381

Section I
COMPOSITE DESIGN
G.C. Clifton

T h i s p a p e r is t h e result o f d e l i b e r a t i o n s o f the S o c i e t y ' s

Study G r o u p for the S e i s m i c D e s i g n of S T E E L S T R U C T U R E S .
2.1

1.

CONTENTS

2.

INTRODUCTION

3.

COMPOSITE

FLOOR

4.

COMPOSITE

BEAMS

5.

COMPOSITE

BEAM

6.

STUB

COMPOSITE

COLUMNS

8.

COMPOSITE

SHEAR

9.

REFERENCES

2.

CONNECTIONS

GIRDERS

7.

Paper

T h e p u r p o s e of this p a p e r is to
p r o v i d e d e s i g n e r s w i t h an o v e r a l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the s e i s m i c d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s
for c o m p o s i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n .

SLABS

COLUMN

S c o p e and P u r p o s e of

WALLS

INTRODUCTION

T h i s p a p e r g i v e s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to
a s s i s t d e s i g n e r s in the d e s i g n of c o m p o s i t e
s t r u c t u r e s to r e s i s t s e i s m i c l o a d s .
C o m p o s i t e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n
i n v o l v e s t h e use of s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l
s e c t i o n s or steel s h e e t s and r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e acting t o g e t h e r to c a r r y the
a p p l i e d loads
It can be a p p l i e d to some
or all of the s t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s in a
s t r u c t u r e b u t p r o d u c e s its g r e a t e s t e c o n o m y
in c o n s t r u c t i o n w h e n it is a p p l i e d to those
c o m p o n e n t s that n o r m a l l y c o n s i s t of
c o n c r e t e and s t e e l ,
Thus in m u l t i - s t o r e y
steel frame c o n s t r u c t i o n the f l o o r s l a b s
and b e a m s are n o r m a l l y m a d e c o m p o s i t e
w h e r e a s the c o l u m n s c o n s i s t of steel
sections only.
Used in t h i s w a y c o m p o s i t e
c o n s t r u c t i o n is c u r r e n t l y the m o s t e c o n o m i c
m e t h o d of m u l t i - s t o r e y c o n s t r u c t i o n
available within New Zealand.
W h e n the i n i t i a l d r a f t of this paper
w a s b e i n g w r i t t e n , in J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 5 ,
there w a s no d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e
on c o m p o s i t e d e s i g n to N e w Zealand d e s i g n
conditions.
T h u s , to e n s u r e that any
seismic design recommendations made were
a c c u r a t e , r e l e v a n t and p r a c t i c a l , a
g e n e r a l p a p e r on c o m p o s i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n had
to be w r i t t e n i n c o r p o r a t i n g the s e i s m i c
design recommendations.
The g e n e r a l p a p e r
forms the first e d i t i o n of H E R A D e s i g n
G u i d e Part 1 3 : C o m p o s i t e C o n s t r u c t i o n and
the s e i s m i c p r o v i s i o n s g i v e n in this p a p e r
r e l a t e d i r e c t l y to this d e s i g n g u i d e ,
h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d to as r e f e r e n c e 1.

* Structural Engineer, Heavy Engineering

Research Association, Auckland.

It c o v e r s the f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s
of c o m p o s i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n in v a r y i n g d e t a i l :
(a) F l o o r s l a b s
(b) B e a m s
(c) S t u b g i r d e r s
(d) C o l u m n s
(e) B e a m - C o l u m n c o n n e c t i o n s
(f) S h e a r w a l l s
2.2

Ductility

Classification

In line w i t h the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s of
d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d g i v e n by this study g r o u p ,
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for s e i s m i c d e s i g n w i l l be
g i v e n for three c l a s s e s of d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d ,
these being:
(a) F u l l y d u c t i l e r e s p o n s e (high d u c t i l i t y
demand).
(b) L i m i t e d d u c t i l e r e s p o n s e (low d u c t i l i t y
demand).
{c) E l a s t i c r e s p o n s e (no or very low
ductility demand).
The l e v e l s of g l o b a l d i s p l a c e m e n t d u c t i l i t y
d e m a n d on the s t r u c t u r e , as m e a s u r e d by
p = A / A t are as follows
u
y
N Z N S E E Study
Ductility
y
Group Category
Demand
Elastic

1.25

Low

1 .25 ^

High

2 < U

\i $

2
1

C a t e g o r i e s 1 and 2 r e q u i r e a c a p a c i t y
d e s i g n , c a t e g o r y 3 does not.
Reference 3
g i v e s d e t a i l s of the a n a l y s i s and d e s i g n
m e t h o d s a p p r o p r i a t e for each category
for c o m p o s i t e d e s i g n .
2.2.1

C h o i c e of S t r u c t u r a l T y p e

Factor

T h e c h o i c e of an a p p r o p r i a t e
s t r u c t u r a l type f a c t o r d e p e n d s on the a m o u n t
of e l a s t i c d a m p i n g i n h e r e n t in the s t r u c t u r e ,
the t y p e of i n e l a s t i c b e h a v i o u r that the
s e i s m i c r e s i s t i n g system w i l l u n d e r g o in an
e a r t h q u a k e and the d e g r e e of i n e l a s t i c
a c t i o n e x p e c t e d from o r allowed in the
primary seismic resisting components.
C o m p o s i t e s e c t i o n s d e t a i l e d for
ductility exhibit similar inelastic
b e h a v i o u r to d u c t i l e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
sections.
The m o m e n t - r o t a t i o n b e h a v i o u r

BULLETIN OF THE NEW Z E A L A N D NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR E A R T H Q U A K E ENGINEERING, Vol 18, No 4, December 1985

382
1

-iOOO

-'bOO

-lOOO

120

-500

1
*90O

CUHVituHt L 10 PIR IUCH)

3.0

COMPOSITE

3.1

Introduction
Section 3

10

FLOOR

SLABS

to, and S c o p e

of

A c o m p o s i t e floor s l a b c o n s i s t s of
a c o n c r e t e slab r i g i d l y c o n n e c t e d to a
s t e e l b e a m by m e a n s of a s h e a r t r a n s f e r
mechanism.

'///

^V

/ / V

T h e c o n c r e t e slab c a n be e i t h e r :
(a) A n i n s i t u r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e slab
p o u r e d on to c o n v e n t i o n a l f o r m w o r k .
(b) A p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e s l a b w i t h or w i t h o u t
structural topping.
(c) A n i n s i t u c o n c r e t e slab p o u r e d on to
profiled steel sheet.

^--^^^
"

'
>25

Fig.

\
^

107

98

8 9

1 : Moment-Curvature Hysteresis Loops

for C o m p o s i t e B e a m (Ref. 4 ) .
(Note: t h e n u m b e r s on the h y s t e r e s i s
l o o p s are the n u m b e r s of the
r e l e v a n t load c y c l e ) .

of a composite beam under negative moment

is q u i t e d i f f e r e n t to that u n d e r p o s i t i v e
m o m e n t d u e to the c o n c r e t e slab b e i n g in
t e n s i o n in the f o r m e r c a s e and c o m p r e s s i o n
in the l a t t e r .
F i g u r e 1 shows an e x a m p l e
of c o m p o s i t e b e a m h y s t e r e s i s loops for a
c o m p o s i t e b e a m u n d e r p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e
moment.
T h e loops a r e s t a b l e o v e r m a n y
load c y c l e s and d o n 1 s u f f e r the same d e g r e e
o f p i n c h i n g and d e g r a d a t i o n as do the l o o p s
for some o t h e r m a t e r i a l s .
1

Reference 5 gives a detailed

p r o c e d u r e for a s s i g n i n g the a p p r o p r i a t e S
f a c t o r to a g i v e n type of s e i s m i c r e s i s t i n g
s t e e l c o n s t r u c t i o n and i l l u s t r a t e s its use
w i t h the e x a m p l e of a m o m e n t - r e s i s t i n g
frame.
The s a m e m e t h o d can b e a p p l i e d to
composite construction with suitable
a l l o w a n c e m a d e for any i n c r e a s e in e l a s t i c
s t r u c t u r a l d a m p i n g d u e to the r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e in the c o m p o s i t e s e c t i o n .
In the c a s e of a m o m e n t r e s i s t i n g
frame w i t h m i x e d b o l t e d s p l i c e s and w e l d e d
b e a m - c o l u m n c o n n e c t i o n s the e l a s t i c d a m p i n g
for the c o m p o s i t e b e a m s can b e t a k e n as 1 0 % .
T h i s g i v e s S f a c t o r s , for i n a d e q u a t e
n u m b e r s of p l a s t i c h i n g e s , of S = 1.0 for
h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d and S = 1.8 for low
ductility demand.
The material factor,
M - 0.8.
The d e f i n i t i o n of i n a d e q u a t e
n u m b e r of p l a s t i c h i n g e s is g i v e n in N Z S
4203:1976.
S
f a c t o r s for a s t r u c t u r e are
d e t e r m i n e d from c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the
i n e l a s t i c b e h a v i o u r of t h e s t r u c t u r e , the
d u c t i l i t y c a p a c i t y o f the y i e l d i n g r e g i o n s
and the a m o u n t of v i s c o u s d a m p i n g . If t h e r e
are s u f f i c i e n t r e g i o n s y i e l d i n g w i t h i n a
s t r u c t u r e (i.e. an a d e q u a t e n u m b e r of
p l a s t i c h i n g e s ) v e r y poor p e r f o r m a n c e from
o n e r e g i o n w i 1 1 n o t s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t the
s t r u c t u r e as a w h o l e . T h i s p e r m i t s a
r e d u c t i o n in the level of d e s i g n s e i s m i c
load o n the s t r u c t u r e .
The number of p l a s t i c
h i n g e s r e q u i r e d to a l l o w the r e d u c t i o n and
the e x t e n t of r e d u c t i o n p e r m i t t e d is
d e f i n e d in NZS 4 2 0 3 : 1 9 7 6 .

