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ManportableairdefensesystemWikipedia

Manportableairdefensesystem
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Manportableairdefensesystems (MANPADSorMPADS)are
shoulderlaunchedsurfacetoairmissiles
(SLSAMs).Theyaretypically
guidedweaponsandareathreattolowflying
aircraft,especiallyhelicopters.

Contents
1 Overview
2 Missiletypes
2.1 Unguided
2.2 Infrared
2.2.1 Firstgeneration
2.2.2 Secondgeneration
2.2.3 Thirdgeneration
2.2.4 Fourthgeneration
2.3 Commandlineofsight
2.4 Laserguided
3 Notableuses
3.1 Againstmilitaryaircraft
3.2 Againstcivilianaircraft
4 Countermeasures
4.1 Militarycountermeasures
4.2 Civiliancountermeasures
5 Missilemodels
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

AnSA7inuse

Overview
MANPADSweredevelopedinthe1940stoprovidemilitarygroundforceswithprotectionfromenemyaircraft.They
havereceivedagreatdealofattention,partlybecausearmedgroupshaveusedthemagainstcommercialairliners.
Thesemissiles,af
fordableandwidelyavailablethroughavarietyofsources,havebeenusedsuccessfullyoverthepast
threedecadesbothinmilitaryconflicts,aswellasbyterroristor
ganizations.[1]

Twentyfivecountries,includingtheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,SwedenandRussiaproducemanportableair
defensesystems.[2][3]Possession,export,andtraf
fickinginsuchweaponsisof
ficiallytightlycontrolled,duetothethreat
[4][5]
theyposetocivilaviation
,althoughsuchef
fortshavenotalwaysbeensuccessful.
Themissilesareabout1.5to1.8m(5to6ft)inlengthandweighabout17to18kg(37to40lb),dependingonthe
model.ShoulderfiredSAMsgenerallyhaveatar
getdetectionrangeofabout10km(6mi)andanengagementrange
[6]However,theFIM
ofabout6km(4mi),soaircraftflyingat6,100metres(20,000ft)orhigherarerelativelysafe.
[7]
92Stinger(1996version)hasarangeof26,000feet(7,900m).
TheacronymMANPADSiscommonlymistakentohaveasingularformof"MANP
AD"thisisincorrect,asevena
singularunitisstillasystemandwouldhavethefinalSintheacronym.
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Missiletypes
Unguided
Borrowingfromtheconceptofthesimpleandef
fectiveantitank
Panzerfaust,
theFliegerfaust,anunguidedmultibarreled20mmrocketlauncher
,was
developedbyNaziGermanyin1944.Theweaponneverreachedmass
productionduetotheendof
WorldWarII.
FollowingW
orldWarII,Sovietdesignersalsoexperimentedwithunguided
[8]butthisdesignconceptwasabandonedin
multibarreledrocketlaunchers
favorofguidedmissilesequippedwithan
infraredsensor.

TheGermanFliegerfaust

Infrared
Infraredshoulderfiredmissilesaredesignedtohomeinonaheatsourceon
anaircraft,typicallythe
engineexhaustplume,anddetonatea
warheadinor
neartheheatsourcetodisabletheaircraft.Thesemissilesuse
passive
guidance,meaningthattheydonotemitsignalstodetectaheatsource,which
makesthemdifficulttodetectbytar
getedaircraftemployingcountermeasure
[9]
systems.
Firstgeneration
Thefirstmissilesdeployedinthe1960swereinfraredmissiles.First
generationshoulder
firedSAMs,suchastheU.S.
Redeye,earlyversionsof
theSovietSA7,andtheChineseHN5(copyofSovietStrela2),are
considered"tailchaseweapons"astheir
seekerscanonlyacquireand
engageahighperformanceaircraftafterithaspassedthemissile'sfiring
position.Inthisflightprofile,theaircraft'senginesarefullyexposedtothe
missile'sseekerandprovideasuf
ficientthermalsignatureforengagement.
FirstgenerationIRmissilesarealsohighlysusceptibletointerferingthermal
signaturesfrombackgroundsources,includingthesun,whichmanyexperts
[10]
feelmakesthemsomewhatunreliable.
Secondgeneration
Secondgenerationinfraredmissiles,suchasearlyversionsoftheU.S.
Stinger,theSovietSA14,andtheChineseFN6,useimprovedcoolantsto
cooltheseekerhead,whichenablestheseekertofilteroutmostinterfering
backgroundIRsourcesaswellaspermittingheadonandsideengagement
profiles.Thesemissilesmayalsoemploytechnologiestocounter
decoyflares
thatmightbedeployedbytar
getedaircraftandalsohavebackuptar
get
detectionmodessuchasthe
ultraviolet(UV)modefoundontheStinger
missile.[6][10]
Thirdgeneration
Thirdgenerationinfraredshoulder
firedSAMs,suchastheFrench
Mistral,
theRussianSA18,andtheU.S.StingerB,usesingleormultipledetectors
toproduceaquasiimageofthetar
getandalsohavetheabilitytorecognize
[6][10]
andrejectflaresdispensedfromaircraft.
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AFIM43CRedeyemissilejustafter
launch,beforethesustainermotor
ignites

