IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 03 | September 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf

Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem
Guntaas
M. Tech. Student
Department of Electrical Engineering
D.A.V.I.E.T., Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Mr. Sushil Prashar

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
D.A.V.I.E.T., Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Abstract
A latest meta-heuristic technique IGWO (Improved Grey Wolf Optimization) is being formulated to solve Economic Emission
Load Dispatch Problem in this paper. And the results have been compared with various techniques like GSA, MODE, PDE, SPEA,
NSGA for six-unit system and for ten-unit system. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm obtains competitive and satisfying results
compared to other proposed techniques.
Keywords: EELD (Economic Emission Load Dispatch), GWO (Grey Wolf Optimization), IGWO (Improved Grey Wolf
Optimization)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

The main goal of economic emission dispatch problem is to get optimum output of thermal generators in power system subjected
to several constraints to minimize the operating cost. The thermal power plant operation is dependent upon combustion of fossil
fuel which produces SOx, NOx and COx emissions. The increasing pollution is a matter of environmental concern worldwide
which has led to formation of international standards for emissions from industries and power plants. Different acts have been
made which forces the industries to modify their principles to follow the environment-emission standards strictly. Thus it becomes
significant to do emission dispatch or consider emission constraints in optimum generation scheduling. The economic & emission
scheduling are contradictory in character and both must be considered together to find optimal scheduling. The problem is
formulated as a multi-objective Economic Emission Load Dispatch problem in which both the objectives (emission and economy)
have to be minimized.
Earlier traditional methods like Newtons method, gradient approach and linear programming [2] were used for solving
economic load scheduling problem. In the last years different techniques have been used for solving EELD. Nanda et al [1] applied
goal programming techniques to solve economic emission load dispatch. Song et.al [3] solved environmental/economic dispatch
with genetic algorithm controlled by fuzzy logic. Abido [7] used genetic algorithm for the economic emission load dispatch (EELD)
to find out pareto-optimal solutions. Ah King [8, 9] applied improved non- ruled sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for creating
pareto-optimal front for EELD. Thenmozhi [11] solved EELD using hybrid genetic algorithm. Perez [8] solved
environmental/economic dispatch using differential evolution. Hong [15] applied immune genetic algorithm for EELD. Hazra [16]
proposed bacteria foraging algorithm for emission constrained economic dispatch. Hemamalini [17] solved non convex EELD by
applying particle swarm optimization. Bhattacharya.et.al [18] presented a BBO technique to solve EELD of thermal generators
with different emission substances (SOx, NOx, & COx). Similarly there are many other techniques like teaching learning based
algorithm [21], firefly algorithm (FFA) [20], artificial neural networks [4], NSGA [5] and SPEA [6], hybrid grey wolf optimization
particle swarm optimization[27],Ant Lion optimization[25], GWO[26] and IGWO[27] which have been successfully used to
solve EELD problem.
In this paper, IGWO has been formulated to solve EELD problem and both the fuel and emission costs have been minimized.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD)
Objective for ELD is to reduce the operating (fuel) cost of thermal generators satisfying some limits. The objective function is
given by:
2
= NG
(1)
i=1(a i Pgi + bi Pgi + ci )
th
Where ai, bi, & ci are the fuel-cost coefficients and is power output for the i generating unit among NG total committed
generating units.
The overall fuel cost has to be reduced with the following constraints:

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Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem

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Energy Balance Constraint

The overall generation by the entire generators should be equal to the sum of whole power demand (P d) & systems real power
loss (PL).
NG
(2)
i=1 Pgi Pd PL
The power loss is calculated by using B coefficients and unit power output:
NG
NG
PL = NG
(3)
i=1 j=1 Pi Bij Pj + i=1 B0i Pi + B00
Generator Limit Constraint

Real power generation of each and every generator need to be controlled within its respective lower operating limits
and

upper operating limits .