F u l l d e t a i l s of e a c h s y s t e m are
g i v e n in Ref. 1.
In this p a p e r , s e i s m i c
d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for the s h e a r
c o n n e c t o r s are g i v e n in S e c t i o n 4.2, and
for d u c t i l e c o m p o s i t e b e a m a c t i o n in
S e c t i o n 4.4.
S e c t i o n 3.2 g i v e s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s r e l a t i n g to the t r a n s f e r of
h o r i z o n t a l s e i s m i c loads t h r o u g h the
c o m p o s i t e floor slab into the p r i m a r y
l a t e r a l load r e s i s t i n g e l e m e n t ( s ) of the
structure.
3.2

Seismic
r
e
1

F o r c e

P r o v i s i o n s for
. . Transfer

Horizontal

T h i s load t r a n s f e r o c c u r s t h r o u g h
w e l d e d or b o l t e d s h e a r s t u d s or through
d e f o r m e d b a r s w e l d e d to the s u r r o u n d i n g
s t e e l b e a m s and b u r i e d in the slab (or
topping).
T h e m a x i m u m h o r i z o n t a l s h e a r force
r e q u i r e d to b e t r a n s f e r r e d is the s m a l l e s t
h o r i z o n t a l force d e t e r m i n e d from the
f o l l o w i n g two c o n s i d e r a t i o n s :
(a) The m a x i m u m r e s i s t a n c e of the p r i m a r y
l a t e r a l load r e s i s t i n g s y s t e m .
(b) The f o r c e s a r i s i n g from the s e i s m i c
d e s i g n c o e f f i c i e n t s , at the floor level
c o n c e r n e d , s p e c i f i e d by N Z S 4 20 3 for part's
or p o r t i o n s of b u i l d i n g s c l a u s e 3.4.9.
T h e slab should b e a b l e to d e v e l o p
the r e q u i r e d d i a p h r a g m a c t i o n w i t h o u t any
y i e l d i n g o c c u r r i n g , o t h e r w i s e it m u s t be
s u i t a b l y d e t a i l e d for d u c t i l i t y a c c o r d i n g
to the p r o v i s i o n s of NZS 3 1 0 1 , C l a u s e 1 4 . 9 .
The t r a n s f e r of t h i s s h e a r f o r c e
may be a c h i e v e d by m e a n s of one of the
following methods, where applicable:
(a) F o r s l a b s p o u r e d o n t o f o r m w o r k or
profiled steel decking headed studs
w e l d e d d i r e c t to the s t e e l b e a m may
be used.
The u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h per
study is g i v e n in R e f . 1 , b a s e d on a
c a p a c i t y r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r of 1.0 and
is i r r e s p e c t i v e of the d u c t i l i t y
d e m a n d o n a p a r t i c u l a r l e n g t h of m e m b e r ,
T h e s e studs may a l s o be used for
c o m p o s i t e b e a m a c t i o n , w h i c h w i l l induce
s h e a r f o r c e s d i r e c t l y a d d i t i v e to the
d i a p h r a g m s e i s m i c s h e a r s , using the
a p p r o p r i a t e load c o m b i n a t i o n s . The
c r i t i c a l s e c t i o n for s h e a r is t a k e n a l o n g
a v e r t i c a l p l a n e i m m e d i a t e l y adj a c e n t to
the l i n e of the s t u d s .
(b) F o r s l a b s c o n s i s t i n g of p r e c a s t u n i t s ,
w i t h or w i t h o u t t o p p i n g , the s h e a r

383
c o n n e c t i o n s m a y be a c h i e v e d by b o l t i n g
the p r e c a s t u n i t s d i r e c t l y to the s t e e l
b e a m s w i t h H S F G b o l t s u s e d in t h e / T B
or / T F m o d e s .
T h i s is i l l u s t r a t e d in
Fig. 2 and c o v e r e d in R e f . 2 , p a r t 5 . 4 . 4 .

J7- *~VL
(a) ribbed profile

l=sJab thickness:

COMPOSITE SECTION
DESIGN SLAB THICKNESS.

ICtNf O R C E I N !

(b) dovetail profile

w p a n width (avefege if side sloped);

h - r i b height

Fig.

3 ( b ) : Sheeting

Geometry

Notation:

Fig. 2

= yield

Wp

= plastic moment,

Precast Slab With Topping

B o l t e d D i r e c t l y to B e a m s
(and w i t h C o n t i n u i t y
Reinforcement).

The solid plank precast units are better

s u i t e d to t h i s m e t h o d than the h o l l o w
s e c t i o n u n i t s (e.g. D y c o r e ) b e c a u s e t h e i r
s o l i d c r o s s s e c t i o n is m o r e s u i t a b l e for
r e s i s t i n g c o m p r e s s i v e b e a r i n g s t r e s s e s and
s h e a r f o r c e s and t h e i r c r o s s - s e c t i o n s a r e
t h i n n e r , w h i c h a l l o w s s t a n d a r d M 1 6 or M 2 0
b o l t l e n g t h s to b e u s e d .
(c) F o r i n s i t u s l a b s w i t h an i n s i t u p o u r e d
t o p p i n g the s e i s m i c s h e a r c a n b e
t r a n s f e r r e d to t h e s u p p o r t i n g b e a m s a n d /
or c o l u m n s b y m e a n s o f w e l d e d s h e a r
r e i n f o r c e m e n t and d i r e c t b e a r i n g . T h e
w e l d e d r e i n f o r c e m e n t c o n s i s t s of G r a d e
275 s t i r r u p s or d e f o r m e d b a r s w e l d e d
o n t o t h e s t e e l m a i n b e a m s and a n c h o r e d
i n t o the i n s i t u c o n c r e t e .
T h i s m e t h o d is o n l y s u i t a b l e for c a r r y i n g
s e i s m i c d i a p h r a g m s h e a r f o r c e s w h e r e no
c o m p o s i t e b e a m a c t i o n is d e s i g n e d f o r , as
the c o n n e c t i o n is v e r y f l e x i b l e and w o u l d
g e n e r a t e e x c e s s c r a c k i n g in the c o n c r e t e
s l a b u n d e r the m a x i m u m d e s i g n s e r v i c e
l o a d i n g if t h e b e a m s w e r e d e s i g n e d for
composite action.
4.

COMPOSITE

4.1

Introduction
Section 4

BEAMS
t o , and S c o p e o f .

A c o m p o s i t e b e a m c o n s i s t s of a s l a b ,
s t e e l b e a m and s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s to p r o v i d e
p a r t i a l or full c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n b e t w e e n the
slab and b e a m .
T h e load d e f l e c t i o n b e h a v i o u r of a
c o m p o s i t e b e a m w i t h p a r t i a l o r full
i n t e r a c t i o n is c o m p a r e d in F i g . 3(a) w i t h
that of a s t e e l b e a m a l o n e .

