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There are several other benefits of work measurement that are discussed
as follows:
5. Including the relaxation allowance in the normal time for every element to
determine the work content
6. Indentifying the repetition of an element in the job, mulitiplying the work
content with a number of times the element is repeated and adding the time
taken to determine the actual work content of a job
Various techniques of work measurement
Time study
Synthesis method
Analytical estimation
Predetermined motion time system
Time study: it is used to determine the amount of time required to perform a unit of
work. Main objectives of time study are as follows:
Standard time is the time allowed to an operator for carrying out a specified task
under specified conditions and defined level of performance. standard time may be
defines as the amount of time required to complete a unit of work. Thus, the basic
constituents of standard time are:
elemental time
performance rating
relaxation allowance
interference and contingency allowance
policy allowance
Reduces the cost and time involved in determining the time required by an
element to complete its work
Helps in determining the labor time for preparing cost estimates for new jobs
Action phase: this phase involves dispatching, which involves transition from the
planning phase to the action phase. Here, the order for the production are given to
the workers including the tasks of job orders, store issue order, tools order,
inspection order, etc. job order should be motioned in all the other reports. The
instructions for the stores to issue the materials for the manufacturing process are
motioned in the store issue order. The tool order gives instructions to the tool room
for issuing the tools required. The job order is the authorization to the shop floor to
start the production. The manufacturing of a product involves the moving of raw
materials and sub-assemblies in the form of a move order.
Control phase: the control phase has the following two major modules:
Progress reporting: in this phase, the data related to the progress of the
job is collected, which helps to compare the current performance with the
standard. Some of the important data are related to material rejection,
process variation, failure of equipment, efficiency of operator, absenteeism.
etc. These are collected and used to calculate the variance with, in turn,
helps to take corrective action.
Corrective action: these refer to the making of precisions for any
unexpected event that may take place in the due cause of production. These
may include schedule flexibilities, modifications, capacity modifications,
outsourcing, follow-up, etc. due to the occurrence of unexpected events, such
as machine breakdown, labour absenteeism, and over-rejection, there may be
substantial delays. In such cases, we can reschedule the product mix in order
to get a clear vision of the situation to progress further. Product mix is the
total number of product lines offered by an organization to its customers.
Answer:
Meaning of inventory: as we all know, we preserve eatables in the form of either
row materials or half cooked dishes, which can be cooked later. Come of these items
can be stored for longer time periods, whereas some of these are not that durable
and can only be stored for a relatively shorter period of time. The materials that can
be stored for future use are collectively known as inventory. The term inventory
refers to the physical stock of items kept by an organization for future use.
Gareth and silver (1973) defined inventory as an idle resource of any kind that
processes economic value. It includes physical goods, stock, pile of managerial and
personal information, cash and production equipment. It is a list or schedule of
articles, human or material resources that are needed in the production process
inventory can be classified into raw materials, work-in-progress and finished
products. Inventory management is all about supervising the activities involved in
maintaining inventory at a level so that the production and sales objectives of an
organisation can be met effectively.
Types of inventories:
Different organisations maintain different types of inventories. For example
manufacturing organisations maintain inventories of raw materials, spare parts and
other consumables required for production. On the other hand, organisations
involved in the distribution of products maintain inventory of finished products.
Based on its function, inventory is classified into three parts, which are as follows:
Raw materials: these include assemblies, sub-assemblies and components
required for producing finished products. An organisation generally purchases row
materials from suppliers.
Work-in progress: it refers to materials that have entered the production process
but are yet not finished products. In other words, work-in-progress are materials
that are partly manufactured.
Finished products: it refers to the inventory that is ready to be sold to customers.