AnSA18(Igla)missilewithlaunch
tubeandgripstick(top)andan SA
16(Igla1)missileandlaunchtube
(bottom)

JASDFsoldiersaimingaType91Kai
MANPADSatamockairbornetarget
inthePacificAlaskanRangeComplex
aspartofRedFlagAlaska.

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Fourthgeneration
Fourthgenerationmissiles,suchasthecancelledAmerican
FIM92Stinger
Block2,andmissilesbelievedtobeunderdevelopmentinRussia,Japan,
France,andIsraelcouldincorporate
focalplanearrayguidancesystemsand
otheradvancedsensorsystems,whichwillpermitengagementatgreater
ranges.[11]

Commandlineofsight
AStarstreakSAMfiredfroma

Commandguidance
(CLOS)missilesdonothomeinonaparticularaspect
M1097AN/TWQ1AvengerAir
(heatsourceorradioorradartransmissions)ofthetar
getedaircraft.Instead,
Defenseplatform.
themissileoperatororgunnervisuallyacquiresthetar
getusingamagnified
opticalsightandthenusesradiocontrolsto"fly"themissileintotheaircraft.
Oneofthebenefitsofsuchamissileisthatitisvirtuallyimmunetoflaresandotherbasiccountermeasuresystemstha
aredesignedprimarilytodefeatIRmissiles.ThemajordrawbackofCLOSmissilesisthattheyrequirehighlytrained
andskilledoperators.Numerousreportsfromthe
SovietAfghanW
arinthe1980sciteAfghan
mujahedinasbeing
disappointedwiththeBritishsupplied
BlowpipeCLOSmissilebecauseitwastoodif
ficulttolearntouseandhighly
[12]Giventheseconsiderations,manyexperts
inaccurate,particularlywhenemployedagainstfastmovingjetaircraft.
believethatCLOSmissilesarenotasideallysuitedforuntrainedpersonneluseasareIRmissiles,whichsometimesa
[13]
referredtoas"fireandfor
get"missiles.
LaterversionsofCLOSmissiles,suchastheBritish
Javelin,useasolidstatetelevisioncamerainlieuoftheoptical
trackertomakethegunner'staskeasier
.TheJavelin'smanufacturer
,ThalesAirDefence
,claimsthattheirmissileis
[14]
virtuallyimpervioustocountermeasures.EvenmoreadvancedCLOSversions,suchastheBritish
Starburst,usea
[15]
laserdatalinkinlieuofearlierradioguidancelinkstoflythemissiletothetar
get.

Laserguided

LaserguidedshoulderfiredSAMsuselaserstoguidethemissilestothetar
get.Themissilehomesinonthereflection
ofthelaserbeamfromtheaircraftandstrikestheaircraftwherethemissileoperatororgunneraimsthelaser
.Missiles
suchasSweden'sRBS70andBritain'sStarstreakcanengageaircraftfromallanglesandonlyrequiretheoperatorto
continuouslytrackthetar
getusingajoysticktokeepthelaseraimpointonthetar
get.Becausetherearenodatalinks
fromthegroundtothemissile,themissilecannotbeef
fectivelyjammedafteritislaunched.Thistechniqueisknownas
beamriding.Eventhoughlaserguidedmissilesrequirerelativelyextensivetrainingandskilltooperate,manyexperts
considerthesemissilesparticularlymenacingduetothemissiles'resistancetomostconventionalcountermeasuresinu
today.[15][16]However,laserguidanceonlyworksundergoodweatherconditions,asopposedtoradar/satellite
guidanceforexample.