R I
0 l

I P A S I l A l INTERACTION B C * r .
WRM CfLt.Ul.AK D I C K ? ,
CURvt DEPENDS CH
wlh
OF SHEETING)

-w,B

(STEEL

BCAM)

LOADING

. ^
WiD-SPAN

DEFLECTION,

3^: T y p i c a l B e a m B e h a v i o u r

load
beam

cy

load,

steel beam

for f i r s t y i e l d ,

= collapse

load,

alone

steel beam
fully

collapse load, beam with

decking
= applied

composite

fully c o m p o s i t e

load for f i r s t y i e l d , b e a m
cellular decking

wd u

alone.

beam

with

cellular

load

W,h = cellular deck parameters

Fig. 3 ( b ) .

defined

in

Partial interaction composite design

i n v o l v e s f a i l u r e o f t h e s e c t i o n taking
p l a c e t h r o u g h t h e s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s . It is
an e s t a b l i s h e d d e s i g n m e t h o d in t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s b u t is n o t r e c o m m e n d e d for use in
Australia.
F u r t h e r m o r e it has an
unrealiable inelastic ductility capacity
and h e n c e is not r e c o m m e n d e d in any s e c t i o n
s u b j e c t to low o r h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d .
Some steel sheet decking systems
h a v e p r o f i l e s s u c h that the full s t r e n g t h
of t h e s h e a r s t u d s c a n n o t b e d e v e l o p e d and
t h e s e s y s t e m s c a n n o t be used in r e g i o n s of
low o r h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d . R e f e r e n c e 1
gives details.
E a c h s h e a r c o n n e c t o r is b e a r i n g
h o r i z o n t a l l y a g a i n s t the c o n c r e t e slab w h e n
t r a n s f e r r i n g s h e a r , e i t h e r d u e to c o m p o s i t e
or seismic diaphragm action.
This a c t i o n
i n d u c e s t e n s i o n in t h e c o n c r e t e in the
d i r e c t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the line of
s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s and this t e n s i l e force
n e c e s s i t a t e s the p l a c i n g of t r a n s v e r s e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n the s l a b .
Seismic design provisions are given
in S e c t i o n 4.2 for s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s .
S e c t i o n 4.3 for t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t
and S e c t i o n 4.4 for d u c t i l e c o m p o s i t e b e a m
design.
4.2

Shear

Connections

4.2.1

Introduction

C o n n e c t o r s fall into five c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s : r i g i d , f l e x i b l e , bond, r i g i d p l u s

bond and high strength structural bolts.
T h e o n l y t w o r e c o m m e n d e d for g e n e r a l u s e
are t h e f l e x i b l e and h i g h s t r e n g t h
s t r u c t u r a l b o l t c o n n e c t o r s , e x a m p l e s of
w h i c h a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 4.

Fig.

VJy

- R e f . 4.

384
Definitions
Flexible Shear Connectors

Channel

for Fi

area of s t e e l b e a m
yield

Joist

(mm )

s t r e s s of steel b e a m

(MPa)

1.0 for no d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d d e s i g n or
w h e r e the p l a s t i c h i n g e s do n o t o c c u r
w i t h i n the s e g m e n t u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n
for low or h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d
designs

Studs

High Strength Structural Bolts

1.35, 1.5 for low, h i g h d u c t i l i t y

demand designs where plastic hinges
form w i t h i n the s e g m e n t u n d e r
consideration
Shear Connector

Fic

Types

e f f e c t i v e a r e a of c o n c r e t e f l a n g e =
e f f e c t i v e (width x t h i c k n e s s ) ( m m )
2

T h e s e are a l s o t h e only two c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

of c o n n e c t o r about w h i c h s u f f i c i e n t
e x p e r i m e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n is a v a i l a b l e to
make reliable seismic design recommendations.
4.2.2

Connector

Capacity

sy

T h e u l t i m a t e c a p a c i t y of t h e
c o n n e c t o r s is the s a m e for all d e s i g n
a p p l i c a t i o n s , i r r e s p e c t i v e of the d u c t i l i t y
d e m a n d on any s e c t i o n of the m e m b e r .
The
r e a s o n for this is that the c o n n e c t o r
c a p a c i t y is d e p e n d e n t o n the c o n c r e t e b e i n g
c o n f i n e d and c r a c k e d .
T h e r e is a n e e d for c l o s e r c o n f i n e ment of the concrete with increasing
ductility demand.
T h i s is a c h i e v e d by
i n c r e a s i n g the level of t r a n s v e r s e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t t h r o u g h the c o n c r e t e s l a b ,
d i r e c t l y a b o v e the b e a m .
Details are given
in S e c t i o n 4.3.
R e f e r e n c e 1 l i s t s the u l t i m a t e
c a p a c i t i e s of the t y p e s of c o n n e c t o r s h o w n
in Fig. 4.
4.2.3

N u m b e r of C o n n e c t o r s

and

Spacing

T h e r e q u i r e d n u m b e r of c o n n e c t o r s
m a y be d e p e n d e n t on the d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d ,
as the c o n n e c t o r s h a v e to c a r r y the o v e r s t r e n g t h c a p a c i t y of the s t e e l b e a m in
r e g i o n s of low and h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d .
T h e s p a c i n g is a l s o d e p e n d e n t o n the
n a t u r e of t h e a p p l i e d l o a d .
For u n i f o r m
l o a d i n g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s for c o n n e c t o r
n u m b e r s are as s h o w n in Fig. 5 and the
a c c o m p a n y i n g e q u a t i o n s ; for o t h e r t y p e s of
a p p l i e d load r e f e r to R e f . 1.

"n" connectors.]

iu

In segment n,, sv, n , n :5

^hK

n - no. of

0-85 F.' -Ae

connectors

n, = V / q (i = 1, 2, 5, 6)
Pli

In segments n , n :
3

t o t a l no. of connectors
for whole span = 2n

Hi'

Fig.

: Required

Numbers

total area of longitudinal reinforcing

s t e e l in s l a b c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n the
e f f e c t i v e f l a n g e w i d t h at s u p p o r t
(mm )

V ,/

0.6^

of

Connectors

h i

(i

=3.4)

s p e c i f i e d m i n i m u m y i e l d s t r e s s of the
l o n g i t u d i n a l r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l (MPa)
s h e a r c a p a c i t y of c o n n e c t o r
T a b l e 1 in R e f . 1.

from

For HSFG b o l t s in the /TF m o d e

w o r k i n g s t r e s s loads m u s t be used as
i l l u s t r a t e d in Ref. 2, A p p e n d i x D .

the

R e f e r e n c e 1 g i v e s d e t a i l s of m a x i m u m
and m i n i m u m c o n n e c t o r s p a c i n g s for l e n g t h s
o f c o m p o s i t e b e a m s u b j e c t to no d u c t i l i t y
demand.
W i t h i n p l a s t i c h i n g e zones s u b j e c t
to low or h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d the
l o n g i t u d i n a l s p a c i n g should be n o g r e a t e r
than 300 mm or 2 times the slab t h i c k n e s s
o r 4 t i m e s the h e i g h t of the c o n n e c t o r ,
w h i c h e v e r is the l e a s t .
F u r t h e r m o r e , w i t h i n any p l a s t i c
h i n g e zone s u b j e c t to low or h i g h d u c t i l i t y
d e m a n d a s i n g l e line of stud s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s
m u s t n e v e r b e p l a c e d d i r e c t l y o v e r the s t e e l
b e a m c e n t r e l i n e b u t m u s t be s t a g g e r e d on
e i t h e r s i d e of the c e n t r e l i n e to r e d u c e
the p o s s i b i l i t y of l o n g i t u d i n a l s p l i t t i n g
of t h e s l a b .
4.3

Transverse

Slab

Reinforcement

P r e m a t u r e f a i l u r e of a c o m p o s i t e
b e a m d u e to l o n g i t u d i n a l s p l i t t i n g of the
s l a b is a c o m p l e x p h e n o m e n o n w h i c h a p p e a r s
to b e o n l y r e p r o d u c i b l e in the l a b o r a t o r y .
H o w e v e r it h a s the p o t e n t i a l to o c c u r in
p r a c t i c e , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h i n r e g i o n s of low
or h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d .
Reference 1
g i v e s d e t a i l s of the t e s t s u n d e r t a k e n to
study t r a n s v e r s e s p l i t t i n g of a slab and
g i v e s full d e t a i l s of the t r a n s v e r s e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r m u l a t e d to
p r e v e n t its o c c u r r e n c e .
The provisions
w o u l d a p p e a r to be c o n s e r v a t i v e and do not
r e l a t e d i r e c t l y to the c y c l i c i n e l a s t i c
d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d s imposed on p l a s t i c h i n g e
zones in c a t e g o r y 1 and 2 m e m b e r s .
T h e r e f o r e in the a b s e n c e of a n y
d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n and t a k i n g into a c c o u n t
the i n h e r e n t c o n s e r v a t i v e n e s s of the
t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t , the f o l l o w i n g
design provisions have been made:
(a) the p r o v i s i o n s g i v e n
as d e s c r i b e d in full
s u i t a b l e for r e g i o n s
s u b j e c t to i n e l a s t i c

in B S 5 4 0 0 : P a r t 5,
in Ref. 1, a r e
of a b e a m not
ductility demand.

385
(b) for low and h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d
r e g i o n s the c o n c r e t e c o n t r i b u t i o n to
l o n g i t u d i n a l s p l i t t i n g r e s i s t a n c e is
d e c r e a s e d b y 2 5 % and t h e m a x i m u m b a r
s p a c i n g s for b o t t o m r e i n f o r c e m e n t
r e d u c e d to o n e h a l f of t h e s p a c i n g s
a l l o w e d in ( a ) .

0.72 f' B
e(D
+ D ) for f* 4
e c u s
c
c
A F
(e
+
, )
s y
u
sh
e

where

L i m i t e d n u m b e r s of t e s t s h a v e b e e n
undertaken on composite beams with slab
t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t c o n f o r m i n g to
t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s and the i n e l a s t i c
b e h a v i o u r h a s b e e n v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y . It is
p l a n n e d to u n d e r t a k e a t e s t i n g p r o g r a m m e in
N e w Z e a l a n d in the n e a r f u t u r e that w i l l
v e r i f y and h o p e f u l l y r e d u c e t h e s e
r e q u i r e m e n t s for t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t .