Pgimin Pgi Pgimax , i=1, 2 NG
(4)
Economic Emission Dispatch
The objective is to reduce the entire pollution discharge from combustion of coal or gas for producing electricity. The emission
function consists of the summation of different types of emissions (i.e. COx, NOx and SOx) with appropriate pricing for every
pollutant discharged. In this paper, we are considering and minimizing only Cox emissions. The problem of optimum emission
scheduling for NOx is given as follows:
2
EN = NG
(5)
i=1(diN Pgi + eiN Pgi + fiN )
Where EN is the total amount of NOx emission from the power plant in kg/hr. d iN , eiN , fiN are the NOx emission coefficients of
ith generating unit. The power balance & generator limit restrictions are given by Eq. (2 & 4) respectively.
EELD (Economic Emission Load Dispatch)
The emission and economic scheduling are contradictory in character and they both have to be considered together to find optimal
scheduling. The problem is expressed as an economic emission load dispatch problem in which both the objectives (emission and
economy) have to be minimized. The objective function is given by:
FC (C, EN)
(6)
Where C denotes fuel cost objective and EN denote emission objectives.
III. GREY WOLF OPTIMIZATION(GWO) AND IMPROVED GREY WOLF OPTIMIZATION(IGWO)
Grey Wolf Optimization
For understanding the concept of IGWO methodology, we need to first understand about GWO and its algorithm.
GWO algorithm was mainly proposed by Syed Mohammad Mirajili. A grey wolf is described by powerful teeth, bushy tail and
grey wolves hunt in a pack having an average group size of 5-12. Natural habitats of grey wolves are found in the mountains,
forests and plains of North America, Asia and Europe. GWO algorithm involves four models which are as follows:
Social Hierarchy
Grey wolves hierarchy exist in a pack, in which is the leader and the most dominant one & important decision makers, and
are assistants & helps in decision making and the left ones are the omega which need to follow the instructions given by
, , and .
Encircling Prey
The mathematical modelling involved in encircling prey can be represented by following equations:
D = | CXp - AX(t)
(1)
X(t+1) = Xp(t) AD
(2)
Where A and C are coefficients vectors given by:
A = 2 a*r1*a
(3)
C = 2*r2
(4)
t is the current iteration
X is the position vector of a wolf
r1 and r2 are random vectors [0,1] and a linearly decreases from 2 to 0
Hunting
The mechanism of hunting of the grey wolves involves the following main steps:
Tracking, chasing and approaching the prey.
Pursuing, encircling and troubling the prey until it stops moving.
Lastly, attacking the prey.
However, in abstract search space, we need to have idea about the (prey) optimums location. To mathematically simulate the
hunting behavior, the assumption is made that the alpha, beta and delta have better information about the potential location of the
prey as follows:
D = C1.XX
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Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem

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D= C2.XX,
D= C3.XX .
(8)
X1=XA1.(D)
X2=XA2.D
X3=XA3.(D)
(9)
X (t+1) = (X1+X2+X3)
(10)
3
Where t is the current iteration and X, X and X are the position vector of the grey wolves , and .
Attacking Prey (Exploitation) and Search for Prey (Exploration)
The ability of the grey wolves may result in the global optima; that is the exploitation ability. Though the value of a decreases
from 2 to 0, A is also decreased at the same time. A is a random value in the interval [-2a, 2a]. If |A|< 1, the grey wolves are forced
to attack the prey. The values of A are utilized arbitrarily for indulging the search agent so as to diverge from the prey. When |A|
> 1, the grey wolves are forced to diverge from the prey.
An Improved Grey Wolf Optimization (IGWO)
The agents movement in GWO is significantly dependent upon the circumstances of the alpha, beta and delta. Figure (1) below is
showing how a search agent update its position. A new approach has been added to calculate the vectors D, D, D in this paper,
which will be helpful for a search agent to have more exploration ability and it will not get trapped in the local optima. The updated
position can be calculated as follows:
D = | C1. Xr1 Xr3 |
D = | C2 . Xr2 Xr1 |
D = | C3 . Xr3 Xr1 |
(11)
X1 = X A1 . (D)
X2 = X A2 . (D)
X3 = X A3 . (D)
.
(12)
X(t + 1) = X1 + X2 + X3 . (13)
3

Fig. 1: Showing position of omega () or any other hunters in GWO & IGWO

The pseudo-code of IGWO algorithm is shown in figure (2) and the main comparisons between the typical GWO and the
improved GWO have been highlighted by .