Notableuses
Againstmilitaryaircraft
ListofSovietaircraftlossesinAfghanistan
ArgentineairforcesintheFalklandsW
ar
BritishairservicesintheFalklandsW
ar
On27February1991,during
OperationDesertStorm,anUSAFF16wasshotdownbyIgla1.[17]Russian
sourcesalsoreportaboutthelossofmanymilitaryaircraftshotdownbythe
Igla.
On16April1994,during
OperationDenyFlight
aSeaHarrierofthe801NavalAirSquadronofthe
Royal
[18]
Navy,operatingfromtheaircraftcarrier
HMSArkRoyal,wasbroughtdownbyaIgla1
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On30August1995,during
OperationDeliberateForce
aFrenchAirForceMirage2000Dwasshotdownover
Bosniabyaheatseeking
9K38Iglamissilefiredbyairdefenseunitsof
ArmyofRepublikaSrpska
during
[19]
operationDeliberateForce,promptingeffortstoobtainimproveddefensivesystems.
On27May1999,theAnzaMkIIwasusedtoattackIndianaircraftduringtheKar
gilconflictwithIndia.A
[20]
MiG27oftheIndianAirForcewasshotdownbyPakistanArmyAirDefenceforces.
ListofRussianaircraftlossesintheSecondChechenW
ar
ListofCoalitionaircraftcrashesinAfghanistan
ListofaviationshootdownsandaccidentsduringtheIraqW
ar
2002KhankalaMi26crash:On19August2002,aRussianmadeIglashoulderfiredsurfacetoairmissile
hit
anoverloadedMilMi26helicopter,causingittocrashintoa
minefield
atthemainmilitarybase
atKhankala
nearthecapitalcityofGrozny,Chechnya.127Russiantroopsandcrewwerekilled.
Inthe2008SouthOssetiaWar,PolishmadeGromMANPADSwereusedbyGeorgia
SyrianCivilW
ar
WarinDonbass[21]

Againstcivilianaircraft

The1978AirRhodesiaViscountShootdownisthefirstexampleofacivilianairlinershotdownbyaman
portablesurfacetoairmissile.Thepilotoftheaircraftmanagedtomakeacontrolledcrashlanding.
AirRhodesiaFlight827
wasalsoshotdowninFebruary1979bythe
ZimbabwePeople'sRevolutionaryArmy
armedwithaStrela2missile.All59passengersandcrewwerekilled.
1993TransairGeorgianAirlineshootdowns
involvedtwoseparateaircraftshotdownadayapartin
Sukhumi,
[22]
Abkhazia,Georgia,killing108people.
On6April1994,asurfacetoairmissilestruck
oneofthewingsofthe
DassaultFalcon50carryingthree
Frenchcrewandninepassengers,includingRwandanpresident
JuvnalHabyarimana
andBurundianpresident
CyprienNtaryamira
,asitpreparedtolandin
Kigali,Rwanda,beforeasecondmissilehititstail.Theplane
eruptedintoflamesinmidairbeforecrashingintothegardenofthepresidentialpalace,explodingonimpact.
Thisincidentwastheignitionsparkofthe
RwandanGenocide.
1998LionairFlightLN602shootdown
:On7October1998,theTamilTigersshotdownanaircraftof
fthe
coastofSriLanka.
2002Mombasaairlinerattack
:On28November2002,twoshoulderlaunchedStrela2(SA7)surfacetoair
missileswerefiredatacharteredBoeing757airlinerasittookofffromMoiInternationalAirport.Themissiles
missedtheaircraftwhichcontinuedsafelyto
TelAviv,carrying271vacationersfromMombasabacktoIsrael.In
thephotos,themissilesystemswerepaintedinlightblue,thecolorusedintheSovietmilitaryfortrainingmater
(atrainingSA7roundwouldnothavetheguidancesystem).
2003BaghdadDHLshootdownincident
:On22November2003,anAirbusA300B4203Fcargoplane,
operatingonbehalfof
DHLwashitbyanSA14missile,whichresultedinthelossofitshydraulicsystems.The
crewlaterlandedthecrippledaircraftsafelybyusingonly
differentialenginethrust
byadjustingtheindividual
throttlecontrolsofeachengine.
2007MogadishuTransAVIAexportAirlinesIl76crash
:On23March2007,aTransAVIAexportAirlines
IlyushinIl76airplanecrashedinoutskirtsof
Mogadishu,Somalia,duringthe2007BattleofMogadishu
.
Witnessesclaimthatasurfacetoairmissilewasfiredimmediatelypriortotheaccident.However
,Somali
officialsdenythattheaircraftwasshotdown.