30 M P a
(4.1)

= ductility

f'

= c o n c r e t e 28 day c y l i n d e r
strength
= slab effective width, slab
depth
steel beam cross-sectional
area, depth

,D
c

s' s
D

factor

ultimate concrete
s t r a i n at e x t r e m e

'sh

compression
fibre

s t e e l beam" m a x i m u m s t r a i n
c o m m e n c e m e n t of s t r a i n
hardening = ^ y

at

W h e n c o m p o s i t e s l a b s are formed b y
pouring concrete onto profiled steel
d e c k i n g , w h e r e the d e c k i n g p r o f i l e is
d e s i g n e d to e n s u r e f u l l c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n
w i t h the c o n c r e t e {e.g. D i m o n d H i - B o n d ) ,
the s t e e l d e c k i n g c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d as
transverse reinforcement.
The a r e a o f t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t
r e q u i r e d is not g r e a t , e v e n w i t h i n h i g h
d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d p l a s t i c h i n g e r e g i o n s , and
the s t e e l d e c k i n g w i l l u s u a l l y p r o v i d e m o r e
than e n o u g h t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t .
R e f e r e n c e 1 a l s o g i v e s full d e t a i l s
for p l a c i n g and c u r t a i l i n g t r a n s v e r s e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t and g i v e s a m i n i m u m r e q u i r e d
a r e a of r e i n f o r c e m e n t for all c o m p o s i t e
beams.
4

Ductile Composite

Beam

Design

This s e c t i o n p r o v i d e s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
for d u c t i l e c o m p o s i t e b e a m d e s i g n in e a c h
of the f o l l o w i n g four z o n e s a l o n g a b e a m :
(a) P o s i t i v e m o m e n t w i t h i n t h e s p a n (zone
1 in Fig. 6)
(b) P o s i t i v e m o m e n t at the s u p p o r t s (zone
3 in Fig. 6)
(c) N e g a t i v e m o m e n t at an i n t e r i o r s u p p o r t
(zone 2 in F i g . 6)
(d) N e g a t i v e m o m e n t at an e x t e r i o r s u p p o r t
(not s h o w n in F i g . 6 ) .
Exterior col.

r
k
11
3

4.4.1

pr r

Fig.

: Zones

M max

for C o n n e c t o r

Positive Moment Within

(Zone 1, F i g . 6)

Spacing
the

Span

The d u c t i l i t y c a p a c i t y of a c o m p o s i t e
s e c t i o n u n d e r p o s i t i v e m o m e n t can be
d e t e r m i n e d t h r o u g h the u s e of the d u c t i l i t y
factor as g i v e n by Eq. 4.1. T h i s p a r a m e t e r
is d e r i v e d in R e f . 6 and v e r i f i e d by t e s t s
in R e f s . 6 and 7.

s t e e l b e a m s t r a i n at
yield.

first

A value of
= 1.0
m e a n s the s t e e l b e a m
w i l l just c o m m e n c e s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g w h e n
t h e c o n c r e t e slab u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h is
r e a c h e d (this c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d the
c o m p o s i t e b e a m e q u i v a l e n t of the b a l a n c e d
steel ratio,
, in r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
construction).
Reference 7 recommends a
m i n i m u m v a l u e of
= 1.4
to e n s u r e
d u c t i l i t y for p l a s t i c d e s i g n .
A n appropriate relationship between
the displacement ductility demand
y
and
ductility factor
4 has b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d
in R e f . 1.
H e n c e it is s h o w n that the
c o n s e r v a t i v e v a l u e s of d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r
for s e c t i o n s r e q u i r e d to u n d e r g o low and
h i g h l e v e l s of d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d a r e 1.8
and 2.2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
These ductility
f a c t o r s are e a s i l y o b t a i n a b l e in a t y p i c a l
midspan composite beam section subjected
to a p o s i t i v e m o m e n t .
T h e o v e r s t r e n g t h factors for this
s e c t i o n a r e as o b t a i n e d from R e f . 3 for
the g r a d e of s u p p o r t i n g steel b e a m u s e d .
4.4.2

P o s i t i v e M o m e n t at a S u p p o r t
3, F i g . 6)

(Zone

U n d e r s e i s m i c (and w i n d ) l a t e r a l
l o a d i n g a p o s i t i v e m o m e n t m a y w e l l form
a d j a c e n t to the c o l u m n face, as s h o w n in
z o n e 3, F i g . 6.
T h e w i d t h of c o n c r e t e
slab e f f e c t i v e at this p o s i t i o n is
t r a d i t i o n a l l y t a k e n as the c o l u m n f l a n g e
w i d t h u n l e s s s p r e a d e r p l a t e s are e m p l o y e d .
T e s t s c o n d u c t e d o n such r e g i o n s show t h a t
t h e u l t i m a t e m o m e n t c a p a c i t y can be
p r e d i c t e d b a s e d o n the e f f e c t i v e w i d t h of
s l a b e q u a l to the c o l u m n f l a n g e (Ref. 8 ) .
H o w e v e r t h i s leads to a s e c t i o n w h i c h is
often heavily over-reinforced, using
reinforced concrete terminology with
f a i l u r e t a k i n g p l a c e p r i m a r i l y by c r u s h i n g
of t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b . T e s t s (Ref. 8) h a v e
s h o w n t h a t the s e c t i o n has c o n s i d e r a b l e
i n e l a s t i c d u c t i l i t y but that s e v e r e slab
degradation occurs under positive moment
a c t i o n u n l e s s the slab is w e l l c o n f i n e d ,
and e v e n t h e n the p e r f o r m a n c e of the
c o n c r e t e slab is p o o r .
B e c a u s e of slab c r u s h i n g , u n d e r
i n e l a s t i c c y c l i c loading, the b e n e f i c i a l
e f f e c t o f the s l a b in r e s i s t i n g p o s i t i v e
m o m e n t at the s u p p o r t is q u i c k l y lost and
the h e a v y d a m a g e to the s l a b a d v e r s e l y

386
a f f e c t s t h e a n c h o r a g e of l o n g i t u d i n a l slab
r e i n f o r c e m e n t r u n n i n g p a s t the c o l u m n , thus
r e d u c i n g the n e g a t i v e m o m e n t c a p a c i t y of
the s e c t i o n .

is b u t t e d u p to the c o l u m n face to e n s u r e
t r a n s f e r of c o m p r e s s i o n force into the
c o l u m n , but is not fixed to the column thus
e n s u r i n g it has no t e n s i l e c a p a c i t y .

W h e r e c o m p o s i t e b e a m s form p a r t of
the p r i m a r y s e i s m i c r e s i s t i n g s y s t e m for a
s t r u c t u r e they m u s t be c a p a b l e of s t a b l e
inelastic cyclic action.
T h e r e are two
p o s s i b l e m e t h o d s of a c h i e v i n g t h i s .
T h e first is to not u s e c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n
near the s u p p o r t s . T h i s is m o s t e c o n o m i c a l
w h e r e the b e a m is g r a v i t y d o m i n a t e d or
d e f l e c t i o n c o n t r o l l e d . In this m e t h o d the
m i d s p a n s e c t i o n of the beam is m a d e f u l l y
c o m p o s i t e , t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e of the
i n c r e a s e d m o m e n t c a p a c i t y and d e c r e a s e d
d e f l e c t i o n r e s u l t i n g from c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n .
T h e s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s are t h e n c u r t a i l e d a
s u i t a b l e d i s t a n c e a w a y from t h e s u p p o r t s
and the s u p p o r t c a p a c i t y d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g
t h e steel beam a l o n e .
W h e r e the shear
c o n n e c t o r s are thus c u r t a i l e d e x t r a
c o n n e c t o r s should b e p l a c e d b e y o n d the
p o i n t of c u r t a i l m e n t so that d o u b l e the
r e q u i r e d d e s i g n shear t r a n s f e r c a p a c i t y is
provided.
T h e s e c o n n e c t o r s should e x t e n d
600 mm or t w i c e the d e p t h of s t e e l b e a m ,
w h i c h e v e r is the g r e a t e s t , beyond t h e
p o i n t of c u r t a i l m e n t .
This prevents
p r o g r e s s i v e s p l i t t i n g along the s h e a r
c o n n e c t o r s from the ends i n w a r d s u n d e r
s h e a r s h i g h e r than e x p e c t e d from the n o m i n a l
d e s i g n s t r e n g t h of the beam at the s u p p o r t s .
T h e s e c o n d m e t h o d is to u s e c o m p o s i t e
a c t i o n at the s u p p o r t s for r e s i s t i n g both
p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e m o m e n t and to e n s u r e
that the c o n c r e t e r e m a i n s i n t a c t u n d e r
a p p l i e d p o s i t i v e m o m e n t s and p r o v i d e s the
necessary ductility.
T h i s i n v o l v e s the
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of a n e w d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e
based o n the d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r c o n c e p t
r a i s e d in S e c t i o n 4.4.1.