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Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem

(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 03 / 005)

Fig. 2: Showing Pseudo- Code of IGWO

IV. FORMULATION OF IMPROVED GWO METHODOLOGY [27]

Step 1: Implementation
The main motive of ELD is allocating the load demand amongst contributing generators at minimum possible cost without violating
any constraints present in the system. Formulation of ED problem is given by Eq. (1) and transmission losses are formulated by
Eq. (2).
2
= =1
+ +
(1)
n

PL

gi

i 1

B ij Pgj

0i

Pgi B 00

i 1

2
E = =1
+ + + i exp(Pgi)

i = 1,2.NG
Where i and i are used only if the valve point effect is taken into account.
Total fuel cost= W1 * Fuel cost + W2 * Emissions
Also, w1 + w2 = 1
Where w1 and w2 are the weighting factors whose values lies between (0,1)

(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)

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Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem

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Step 2: Improved Grey Wolf Pack Representation

Real power generations act as decision variables for ELD problem. Let if there are NG generators in the system, the wolf positions
representation would be described in the form of vector length NG. Let us assume that NP wolves are taken in the pack, and
complete pack in the matrix form can be represented as below:
11
12

1
21
22

2
Pack = [

] (6)
1 2
Step 3: Pack Initialization
Each element of above described pack matrix is first initialized and occurred randomly within capacity constraints depend upon
Eq. (7). The initialization of the positions of the wolves is done through this inequality:
< <
(i=1,2..NP;j=1,2...NG)
(7)

)(
=
+ (
)
(8)
Step 4: Evaluation of Objective function
For satisfying energy constraints, one of the committed generators is selected as a dependent/slack generator d and this is obtained
by:

= (i=1, 2...NP; j= 1, 2...NG)

(9)
Where
=
(10)
=1,
If operating limits are violated by the production of the dependent/slack generator, then it is set by equation:

;
<

= { ;

> (i=1,2...NG; i ; j= 1,2..L)

(11)

<
<
After restraining the value of dependent generator, the objective function is then set up with a penalty term. Then the function
is defined by:

= ( ) +
(12)
Step 5: Encircling the Prey
The mathematical model of the encircling behavior has been shown as follows:
. Pp (t) P(t)|
D
= |C
(13)
.D
P(t + 1) = Pp (t) A

(14)
and C
are coefficient vectors, Pp is the preys position vector, P denotes position vector of the grey wolf and t denotes
Where A
the current iteration.
Vectors A and C can be calculated is as below:
= 2. a. r1 . a (15)
A
C = 2. r2 (16)
Where values of are linearly reduced from 2 to 0 during the course of iterations and r 1, r2 are arbitrary vectors in [0, 1].
Step 6: Improved Grey Wolf Movement & Updating the position
Grey wolves have the capability of identifying the position of prey and encircling them. The rest of the wolves need to update their
positions according to best wolf position. Formulation of their agent position can be updated as below:
1 . P P| , D
2 . P P| , D
3 . P P|
D
= |C
= |C
= |C
1 . (D
2 . (D
3 . (D
P1 = P A
),P
2 = P A
) , P3 = P A
)
P + P2 + P3
P(t + 1) = 1
3
Position updating of the search agent according to beta, alpha and delta in a two-dimensional search space is shown in fig.1
shown above.
Updation of IGWO agents position takes place as follows:
= |C
= |C
= |C
1 . Pr1
2 . Pr2
3 . Pr3
D
Pr3 | , D
Pr1 | , D
Pr1 |
1 = P A
),P
2 = P A
) , P
3 = P A
)
1 . (D
2 . (D
3 . (D
P
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Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem

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P(t + 1) =

1 + P
2 + P
3
P
3

Step 7: Stopping Criterion

A stochastic optimization approach may be terminated by many criterions that are available nearby. Some of them are maximum
no. of iterations, no. of functions evaluations and tolerance. In the present case, maximum no. of iteration is taken for this task.

