-19
.

2-20
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498
/ 2
2-20
.

.

.
6
.

) ( .
ASTM E 709 4/5
18 .
www.iran-mavad.com
499

) (

:
- :
. ) ( . . . - :
. . ) ) ( -
. - .
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500
/ 3
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
.
:
-1

.
- 2

.
- 3
.
- 4

.
3 5 .
- 5
) ( .
.
www.iran-mavad.com
501
- 6

. .
- 7
.
:
.
.
- 8

.

.

.
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
502
/ 3

) ( AC ) ( DC
.
) ( Skin Effect
.
.

.

.
)
( Skin Effect 80
.
.
.
.
.
2 3 .
3-1
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503

:
1 ) ( Half Wave Current
.

) . ( 3-2
Hz
Sec.
3-2

.
6 ) ( .
- 2 ) ( Single Phase Full Wave Direct Current

.
.
- 3

8
.
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/ 3
504
) ( Demagnetisation

.

.

) ( Blance .

:
- 1
.
- 2 .
.
- 3 .
.
- 4 .
- 5 .
: ) (
.
) ( Hyteresrsis Loop
3-3 .

.
www.iran-mavad.com
505
3-3

:
- 1 .
) ( 3-4
.
3-4
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506
/ 3

.
- 2 .
) ( b )
- 3-5 ( . o b .
- 3
c .
oc )
- 3-5 ( .
- 3-5
- 3-5
4
) d - 3-6 ( .
- 5 .
oe e ) . - 3-6 (
.
www.iran-mavad.com
507
- 6 ) ( 1 .
f ) -6
3 (.
- 7
) - 3-6 ( .
-3-6
-3-6
- 3-6
- 3-6
www.iran-mavad.com
508
/ 3
:

.
3-7
. :
- 1 ) ( Steel 48 A/m )
( Iron 14 A/m .
- 2 0/7 1/4
.
- 3 16 A/m 3 A/m
.
3-7
3-7

.
www.iran-mavad.com
509

:
- 1 ) ( Coil
.

. .
) ( Amp. Turn 5000 10000 .
- 2 ) ( AC Yoke
.
) (
.
- 3 ) ( AC field
.
.
.
- 4 ) ( Reverse DC, Direction

.
.
- 5 ) ( Heat Treatment
) ( Curie point
) 700 ( .
- 6 ) ( Pinning
.
www.iran-mavad.com
510
/ 3

.
:

.

.
.
:
- 1
ASME
ASME Penetrameter :
- 3/2 ) . ( 8-3
- 0/025 .
- 0/75
) ( .

3-8
www.iran-mavad.com
511
2 ) ( Berthold Penetrameter
3-9
ASME .
3-9
- 3 ) ( Groove Type
3-10 .
) ( T
.

) ( Lathe Machine .
Depth . to mm
25 mm
4 10
mm
3-10
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/ 3
- 4
512
) ( Burmah Castrol Strips
BS 6072
.

.
) . ( 3-11
Ferrous Wire
Flux Field
3-11

.
:
:
1 - Field Strength Meter
2 - Residual Field Strength Meter
3 - Flux Density Meter
4 -Ultraviolet Intensity Meter
www.iran-mavad.com
513

.
3-12 3-13 ASTM
.
3-12
3-12
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
514
/ 3
3-13
.
3-13
www.iran-mavad.com
Terms & Definitions

Magnetic Particles Testing
515 520
www.iran-mavad.com
515
Aerosol Spraying

Alternative Current

Alternative Current Magnetization

Ampere Meter

Ampere Turns
) (
Aperture Type Coil
:
.
Arc Strikes
) (
Background

Background Paint
) (
Berthold Penetrameter

Black Light

Black Light Filter

Burning
) (
Carrier Fluid
.
Central Conductor

Centrifugal Tube Settlement Flask

Circular Magnetization

Circumferential Magnetization

Clip-On Ammeter

Coagulation

Coercive Force

Coil Technique
) (
Color Magnetic Ink

Compass Test
) (
Conditional Agent

Air-Accelerator Powder Spray
www.iran-mavad.com
516
Concentrates

Contact Pads
) : ( Shim
.
Contrast
) (
Continuous Technique
:
.
Core

Curie Point

Current Flow Technique
) (
Demagnetization

Demagnetization Coil

Detecting Medium

Diffuse Indications

Direct Current

Dry Powder

Dry Powder Technique

Dry-out Time
) (
Effective Magnetic Permeability

Electrode
) ( Prode
Electromagnet

Examination Method

Extenders

False Indication

Ferromagnetic
.
Ferromagnetic Particles

Fill Factor

Contact Head
www.iran-mavad.com
517
Flexible Cable Technique

Fluorescent Magnetic Ink

Fluorescent Magnetic Particles Inspection

Fluorescent Powder

Flux Density
) (
Flux Indicator
) (
Flux-Leakage Field

Flux Lines

Flux Meter

Flux Concentration

Full Wave Rectified Current

Functional Test
:

Furring

Gauss

Gauss Meter

Half Wave Rectified Current

Hall Effect
:

.
Hysteresis

Immersion Procedure

Indications

Indirect Magnetization
) (
Induced Current Flow Techniques

Induced Field

) Induction ( Magnetic

www.iran-mavad.com
518
Inherent Fluorescence

:
.
Laminated Pole Pieces
:

Lifting Power

Light Intensity

Lines Of Force
) (
Local Magnetization

Longitudinal Magnetization

Magnetic Circuit


Magnetic Field Distribution

Magnetic Field Indicator

Magnetic Field Leakage

Magnetic Field Strength

Magnetic Field Strength Meter

Magnetic Flaw Detection Ink

Magnetic Flow Technique
:
.
Magnetic Flow Coil Test Piece
:
.
Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Hysteresis

Magnetic Indication
) (
Magnetic Ink

Keeper
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519

Magnetic Particles

Magnetic Permeability

Magnetic Poles

Magnetic Powder

Magnetic Saturation

Magnetic Writing
:

.
Magnetizing Current
:
.
Magnetizing Force

Magnetometer

Multidirectional Magnetization
:
) (
Non-Relevant Indication
.
Near Surface Discontinuity
) (
Oersted
) (
Parallel Conductors
:

.
.
Particles Content

Peak Current
:

.
Permanent Magnet
) (
www.iran-mavad.com
520
Polymer Technique
:
.
Portable Flux Indicator

Powder Blower

Prods
) (
Residual Magnetic Field

Residual Technique

Retentively

Saturation Magnetic

Skin Effect
) (
Solenoid

Subsurface Discontinuity

Surge Magnetization
:
) ( .
Suspension

Test Ring
) (
True Continuous Technique
:

.
Vehicle
.
Visible Light
) 4000 7000 (
Water Break Test
) (
Water Washable

Wet Technique
) (
Wet Slurry Technique

Yoke

Yoke Magnetization

www.iran-mavad.com
521
) (
.

.
) ( Eddy Currents

.
.

1-1
www.iran-mavad.com
522
/ 1
1-1
) ( HP
. ) ( HS
.

.
.

.

) ( Impedance .
1-1 :
Z= { R2 + ( XL2 - XC 2 ) } 1/2
1-1
- Z
- R
- XL ) ( Inductance Reactance
- XC
) (

.

.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
523

) ( Sorting .
1942
.

.

.
) (
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
:

.
- 3 ) . ( Sorting
- 4 ) ( .
- 5 .
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 1
524
- 6 .
- 7 ) ( Tubes
.
- 8 .

- 1 .
- 2 ) ( .
- 3 .
- 4 .
5 .
- 6 .
.
- 7
) 7 ( .
:

:
:

.
www.iran-mavad.com
525
1 ) ( Inductance
) (
.
.
.
) . ( 1-2
1-2
- 2 ) ( Impedance
.
4 3 5
) . ( 1-3
V=Z.I
1-2
2
( Z.I ) = ( I .R ) + ( I.LX )2
Z = ( 32 + 42 )1/2 = 5 ohm
>=
Z = ( R + LX )2
Z
R ) (
LX
XL
VR
1-3
www.iran-mavad.com
VLX
526
/ 1
3
4 . 5
16 .
.
1-3
Arc tag = XL / R
Arc tag 4/3 = 53o
Arc tag 3/4 = 36.9o
53 36.9 = 16.1o
3

.
) 1-4
1 - 4 . ( 1 - 5
1-4
XL = 2 fL
XC = 1
2 fc
1-5
- XL
- XC
- f
L
c
1-4
www.iran-mavad.com
527
:

) ( :

1
. .
.
2 ) (
.
- 3
. .
4 ) ( Lift-off
.
5 ) (
.
6
.
- 7 .
:
1 ) Skin
( Effect .
- 2 .
.
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528
/ 1
3
) . ( Edge Effect
4 .

.
.
.
:
1 ) ( Electrical Conductivity -

.

IACS .

%100 .
) IACS ( International Annealed Copper Standard
100% IACS = 58 m/ .mm2 => ( 1m/ .mm2 = 106 siemens/m

.
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
529

.
.
1-1 IACS .
1-1
Material
Resistivity
.cm
.
Conductivity
% IACS
Silver
Copper
Gold
Aluminum
Al-
Al-
Al
Brass -
Brass -
Brass - Cu-Zn
Admiralty Brass
Magnesium
Tungsten
Nickel
Platinum
Tantalum
Aluminum Bronze
Phosphor Bronze
Chromium Steel
Copper-Nickle /
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Lead
www.iran-mavad.com
Copper-Nickle /
/ 1
530
) ( Magnetic Permeability

:
-
.
)
( .