T h e v o l u m e of c o n c r e t e d i r e c t l y in
c o n t a c t w i t h the c o l u m n face, w h i c h c a r r i e s
this c o m p r e s s i o n r e i n f o r c e m e n t , is then
c o n f i n e d a c c o r d i n g to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of
C l a u s e 6.5.4.3,(b) of R e f . 9 in o r d e r that
t h e v e r y h i g h c o n c r e t e c o m p r e s s i o n strains
m a y be d e p e n d a b l y c a r r i e d .

The ductility factor provides a

m e a s u r e of the d u c t i l i t y c a p a c i t y of a
composite beam section under positive
moment.
In S e c t i o n 4.4.1 it w a s s t a t e d that
d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r v a l u e s of 1.8 and 2.2
r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e r e q u i r e d to p r o v i d e
c o m p o s i t e s e c t i o n s (under p o s i t i v e m o m e n t )
w i t h low and h i g h d u c t i l i t y c a p a c i t y .
T h e s e f a c t o r s are based on the s l a b
c o n c r e t e being u n c o n f i n e d , w i t h an u l t i m a t e
c o n c r e t e c o m p r e s s i o n s t r a i n of = 0 . 0 0 3 .
H o w e v e r c o n c r e t e c o n f i n e d to the r e q u i r e m e n t s g i v e n in R e f . 9 c a n d e p e n d a b l y
s u s t a i n an u l t i m a t e c o m p r e s s i o n s t r a i n of
0.004 (Ref. 1 0 ) . If this v a l u e is u s e d in
Eq. 4.1, t h e d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r s r e q u i r e d for
low and h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d are 1.4 and
1.7 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The theoretical concrete effective
w i d t h s r e q u i r e d to o b t a i n d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r s
of 1.4 and 1.7 are g r e a t e r than the w i d t h
of the c o l u m n f a c e , and c a n be o b t a i n e d
d i r e c t l y from a r e a r r a n g e m e n t of E q , 4.1.
T h e t h e o r e t i c a l e f f e c t i v e w i d t h times the
d e p t h of c o n c r e t e in c o m p r e s s i o n , t i m e s the
ultimate concrete compression stress, gives
t h e total c o m p r e s s i o n force r e q u i r e d to b e
c a r r i e d in the s l a b .
T h e w i d t h of c o n c r e t e
in d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h the c o l u m n face is
d e s i g n e d t o carry its share of t h i s
c o m p r e s s i o n force and t h e r e m a i n d e r is
c a r r i e d by c o m p r e s s i o n r e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a c e d
near the t o p of the slab. T h i s r e i n f o r c e m e n t

T h u s the c o n c r e t e slab w i l l b e h a v e
in a d u c t i l e m a n n e r u n d e r p o s i t i v e
i n e l a s t i c m o m e n t w i t h f a i l u r e o c c u r r i n g by
y i e l d i n g in the steel beam. F i g u r e s 7 and
8 g i v e d e t a i l s of the c o m p r e s s i o n and
c o n f i n i n g r e i n f o r c e m e n t l a y o u t w i t h the
full d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e set out in R e f . 1.
4.4.3

N e g a t i v e M o m e n t at an
S u p p o r t (Zone 2, F i g .

Interior
6)

T h e c a l c u l a t i o n of the m o m e n t
c a p a c i t y of this s e c t i o n is c l e a r l y laid
oi:o in m a n y r e f e r e n c e s , i n c l u d i n g R e f . 2..
c o m p r e s s i o n son?, is* in the s t e e l beam
a:id t e n s i o n ~ o f o r c e i n e n t c o n s i s t s of
continuous i
, r e i n f o r c e m e n t and p a r t of
ohe top of z'- .o ;eel beam.
H e n c e no
c o n c r e t e <s i /c".ve-f in the s e c t i o n m o m e n t
capacity.
!

T h e s e c t i o n c a n b e very d u c t i l e ,
w i t h t h e o n l y l i m i t s on d u c t i l i t y being
imposed by l a t e r a l and local b u c k l i n g of
t h e s u p p o r t i n g steel b e a m f l a n g e s and w e b
in the c o m p r e s s i o n z o n e .
T h i s is
i n t u i t i v e l y o b v i o u s and h a s b e e n e x p e r i m e n t ally c o n f i r m e d by tests , both c y c l i c
i n e l a s t i c and m o n o t o n i c i n e l a s t i c tests
(Refs. 2, 4, 8, 11, 1 2 ) .
T h e r e q u i r e m e n t s for c o m p a c t n e s s
of the s e c t i o n flange a r e t h e s a m e as for
a s t e e l b e a m a c t i n g on its o w n .
However
from c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of s e c t i o n i n t e r n a l
e q u i l i b r i u m , the t e n s i l e f o r c e c r e a t e d by
the slab r e i n f o r c e m e n t m u s t b e r e s i s t e d by
a l o n g i t u d i n a l c o m p r e s s i o n force in the
steel section.
T h i s e n t e r s the steel beam
t h r o u g h the s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s and i n t r o d u c e s
a c o m p r e s s i o n f o r c e into the beam w e b . T h e
i n t e r a c t i o n of a x i a l load and b e n d i n g in
the w e b m u s t be a c c o u n t e d for in a
c o m p o s i t e b e a m as it is in a steel s e c t i o n .
R e f e r e n c e 13 p r o v i d e s a m e a n s of a c c o u n t i n g
for this i n t e r a c t i o n and this is
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o T a b l e 1.
T a b l e 1 g i v e s the r e q u i r e m e n t s for
section compactness and/or web stiffening
r e q u i r e m e n t s for UB , UC s e c t i o n s , i n steel
g r a d e s 2 5 0 , 350, 450 for s e c t i o n s
s u b j e c t e d to n o , low or h i g h d u c t i l i t y
d e m a n d support n e g a t i v e m o m e n t s .
T h e s e are t a k e n from the a b o v e r e f e r e n c e s
p l u s R e f . 14 (Ref. 14 g i v e s the h i g h
d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d l i m i t s and r e a s o n s for
them).

387

E f f e c t i v e width
{in direct
contact with
column flanges
or spreader
plates)

Positive raldspan
e f f e c t i v e width

(from reference 1)

\
region A

Fig.

7 :

Effective Width

region B

of P o s i t i v e M o m e n t R e g i o n s at S u p p o r t

Region A
from f i g . 7

Region B
from f i g . 7

*i

-Confining

stirrups
-'f^-Confinement reinfm't

^.Compression

reinfm't.

Supporting beam under

J?_=

L" 1
I

1 >\

Spreader p l a t e

(optional)
.

>

iCompress
i
Compression
development length for Compression
4>-

|<
1

reinforcem't

e7

|
Extent of confining
stirrups

lj
/

i
Fig.

Notes:

Compression
(B
(B

Section A-A

Reinforcement

Section B-B

in C o m p o s i t e

Positive Moment

Section

= width of column)
c

+ 2 b o = w i d t h of s p r e a d e r

plate)

T h e o v e r s t r e n g t h f a c t o r s for this s e c t i o n a r e as o b t a i n e d
R e f . 3 for the g r a d e o f s u p p o r t i n g s t e e l b e a m u s e d .

from

at a S u p p o r t

388
Table

Steel

L i m i t a t i o n s on W e b and F l a n g e s of U n s t i f f e n e d S t e e l B e a m
in C o m p o s i t e C o n s t r u c t i o n in N e g a t i v e M o m e n t R e g i o n s

Grade

Yield

Ductility

Stress
(MPa)

N o or v e r y l o w
(ref. n o t e s 1,2)
l
if

b
-=r =

16.2

a
250
(AS1204)

250

81(1-1.43)

-jT

350
(AS1204)

350

43

for

13.7

>

0.33

^ 71(1

~p

<

69(1-1.43)
0 U

for

0.33

- =
b

36 for

for
Definitions

for T a b l e

and d ^ t
<p A

>

= 43

0.28
l
- T -

0.28
3

for

> 0. 28

Q $ 3 ^

6.4

< 60 (1-1.43)

<

0.28

for

60(1-1.43)
0 S 3 ^

l
~~ =

Steel with P

Steel with F

0.28

MPa not

12.1

0 3 S

- 4 = 36 for 3 > 0,28

y

=360

permitted

36

MPa not

in L o w

ductility

in h i g h

demand

region

demand

efficiency

(Refs.