Countermeasures
Manportableairdefensesystemsareapopular
blackmarketitemforinsur
gentforces.[23]Theirproliferationbecame
thesubjectoftheWassenaarArrangement
's(WA)22ElementsforExportContr olsofMANPADS,theG8Action
Planof2June2003,[24]theOctober2003AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation
(APEC)Summit,Bangkok

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DeclarationonPartnershipfortheFutureandinJuly2003the
OrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEurope
(OSCE),Forumfor
SecurityCooperation,DecisionNo.7/03:ManportableAirDefense
Systems.[25]
Understandingtheproblemin2003,
ColinPowellremarkedthattherewas
[26]whichcanbeused
"nothreatmoreserioustoaviation"thanthemissiles,
toshootdownhelicoptersandcommercialairliners,andaresoldillegallyfor
aslittleasafewhundreddollars.TheU.S.hasledaglobalef
forttodismantle
theseweapons,withover30,000voluntarilydestroyedsince2003,but
probablyhundredsofthousandsarestillinthehandsofinsur
gents,especially
inIraq,wheretheywerelootedfromthemilitaryarsenalsoftheformer
dictatorSaddamHussein,[27][28]andinAfghanistan
aswell.InAugust2010,
areportbytheFederationofAmericanScientists
(FAS)confirmedthat"only
ahandful"ofillicitMANP
ADSwererecoveredfromnationalresistance
cachesinIraqin2009,accordingtomediareportsandinterviewswith
[29]
militarysources.

Militarycountermeasures

A9K38Igla(NATOreportingname:
SA18)dualmissilelaunchplatform
mountedonaMercedesBenzUnimog
oftheMexicanNavyinaMexican
militaryparade.

WiththegrowingnumberofMANP
ADSattacksoncivilianairliners,anumberofdif
ferentcountermeasuresystems
havebeendevelopedspecificallytoprotectaircraftagainstthemissiles.
AN/ALQ144,AN/ALQ147andAN/ALQ157areU.S.producedsystems,developedbySanders
Associatesinthe1970s.
AN/ALQ212ATIRCM,AN/AAQ24NemesisareNATOsystemsdevelopedbyBAESystemsand
NorthropGrummanrespectively.

Civiliancountermeasures
CivilAircraftMissileProtectionSystem(CAMPS)DevelopedbySaabAvitronics,Chemring
CountermeasuresandNaturelinkA
viation,usingnon
pyrotechnicinfrareddecoys.
FlightGuardbyEltaSystemsLtd.

Missilemodels
China
HN5
QW1
QW2
QW3
FN6
France
Mistral
UnitedKingdom
Blowpipe
Javelin
Starburst
Starstreak
Iran
Misagh1
Misagh2
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HSM09hybridairdefensesystemon
BOV3vehiclewith8Strela2

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Japan
Type91(SAM2,SAM2B)
RepublicofKorea
KPSAMShingung
Pakistan
AnzaMkI(missile)
AnzaMkII(missile)
AnzaMkIII(missile)
Poland
Grom
SovietUnion/RussianFederation
9K32M'Strela2'(SA7)
9K36'Strela3'(SA14)
9K310'IglaM'(SA16)
9K38'Igla'(SA18)
9K338'IglaS'(SA24)
Verba(Willow)MANPADS[30](GRAU9K333missile9M336),(SA?).
Sweden
RBS70
UnitedStates
FIM43'Redeye'
FIM92'Stinger'

Seealso
Antiaircraftwarfare
Infraredcountermeasure
Aerialcountermeasures
CivilAircraftMissileProtectionSystem
FlightGuard
NorthropGrummanGuardian
Manportableantitanksystems