.
-
.
) ( Baffles

.
- 3
) ( Frequency

. 1-6
.
=
500
( f. . )1/2
1-6
-
- f
-
-
www.iran-mavad.com
531
) ( Subsurface
) ( Standard Depth of Penetration .
)
( ) ( I / e .
I ) . ( 1-5
e 2/718 3 .
:
.
1-6
.
1-5
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532
/ 1
1-5
.
1-6
.
1-1 .
1-1
.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
- 4
533
) ( Edge Effect

) . ( 1-6
.

.

.
.

.

.
-
1-6
1-6

.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 1 ) ( Fill Factor
- 5
534
) ( Lift-off Effect

Lift-off .
)
. ( 1-7

.
1-7
1-7
.

.
- 6 ) ( Fill Factor
) ( Lift-off
.
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535
/ 1
1-8
.
.

.
.
2
1-7
) F.F = ( DT1 / DC1
1-8
) F.F = ( DC2 / DT2
F.F => Fill Factor

- DT1
- DC1
- DT2
- DC2
Tube
DC
DT
DT
DC
Coil
Internal Coil
1-8
External Coil
www.iran-mavad.com
537

.

R
.
:
Simple Circuits
- 1
Resonance Circuits
- 2
- 3 ) ( Bridge Circuits
- 4
Phase-sensitive Circuits
:
) Absolute Coil - 1 (
. .
) Differential Coil - 2 (
.
. .
Absolute Coil
Differential Coil
2-1
www.iran-mavad.com
538
/ 2
:
- 1
-2-2
.

. .

.

2-2
) ( Double Absolute Coil )

- 2-2 ( .
.
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
539
2 ) ( Resonance Circuits

) ( Z
) ( R .
2
2 1/2
} ) Z = { R + ( XL - XC
2-1
XL = XC
=> Z = R
XC = 1 / 2fC
XL = 2fL
- Z
- R
- XL ) ( Inductance Reactance
XC

) . ( 2-3
2-3
www.iran-mavad.com
540
/ 2
- 3 ) ( Bridge Circuits
Bridge
) ( .
.
4-2
. A,C
.
VAB = VCB , VAD = VCD
>= VA = VC
R P
Q X .
2-4
:
) ( Absolute Coil circuit
AD BC R AB
CD ) . ( 2-4
) ( Differential Coil Circuit

) ( Load .
www.iran-mavad.com
541
2-5
) ( Sorting
) . ( 2-6
R

.
2-6
- 4 ) ( Phase-sensitive Circuits

.
.
.
.
www.iran-mavad.com
542
/ 2

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
Single Absolute Coils

Double Absolute Coils
Single Differential Coils
Double Differential Coils
2-7 .

.

.
.

2-7

.
. .
. 2-8
.
www.iran-mavad.com
543

2-8
Differential
Absolue
Bobbin Coil
Encircling Coil
2-9
www.iran-mavad.com
Probe Coil
544
/ 2
2-9 .

.
:
:
- 1 .
2 .
3
.
4 ) (
.
5 .
:

. :
- 1 ) ( Surface Probes
) ( Encircling Probes
2
3 ) ( Internal Bobbin Probes

.

.
www.iran-mavad.com
545
2-10 ) ( Pencil
.
) . ( 2-11
2-11
2-10
Bolt-Hole Probe
.
) ( 2-12
.

. ) ( Pancake Probe
) . ( 2-13
2-13
2-12
www.iran-mavad.com
546
/ 2
) ( Ring Probe
) (
) . ( 2-14
2-14
- ) ( Encircling Probe

. . .

0/7 . .
2-15 .
2-15
www.iran-mavad.com
547
) ( Internal Bobbin Probe

.
.

0/6 .
.
2-16
a b .

2-16
www.iran-mavad.com
548
/ 2

) ( Basic Circuit
Load Lift-off Blance

.

.
.
:
-

.
.

) ( Lift-off .
.
2-17 .
) (
OA ) ( .
) ( ) OB - 2-17 (
. AB
.
www.iran-mavad.com
549
Lift-off AB
) ( . C. R L
.

.
B
XL
B
O
R
XC

2-17
) ( Cathode Ray Tube

.
1 ) ( A-SCAN

.
100
.

) - 2-18 ( .
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550
/ 2
2 ) ( Ellipsoid Display
X Y

.
90
.

) - 2-18 ( .
.
Y
- 2-18
- 2-18
3 ) ( Vector Point Display

.

90 .
) ( Vector
) ( Single Absolute ) ( Balance
) ( R ) ( c
.
www.iran-mavad.com
551

. ) ( Balancing
.

) (
.

.

.
2-19 2004
.
.

A-SCAN
2-19
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552
/ 2
2-20
2-20
.
.
2-21
.