0.33

430

55
(BS4360)

1)

>

-=r

b /T

~ 71 ( 1 - 1 . 4 3 )

for

for

0.28

-f

1.43)

l
~ = 7 3
T
'
1

2)

7.6
d

for 0 ^ M
l
- = 43 for

High
(ref. n o t e

8.6

d
d

Section

2)

-f

0 < < 0.33

for

on

Low
(ref. n o t e

Demand

Used

for
y

>

0.28

=360

permitted
ductility
region

62(1-1.43)
0 < 3 S 0.33

1:
l

are -
as = d e33
f i nfor
ed

3 > 1.33
in
A S 1250

2)

is r e c o m m e n d e d

for m a x i m u m

12,2)

^o
w h e r e <j>

= overstrength

factor,

= a r e a of c o n t i n u o u s
at s u p p o r t s
sy

yield
area
yield

stress
of

of

slab

supporting

stress

of

as d e f i n e d

slab

in S e c t i o n

reinforcement

4.4.3.

within

slab

effective, w i d t h

reinforcement

steel

beam

supporting

steel

beam

Notes:
1) T h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h i s c o l u m n of T a b l e 1 are for no d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d b u t full
section capacity required.
If the a p p l i e d m o m e n t m a x i m u m is less t h a n 7 0 % o f the
u l t i m a t e m o m e n t of r e s i s t a n c e at the s u p p o r t and the a p p r o p r i a t e e l a s t i c c h e c k s are
c a r r i e d out, then it w o u l d a p p e a r r e a s o n a b l e to r e l a x the a b o v e l i m i t s .
R e f e r e n c e 14 p r o v i d e s s o m e g u i d a n c e o n t h i s .
2) T h e l i m i t i n g w e b
d,/t
r a t i o s g i v e n in T a b l e 1 are q u i t e s e v e r e .
They can, however,
b e d o u b l e d if a s t i f f e n e r is p l a c e d at m i d h e i g h t o n the w e b in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
F i g . 9 and the a s s o c i a t e d n o t e s .

389

^Tension s t i f f e n e r
( i f required)

Ds + Dc
\

Web
Stiffener
Column Sti ffener

1.5(Ds

Dc)
D column

Fig. 9

Web Stiffener

R e q u i r e m e n t s for W e b S t i f f e n e r in o r d e r t h a t
the W e b (d../t) r a t i o s g i v e n in T a b l e 1 m a y
be doubled!
1. T h e s t i f f e n e r ( s ) m u s t e x t e n d the d i s t a n c e
shown in F i g . 9 from the s u p p o r t and b e
l o c a t e d at the m i d h e i g h t of the b e a m .
2. T h e s t i f f e n e r ( s ) m a y be p l a c e d on o n e or
both s i d e s o f the w e b as r e q u i r e d
p r o v i d e d the s t i f f n e s s r e q u i r e m e n t s of
3 b e l o w are m e t .
3. T h e s t i f f e n e r ( s ) m u s t be p r o p o r t i o n e d
as for c o m p r e s s i o n e l e m e n t s and t h e
c r o s s s e c t i o n s h o u l d be c h o s e n so t h a t
the m o m e n t of i n e r t i a a b o u t the b e a m
Y-Y a x i s , t a k e n a b o u t the b e a m w e b
c e n t r e l i n e is the s a m e as for o n e b e a m
flange
I
t a k e n a b o u t the b e a m w e b
centrelin^Y
4. T h e s t i f f e n e r to b e a m w e b w e l d s h o u l d be
c a p a b l e of t r a n s m i t t i n g the full s q u a s h
load of the s t i f f e n e r . It can b e an
i n t e r m i t t e n t fillet w e l d for s e c t i o n s
not s u b j e c t to i n e l a s t i c d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d
b u t m u s t be c o n t i n u o u s i n c l u d i n g a r o u n d
the e x p o s e d end of the s t i f f e n e r for
r e g i o n s of s e c t i o n s s u b j e c t to low o r
high ductility demand.
The o v e r s t r e n g t h f a c t o r s for t h i s s e c t i o n
are as d e t e r m i n e d b y the g r a d e of slab
r e i n f o r c e m e n t , i.e.
0 o = 1.25 for g r a d e 2 5 0 , low d u c t i l i t y
demand.
0 o - 1.40 for g r a d e 3 8 0 , low d u c t i l i t y
demand.
A b o v e x 1.15 for h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d .
4.4.4

Negative Moment
Support

at an

Exterior

If the slab r e i n f o r c e m e n t at the

s u p p o r t is a n c h o r e d in such a m a n n e r that
its full t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h can b e p r o v i d e d
at the s u p p o r t then the m o m e n t c a p a c i t y
can be t a k e n as for an i n t e r i o r s u p p o r t
acted u p o n b y a n e g a t i v e m o m e n t .
This
a n c h o r a g e can b e into the e x t e r n a l r i n g
b e a m , in w h i c h case the b e a m m u s t t r a n s f e r
the t e n s i l e load from the r e i n f o r c e m e n t
into the c o l u m n in b e n d i n g and s h e a r .
A l t e r n a t i v e l y the r e i n f o r c e m e n t can b e
a n c h o r e d to a r o l l e d s e c t i o n p l a c e d a g a i n s t
the e x t e r n a l face of the c o l u m n w h i c h c a r r i e s
the r e i n f o r c i n g load in s h e a r and b e n d i n g
and t r a n s m i t s it by b e a r i n g load to the
column external face.

Placement
If the slab r e i n f o r c e m e n t c a n n o t
d e v e l o p m e n t its full t e n s i o n load the c a p a c i t y o f the s e c t i o n is as g i v e n by the steel
s e c t i o n a l o n e and the a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n
rules apply.
4.4.5

Design

for V e r t i c a l

Shear

T h e s e i s m i c and n o n - s e i s m i c d e s i g n
p r o c e d u r e s for v e r t i c a l s h e a r are i d e n t i c a l
and c o v e r e d in d e t a i l in r e f e r e n c e 1.

5.

COMPOSITE BEAM-COLUMN

5.1

Introduction
Section 5

CONNECTIONS

to, and S c o p e

of

T h e r e are t h r e e c l a s s e s of c o n n e c t i o n
c o m m o n l y u s e d in c o m p o s i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n .
T h e s e are f l e x i b l e or s i m p l e s u p p o r t c o n n e c t i o n s , s e m i - r i g i d c o n n e c t i o n s and (fully)
rigid connections.
F i g . 9 g i v e s an e x a m p l e
of a r i g i d c o n n e c t i o n a n d F i g . 10 an e x a m p l e
of a s e m i - r i g i d c o n n e c t i o n .

REINFORCEMENT

_ j

,
?

"l?

1.

i
i
_^6AP
A
A'

Fig.

1
1

1
1."

"
BOLTS IN
F 1R.I .C 1 C N MO0E

10: Semi-Rigid

Connection

T h e d e s i g n of the b e a m to c o l u m n c o n n e c t i o n s
is o n e of the s t a r t i n g p o i n t s of the o v e r a l l
design.
U n t i l a d e c i s i o n has b e e n m a d e as
to w h e t h e r the s t r u c t u r e is to be b r a c e d or
u n b r a c e d , and if b r a c e d w h e t h e r s i m p l y
s u p p o r t e d or p a r t i a l fixity c o n n e c t i o n s w i l l
b e used (unbraced s t r u c t u r e s r e q u i r e
rigid
c o n n e c t i o n s ) it is i m p o s s i b l e to a n a l y s e
the f r a m e or d e t e r m i n e the b e a m m o m e n t s .

390
R e f e r e n c e s 1 and 5 p r o v i d e g u i d a n c e
a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e of c o n n e c t i o n .

on

the

S e c t i o n 5 of t h i s p a p e r a d d r e s s e s
o n l y t h e s e i s m i c d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s for
e a c h c l a s s of c o n n e c t i o n , in s e c t i o n s 5 . 2 ,
5.3 and 5.4 r e s p e c t i v e l y for f l e x i b l e ,
s e m i - r i g i d and rigid c o n n e c t i o n s .
5.2

Flexible or Simple

Support

Connections

T h e s e c a n n o t carry s e i s m i c m o m e n t s
d i r e c t l y b u t w i l l s u b j e c t to an i n d u c e d
m o m e n t u n d e r s e i s m i c l o a d i n g d u e to t h e
d e f o r m a t i o n of the o v e r a l l s t r u c t u r e .
T h e likely i n e l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s of the
o v e r a l l s t r u c t u r e s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d and
h e n c e the r o t a t i o n imposed on t h e j o i n t .
Then t h e a v a i l a b l e r o t a t i o n c a p a c i t y of the
joint s h o u l d b e c h e c k e d to e n s u r e that t h e
s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n b o t t o m f l a n g e and c o l u m n
f a c e is a d e q u a t e .
5.3