Fig. 3: Flowchart of IGWO

V. SIMULATION TESTS & RESULTS

In this paper multi-objective economic emission load dispatch problem has been solved for two different test systems. In all cases,
the constraints of operating limit and power balance are considered. The program was written in MATLAB (R2009b).The
population taken in each case was 30 and maximum numbers of iterations performed were 2000 in test system 1 and 1000 iterations
in test system 2.
Test System 1
In this case system, the IGWO algorithm has been implemented on a system consisting of six generator units with transmission
loss. The population number is set to 30 and maximum number of iterations performed is 2000. Table 1 shows the comparison of
cost and emissions of IGWO with other methods like lambda-iteration, differential evolution, GSA, PSO etc. Figure 4 shows pareto
optimal font showing fuel cost and emissions for six generators at 1000 MW power demand.
Test system 2
In this case system, the IGWO algorithm has been implemented on a system consisting of ten generator units with transmission
loss. The population number is set to 30 and maximum number of iterations performed is 1000. Table 3 shows the comparison of
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Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem

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power generations, cost and emissions of IGWO with other methods for ten units. Figure 5 shows pareto optimal font showing fuel
cost and emissions for ten generators at 2000 MW power demand.
Table 1
Comparison of the results for test system 1 (6 generator) (PD = 1000 MW)
Methods
Cost ($/h)
Emission (kg/h)
-iteration [30]
51264.6
828.720
Recursive [30]
51264.5
828.715
PSO [30]
51269.6
828.863
DE [30]
51264.6
828.715
Simplified recursive [30]
51264.6
828.715
GA similarity [16]
51262.31
827.2612
Proposed GSA
51255.7880
827.1380
IGWO
50365.3051
838.1456
Table 2
Comparison of the results between multi-objective GSA and multi-objective IGWO for six units with power demand PD = 1000
Unit
Proposed GSA [5]
IGWO
P1(MW)
78.8221
21.64968
P2(MW)

83.0013

16.25974

P3(MW)

164.2907

163.3899

P4(MW)

164.9136

158.1493

P5(MW)

258.1108

313.1358

P6(MW)

250.8619

313.0282

Cost ($/h)

51255.7880

50365.3051

Emission(kg/h)

827.1380

824.1456

Fig. 4: Pareto optimal font showing fuel cost and emissions for six generators at 1000 MW power demand
Table 3
Comparison of the results for test system 2 (10 generator) (PD = 2000 MW)
Unit
MODE [12] PDE [12] NSGA-II [12] SPEA 2 [12] Proposed GSA[5]
P1 (MW)
54.9487
54.9853
51.9515
52.9761
54.9992
P2 (MW)
74.5821
79.3803
67.2584
72.8130
79.9586
P3 (MW)
79.4294
83.9842
73.6879
78.1128
79.4341
P4 (MW)
80.6875
86.5942
91.3554
83.6088
85.0000
P5 (MW)
136.8551
144.4386
134.0522
137.2432
142.1063
P6 (MW)
172.6393
165.7756
174.9504
172.9188
166.5670
P7 (MW)
283.8233
283.2122
289.4350
287.2023
292.8749
P8 (MW)
316.3407
312.7709
314.0556
326.4023
313.2387
P9 (MW)
448.5923
440.1135
455.6978
448.8814
441.1775
P10 (MW)
436.4287
432.6783
431.8054
423.9025
428.6306
Cost (10^5 $)
1.1348
1.1351
1.1354
1.1352
1.1349
Emission (lb)
4124.9
4111.4
4130.2
4109.1
4111.4

IGWO
17.16465
79.84502
82.92533
81.37967
160
202.7769
292.413
304.1758
414.793
409.2384
1.1182
3989.5443

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Formulation of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Methodology for EELD Problem

(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 03 / 005)

Fig. 5: Pareto optimal font showing cost and emissions for ten generators for 2000 MW power demand

VI. CONCLUSION
The IGWO algorithm is efficiently applied for solving multi-objective EELD problem. It is apparent from the obtained results that
the proposed IGWO algorithm can evade the deficiency of early convergence of the genetic algorithm and particle swarm
optimization methods to get superior solutions. The results confirmed that IGWO was able to give competitive results in
comparison to GSA, MODE, PDE, SPEA, NSGA-II. The novel probabilistic model of searching, encircling and hunting the prey
handle the trouble of early convergence. Because of simplicity and effectiveness of the IGWO method, it can be useful for searching
better results in difficult power system problems in future.
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