) ( Sorting
2-21
www.iran-mavad.com
553
) ( Calibration Blocks

.
.

1

0/5 1 .
)
. ( 2-22
2-22
2 ) ( Step Wedges
1/5 1 2
Sorting .
mm
1.0
1.5
2.0
2-23
www.iran-mavad.com
554
/ 2 ASME
- 3 ) ( Standard Tube

. 2-24 2-25 ASME
Correch .
.
Support
8 holes
6 holes
4 holes
2 holes
3 holes
2 holes
2-24 Correch
OD
ID
60%OD 80%OD
20%OD 40%OD
Hole
Support
2-25 ASME
www.iran-mavad.com
555

:
1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 1
) (

) . ( Surface Breaking ) ( Sub-surface

:
-
.
-
.
www.iran-mavad.com
/ 3 ) (
556

.
.

.
3-1
) U (
.
3-1
:
- 1 .
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
www.iran-mavad.com
557
- 2

.
.

3
.

.

.

.
.
.
:
- 1 ) ( Differential
.
2
.
3 ) ( Edge Effect
.
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558
/ 3
4
.
.
5 ) (
Extrusion
.
- 3
) ( Weld Testing

. ) Toe
( Crack .
.

)
. ( 3-2

.
3-2
www.iran-mavad.com
559
) ( Sorting

.

.
: .
:
1 70/30 Copper Nickel - 5% IACS
90/10 Copper Nickel - 11.9% IACS

.
) ( go-not-go
. :
) ( Absolute Coil

.
.
.
.
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/ 3
) ( Differential Coil
.
)
( Balance .
.
.
:
- 1 ) (
.
- 2
.
- 3
.
- 4
. .
5
.
6
.
- 5
) ( Coating Thickness Measurement

.
) ( Coating .
www.iran-mavad.com
561

.
) (
.
.
) ( Shim
.

.
:
1

. .
2

.
.
3

13 .

.
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562
4

.
5

.
) (
.
6
.
7

.
8

.
- 9
.
- 6

.
www.iran-mavad.com

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PDAJ

Liquid Penetrant Testing

Eddy Current Testing

Times Roman Numbers

Visibility, orbital unit

Lens or Rod Lense System

Wire that Carries

CCD Camera with

- 2 ) : ( Transverse or Shear Waves

-2-3 ): ( Lamb Waves

> > > > > > >

5.74 / 2.5 = 2.3 mm

)1 - Electromagnetic Acoustic ( EMA

- 1 ) : ( First Critical Angle

Sin 1 / Sin 2 = C p1 / CSt2

FTn - Focal Depth

1.22 x 2.38 / 10 = 0.29

) Impedance ( gr./cm2 .Sec

- 4-1 %100 12/2

Z FE ( Z1 ) = 46 . 105 gr / cm2 .sec.

P = 4 (58.4 ) / 2234.5 = 0.010

P = 4 ( 2.46 x 46 ) / ( 2.46 + 46 ) 2 = 0.192

R = ( 2.46 - 46 )2 / ( 2.46 + 46 )2 = 0.808

R = 100 19.2 = 80.8 %

105 cm/ sec

n dB = log ( / ) = ( log - Log ) =

Pulse length = Velocity x number of waves

N = 102 x 4 x 106 / 4 x 5.9 x 106 = 17 mm

Pulse Echo Method

1- Projection Image Scanning

) 4 - UDRPS ( Ultrasonic Data Recording and Processing System

) ( Transite Time Method

) ( Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges

) : ( A-Scan Thickness Gauges

Through Transmission Method

) ( Initial or Transmission Pulse

25 / Tcu = 5.9 / 4.7

- 6 DGS 500 400

) 32 dB = 20 ( Log 100 - Log A2

Multiple Echo Pattern

V = 2T / Cos 450 = 2 x 30 / 0.707 = 84.8 mm

2 - AWS, Calibration Blocks :

3 - ISO, IIW , IOW , BSI & ESI - Calibration Blocks :

- 4 : A5, Blank Type B

- 5 : ESI , 50 RAD Block

2 - Double Sided V Groove

1 - Lack of Side Wall Fusion

- 9-10 ) ( Welding Institute Block, A5

V/2 = T / Cos 700

V/2 = 20 / 0.34 = 58.8 mm

) ( Distance Amplitude Correction

5 ) ( Maximum Amplitude Technique

) & Spherical discontinuities

) 1 - Butt Weld , Single Sided ( V Groove

) ( Planar Point Defects

Longitudinal Palanar Defects

2 - Stress Corrosion Cracking

- Large Irregular Inclusions

) Shielded Metal Arc Welding ( SMAW

- 12-2 ) ( Set Through

) ( Distance Calibration Block

) ( Distance & Sensitivity Calibration Block

8-11 DSC . ASTM