Semi-Rigid

Connections

A s w i t h simple c o n n e c t i o n s t h e o n l y
effect seismic loading has on these connect i o n s is the i m p o s i t i o n of a j o i n t r o t a t i o n
and t h e a s s o c i a t e d m o m e n t .
The connection
s h o u l d be c h e c k e d u n d e r t h i s r o t a t i o n to
e n s u r e its i n t e g r i t y and g r a v i t y load
c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y are not c o m p r o m i s e d .
The
d e g r e e of m o m e n t d e v e l o p e d in a s e m i - r i g i d
j o i n t can b e c o n s i d e r a b l e , as c a n b e a p p r e c i a t e d from F i g . 1 0 , w h e r e the m o m e n t F . j d
can e q u a l o r e x c e e d t h e p l a s t i c m o m e n t
c a p a c i t y of the s t e e l b e a m a l o n e .
Under
seismic induced joint rotation this will
r e s u l t in u n b a l a n c e d m o m e n t t r a n s f e r into
the column.
This unbalanced moment will
induce high shear strains into the column
p a n e l zone w h i c h m a y b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r
t h a n the shear s t r a i n s i m p o s e d b y g r a v i t y
loads alone.
T

T h e s e m a y lead to p a n e l zone
shear f a i l u r e u n l e s s the p a n e l z o n e is
a d e q u a t e l y d e s i g n e d to c a r r y the i m p o s e d
s h e a r as o u t l i n e d in s e c t i o n 5 . 4 . 1 .
5.4

Rigid

Connections

T h e d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e for t h e s e c o n n e c t i o n s u n d e r s e i s m i c l o a d i n g is s i m i l a r
to that for n o n - s e i s m i c l o a d i n g .
However
t h e c o n n e c t i o n s m a y c o n n e c t b e a m s w h i c h form
t h e p r i m a r y l a t e r a l load r e s i s t i n g e l e m e n t s
for the s t r u c t u r e and as such are s u b j e c t
to low o r h i g h d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d in the
plastic hinge regions,
In t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h e c o n n e c t i o n s
m u s t b e d e s i g n e d to t r a n s m i t the o v e r s t r e n g t h
f o r c e s from t h e c o m p o s i t e b e a m into t h e c o l u m n ,
T h e o v e r s t r e n g t h f o r c e s are d e t e r m i n e d from
s e c t i o n 4.4 of this p a p e r or s e c t i o n 2.9 of
r e f e r e n c e 1 7 , w h i c h e v e r are t h e g r e a t e s t .
The connection
itself must be
d e s i g n e d and d e t a i l e d to e n s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y
b e h a v i o u r u n d e r the a p p l i e d l o a d s , for t h e
r e l e v a n t l e v e l of structure d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d .
F u r t h e r m o r e it m u s t b e a b l e to c o p e w i t h a
p l a s t i c h i n g e f o r m i n g in the b e a m i m m e d i a t e l y
a d j a c e n t to the c o n n e c t i o n u n d e r c e r t a i n c o m b i n a t i o n s of v e r t i c a l and s e i s m i c l a t e r a l load.
R e f e r e n c e 17 p r o v i d e s g u i d a n c e on w e l d i n g and
b o l t i n g p r o c e d u r e s s u i t a b l e for t h e t h r e e

c l a s s e s of d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d and r e f e r e n c e
16 p r o v i d e s m o r e d e t a i l e d g u i d a n c e for
bolted moment
resisting endplate connect i o n s c o n n e c t i n g b e a m s s u b j e c t to low or
high ductility demand.
5,4.1

Joint Panel

Zone

Behaviour

In r i g i d u n b r a c e frame s t r u c t u r e s
the c o r r e c t d e s i g n of the joint p a n e l zone
Is of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e .
T h e pane 1 zone is that a r e a of c o l u m n w e b b o u n d e d b y the u p p e r and lower
s u r f a c e s of t h e c o n n e c t i n g b e a m - i.e. in
F i g . 9 it is t h e area of c o l u m n w e b of
l e n g t h (Ds + Dc) and w i d t h D c o l u m n .
It is
s t r e s s e d p r i m a r i l y in s h e a r due to u n b a l a n c e d
beam
moments under seismic loading.
T h e b e h a v i o u r o f the p a n e l zone of
a c o m p o s i t e and b a r e steel joint is q u i t e
s i m i l a r and b o t h are d e s c r i b e d in r e f e r e n c e
18.
F i g . 11 s h o w s this b e h a v i o u r c l e a r l y .
In a n o r m a l e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s of an u n b r a c e d
frame the j o i n t s a r e a s s u m e d r i g i d and
structure deflections calculated.
The joints
h o w e v e r p o s s e s s some f l e x i b i l i t y , m o s t l y due
to the f l e x i b i l i t y o f the p a n e l z o n e .
P r o v i d e d t h e s h e a r s t r a i n s do not i n c r e a s e
a b o v e F y / ( / 3 x G) (refer F i g . 11) the a d d i t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y in the j o i n t s is small
and is c o u n t e r a c t e d , in t e r m s of l a t e r a l
d e f l e c t i o n s and t h e p r o d u c t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l
P - A m o m e n t s , by the a n a l y s i s b e i n g b a s e d
on the m e m b e r length b e t w e e n c e n t r e - l i n e
Intersections.
If h o w e v e r the p a n e l zones
reach a g e n e r a l s t a t e of y i e l d t h e s t r u c t u r e
l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n i n c r e a s e s m a r k e d l y and
strength decreases.
R e f e r e n c e 16 g i v e s the a p p r o p r i a t e
p r o c e d u r e for n o n - c o m p o s i t e p a n e l zones and
r e f e r e n c e 18 t h e p r o c e d u r e for c o m p o s i t e p a n e l
z o n e s to e n s u r e t h a t the joint s h e a r s t r a i n s
do not e x c e e d CFy//3 G ) . T h e i n t e r n a l a c t i o n s
on the column from a composite b e a m section
are s h o w n in F i g . 12 and a r e s o m e w h a t
different to those from a steel beam alone.
R e f e r e n c e 1 d e s c r i b e s h o w the c o m p o s i t e
j o i n t d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e t a k e s a c c o u n t of
t h e s e f o r c e s in the p a n e l zone d e s i g n .
It is i m p o r t a n t that the c o n c r e t e in
c o m p o s i t e p a n e l zone r e g i o n s is a d e q u a t e l y
c o n f i n e d , e s p e c i a l l y if m e m b e r s f r a m i n g into
the j o i n t are s u b j e c t to low or h i g h levels
of d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d a d j a c e n t to the j o i n t .
The b a s i c c o n c e p t is to p r o v i d e c o n f i n e m e n t
b y m e a n s of i n t e r s e c t i n g U b a r s , i n s e r t e d
t h r o u g h h o l e s ( p r e d r i l l e d ) in t h e b e a m w e b ,
as s h o w n in F i g . 1 3 .
R e f e r e n c e 1 g i v e s two
d e t a i l e d p r o c e d u r e s for e n s u r i n g a d e q u a t e
c o n f i n e m e n t of t h e p a n e l zone c o n c r e t e , one
for j o i n t s w i t h n o m e m b e r s s u b j e c t to
i n e l a s t i c d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d (i.e. all
m e m b e r s are c a t e g o r y 3 in s e c t i o n 2.2) and
a m o r e s t r i n g e n t p r o c e d u r e for j o i n t s
c a r r y i n g m e m b e r s s u b j e c t to low o r h i g h
d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d a d j a c e n t to the j o i n t .

391

0-01

Shear S t r o m ^

Fig.

11

Stress

(rods)

Strain Curves

for P a n e l

Tension
^

Neutral

Zone

Compression
1

Axis

+ 8+
-AsStrain
Diagram

sertion

F i g . 12

Internal Actions

Subject

to N e g a t i v e

Stress
Diagram

on C o m p o s i t e

(Ultimate)

-V-J

+ Dc

< *A

^ } *
Dji

Force
Diagram

Sections

Moment

1
^A

<

Ds max
+ Dc

-a*

Fig.

13(a)

Joint

Confinement

Concept

(from r e f e r e n c e

1)

392
and d e t a i l e d to p r o v i d e low and h i g h d u c t ility d e m a n d h i n g e c a p a c i t y , h o w e v e r no
e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k h a s b e e n u n d e r t a k e n on
this to d a t e .
Stub girder b e a m s , incorporating
r i g i d c o n n e c t i o n s , in a m o m e n t r e s i s t i n g
frame will almost always be gravity dominated.
H e n c e It is v e r y l i k e l y that they w i l l form
only negative moment plastic hinges.
They
can b e u s e d in l o w - r i s e s t r u c t u r e s w i t h the
h i n g e s d e s i g n e d to o c c u r in the c o l u m n s , at
least in t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e s t u b - g i r d e r .
T h i s d o e s not i n v o l v e any n e w c o n c e p t s in
s e i s m i c d e s i g n to i m p l e m e n t .

Beam
Web

*ik

t
Section A-A

Fig. 13(b)

: Intersecting deformed U-bars

as shown i n s e r t e d t h r o u g h h o l e s
p r e d r i l l e d in b e a m w e b , e x t e n d i n g 50 mm
a b o v e and b e l o w the m a x i m u m joint d e p t h
(Ds m a x + D c ) .
"
~

6.