References
PortionsofthisarticleweretakenfromHomelandSecurity:ProtectingAirlinersfromTerroristMissiles(http://
www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/crsreports/crsdocuments/RL31741_02162006.pdf),CRSReportforCongress
RL31741,February16,2006bytheCongressionalResearchService,divisionofTheLibraryofCongresswhich
asaworkoftheFederalGovernmentexistsinthepublicdomain.
1.Footnote1inoriginalsource(CRSRL31741):"Shoulder
firedSAMshavebeenusedeffectivelyinavarietyof
conflictsrangingfromtheArabIsraeliWars,Vietnam,theIranIraqWar,totheFalklandsConflict,aswellasconflicts
inNicaragua,Yemen,Angola,andUganda,theChadLibyaConflict,andtheBalkansConflictinthe1990s.Some
analystsclaimthatAfghanmujahedindowned269Sovietaircraftusing340shoulder
firedSAMsduringtheSoviet
AfghanWarandthat12of29Alliedaircraftshotdownduringthe1991GulfWarweredownedbyMANPADS."
2.CRSRL31741page1
3.WadeBose,"WassenaarAgreementAgreesonMANP
ADSExportCriteria",ArmsControlToday,January/February
2001,p.1.,quotedinCRSRL31741
4.MANPADSProliferationFAS(http://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/MANPADS/MANPADS.html)
5.TheproliferationofMANPADSJane's(http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir021
128_1_n.
shtml)
6.MarvinB.Schaffer,"ConcernsAboutTerroristsWithManportableSAMS",RANDCorporationReports,October
1993,quotedinCRSRL31741
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7.http://www.designationsystems.net/dusrm/m92.html
8.http://www.deol.ru/manclub/weap_y/txt/n397s1.htmKolosgroundtoairsystem
9.CRSRL31741page12
10.CRSRL31741page2
11."RaytheonElectronicSystemsFIM92StingerLowAltitudeSurfacetoAirMissileSystemFamily",
Jane'sDefence,
October13,2000,quotedinCRSRL31741
12.TimothyGusinov,"PortableWeaponsMayBecometheNextWeaponofChoiceforTerrorists",WashingtonDiplomat,
January2003,p.2.,quotedinCRSRL31741
13.CRSRL31741page23
14."LandBasedAirDefence20032004",
Jane's,2003,p.37.,quotedinCRSRL31741
15.CRSRL31741page3
16.Richardson,Mark,andAlJaberi,Mubarak,"Thevulnerabilityoflaserwarningsystemsagainstguidedweaponsbased
onlowpowerlasers"(http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1047),CranfieldUniversity,April28,2006
17.http://www.f16.net/aircraftdatabase/F16/airframeprofile/1720/
18.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3146139.stm
19.ROGERCOHENPublished:1
1December1995(11December1995)."FrenchDeadlinePassesWithNoWordFrom
SerbsonPilotsNewYorkTimes".Nytimes.com.
20.JohnPike(19990321)."SA7GRAIL".FAS.Retrieved20090209.
21.deLarrinaga,Nicholas(3May2014)."TwoUkrainianMi24sshotdownbyMANP
ADS".IHSJane'sDefenceWeekly.
22.NorthropGrummanfactsheet(http://www.dsd.es.northropgrumman.com/commercial_aircraft/files/guardian.pdf)
23."MANPADSataGlance"(http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/manpads)
24."G8toTakeFurtherStepstoEnhanceTransportationSecurity"(http://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/MANPADS/G8evianmt
g_DoSsummary.htm)
25."ManPortableAirDefenseSystem(MANP
ADS)Proliferation"(http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/asmp/MANPADS.ht
ml)
26."CounteringtheMANP
ADSthreat:strategiesforsuccess.(manportableairdefensesystems)"(http://www.accessmyli
brary.com/coms2/summary_028633127208_ITM)
27."U.S.ExpandsListofLostMissiles"(http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/06/politics/06weapons.html)
28."Iraq'sLootedArmsDepots:WhattheGAODidn'tMention"
(http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2007/04/iraqs_looted_arms_
depots_what.php)
29."WhereHaveAlltheMANP
ADSGone?"(http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/02/wherehaveallthemanpadsgo
ne/)
30.http://www.rusdialog.ru/news/4508_1410416889

Externallinks
MANPADSProliferation
(http://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/MANP
ADS/
WikimediaCommonshas
MANPADS.html)linkstohundredsofdocumentsonMANP
ADS,
mediarelatedtoMan
theirproliferation,andcontrolef
forts
portableairdefense
systems.
ManPortableAirDefenceSystems(MANP
ADS)(http://www.smalla
rmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/HResearch_Notes/SASResearchNot
e1.pdf)SmallArmsSurvey
ResearchNote
ManPortableMissilesvsAirliners
(http://www.ausairpower.net/TEMANPADSDec03.pdf)
AreHelicoptersVulnerable?(http://www.ausairpower.net/TEHeloMar05P.pdf)AnalysisofMANP
ADS
effectiveness.
ManPortableAIrDefenseSystem
(http://www.globalsecurity
.org/military/intro/manpads.htm)

GlobalSecurity
.Orgarticlecoveringperioduntil1999.
MANPADS:CombatingtheThreattoGlobalA
viationfromManPortableAirDefenseSystems
(http://www.sta
te.gov/t/pm/rls/fs/169139.htm)
Retrievedfrom"
https://en.wikipedia.or
g/w/index.php?title=Manportable_air
defense_system&oldid=744527416
"
Categories: Surfacetoairmissiles Infantryweapons Portabletools
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon15October2016,at20:32.
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