STUB

GIRDERS

6.1

Introduction
Section 6

t o , and S c o p e

R e f e r e n c e 1 and t h e a s s o c i a t e d
r e f e r e n c e s c a l l e d up t h e r e i n p r o v i d e s
general design details including a
m e a n s of u n d e r t a k i n g a rapid p r e l i m i n a r y
d e s i g n for m e m b e r s i z i n g p u r p o s e s and a
more comprehensive design.
R e f e r e n c e 20
p r o v i d e s an e x t r e m e l y d e t a i l e d c o v e r a g e
of stub g i r d e r f l o o r s y s t e m s , b u t h a s n o t
b e e n f u l l y e v a l u a t e d by the a u t h o r at t h i s
time to a s s e s s its suitability for N e w Z e a l a n d
design.
It is b a s e d on C a n a d i a n L i m i t
S t a t e D e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s so s h o u l d be at
least b r o a d l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h N e w Z e a l a n d
strength design procedures.
T h u s r e f e r e n c e s 1 and 20 p r o v i d e
d e t a i l e d d e s i g n g u i d a n c e and s e c t i o n 6.2
of t h i s p a p e r g i v e s s o m e g e n e r a l s e i s m i c
g u i d a n c e on the d e s i g n of s t u b g i r d e r s .
Seismic Design

7.

COMPOSITE

7.1

Introduction
Section 7

of,

Stub girders arose from the increasing

need to s p a n large d i s t a n c e s w i t h the least
p o s s i b l e d e p t h of b e a m w h i l s t m a i n t a i n i n g
f r e e d o m to p a s s s e r v i c e s t h r o u g h the b e a m
w i t h o u t h a v i n g to r e s o r t to c u t t i n g
h o l e s in t h e w e b .
T h e g e n e r a l c o n c e p t of
a s t u b - g i r d e r s y s t e m and its i n t e r a c t i o n
w i t h b u i l d i n g s e r v i c e s is s h o w n in F i g . 1 4 .

6.2

A l t e r n a t i v e l y t h e y c a n b e used to
c a r r y v e r t i c a l loads in a b r a c e d f r a m e , w i t h
s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d c o n n e c t i o n s used - i.e. the
s u p p o r t c o n d i t i o n s a s s h o w n in F i g . 14 used
in d e s i g n .
T h e d e s i g n e r m u s t c h e c k that the
c o n n e c t i o n s can f u l f i l t h e i r load c a r r y i n g
f u n c t i o n u n d e r the i m p o s e d joint r o t a t i o n s
likely to o c c u r d u r i n g an e a r t h q u a k e .

Considerations

S t u b g i r d e r s can b e m a d e fixed or
simply s u p p o r t e d at the s u p p o r t s .
For
f i x i t y at i n t e r i o r s u p p o r t s t h e s l a b r e i n f o r c e m e n t is m a d e c o n t i n u o u s a c r o s s t h e
s u p p o r t s w h i l s t at e x t e r i o r s u p p o r t s it is
a n c h o r e d to the c o l u m n in the same m a n n e r
as for a n o r m a l c o m p o s i t e s t e e l b e a m at an
exterior support.
Such rigid c o n n e c t i o n s are s u i t a b l e
for c a t e g o r y 3 stub g i r d e r s u n d e r s e i s m i c
l o a d i n g (.very low d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d o n girder). ,
In t h e o r y a s t u b g i r d e r can b e d e s i g n e d

COLUMNS
t o , and S c o p e

of,

M a n y s t e e l c o l u m n s are e n c a s e d in
c o n c r e t e , h o w e v e r few, if a n y , of these are
proper composite columns.
A fully c o m p o s i t e
column involves strain compatibility between
the s t e e l s e c t i o n and s u r r o u n d i n g c o n c r e t e ,
w i t h the s e c t i o n c a p a c i t y u n d e r a x i a l load
and m o m e n t s b e i n g d e r i v e d from i n t e g r a l
a c t i o n of b o t h m a t e r i a l s .
T h e a m o u n t of
l o n g i t u d i n a l and e s p e c i a l l y t r a n s v e r s e
s t i r r u p r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e q u i r e d for this is
v e r y m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n that n o r m a l l y used
in c o n c r e t e e n c a s e d s t e e l c o l u m n d e s i g n .
H o w e v e r , as c o n c r e t e e n c a s e m e n t can
a l t e r a s t e e l c o l u m n s b e h a v i o u r , then all
c a s e s of c o n c r e t e e n c a s i n g are covered in
this p a p e r w i t h r e s p e c t to s e i s m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and in r e f e r e n c e 1 w h e r e full d e t a i l s
or a p p r o p r i a t e r e f e r e n c e s are g i v e n .
1

T h e r e are t h r e e c a s e s to c o n s i d e r .
T h e first is a s t e e l s e c t i o n e n c a s e d solely
for fire r e s i s t a n c e p u r p o s e s .
This involves
m i n i m a l s t i r r u p s and no l o n g i t u d i n a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t . T h e second c a s e is a c o l u m n e n c a s e d
w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o n c r e t e used to i n c r e a s e
t h e s e c t i o n s r e s i s t a n c e t o l o c a l and lateral
buckling
T h e third c a s e is full c o m p o s i t e
a c t i o n a c h i e v e d b e t w e e n the steel section and
surrounding concrete,
Seismic design aspects
of t h e s e t h r e e c a s e s a r e c o v e r e d in s e c t i o n s
7 . 2 , 7.3 and 7.4 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
7 ,2

C o n c r e t e E n c a s e m e n t to P r o v i d e
Protection Only
^
"

Fire
~

W h e n c o n c r e t e e n c a s e m e n t is not used
to i n c r e a s e the s e c t i o n s t r e n g t h or resist
l o c a l or l a t e r a l s e c t i o n b u c k l i n g , but to
p r o v i d e r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t f i r e , then the
r e i n f o r c e m e n t w i t h i n t h e c o n c r e t e need b e
s u f f i c i e n t o n l y for the p u r p o s e .
Typically
this r e i n f o r c e m e n t w i l l c o n s i s t of steel
b i n d i n g w i r e of n o t less t h a n 2.3 m m t h i c k n e s s or m e s h h e a v i e r t h a n 0.48 k g / m
at a
m a x i m u m s p a c i n g of 150 m m .

393

HVAC ducting

Suspended span be

Space for spnnkler p.pes

am

Spandrel
beam
S t u b -girder ^

Fig,

14

Stub Girder

System showing

W h e r e p l a s t i c h i n g e s a r e d e s i g n e d to
form in t h e c o l u m n s , e i t h e r as p r i m a r y
e n e r g y a b s o r b i n g m e c h a n i s m s o r as a last
resort under overloading from capacity
d e s i g n , t h e e f f e c t s of c o n c r e t e e n c a s e m e n t w i t h t h i s level of r e i n f o r c i n g c a n b e
ignored.
In the c a s e of e n c a s e m e n t of
p r i m a r y h i n g e p o s i t i o n s the c o n c r e t e w i l l
c o m m e n c e s p a l l i n g at c o m p r e s s i o n s t r a i n s
of 0.0018 (reference 2 2 ) . H e n c e s p a l l i n g
will commence before the steel section
o b t a i n s its p l a s t i c m o m e n t .
The concrete
is e f f e c t i v e l y u n c o n f i n e d at t h e v e r y l o w
level of r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e q u i r e d for
fire
p r o t e c t i o n and w i l l s e p a r a t e f r o m t h e
s t e e l s e c t i o n w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g the
s e c t i o n c a p a c i t y to any e x t e n t .
The overs t r e n g t h f a c t o r s a p p l i e d to t h e s t e e l
p l a s t i c h i n g e s w i l l c o v e r any i n c r e a s e in
s t r e n g t h d u e to c o n c r e t e e n c a s e m e n t .
In
c a s e of p o t e n t i a l p l a s t i c h i n g e z o n e s
arising from overstrength forces generated
by t h e p r i m a r y h i n g i n g m e m b e r s any a d d i t ional section strength will delay hinging
and h e n c e b e b e n e f i c i a l .
The concrete
e n c a s e m e n t w i l l not a f f e c t the d u c t i l i t y
of the s t e e l s e c t i o n p l a s t i c h i n g e .
7.3

AS1250:1981 covers the maximum

p e r m i s s i b l e d e s i g n s t r e n g t h s and c o n c r e t e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s in c l a u s e 6.2 for
c o l u m n s and c l a u s e 5.6 for b e a m s .
The
r e i n f o r c e m e n t should c o m p l y w i t h N Z S 3 4 0 2 P :
1973 i n s t e a d of A S 1 3 0 2 o t h e r w i s e t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s can be u s e d d i r e c t l y for w o r k i n g s t r e s s
design.
F o r s t r e n g t h d e s i g n the m a x i m u m
loads a n d / o r s t r e s s e s should b e m u l t i p l i e d

T h e p r o v i s i o n s d o not p r o v i d e a
s e c t i o n c a p a b l e of f u l l c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n .

Possible unreinforced
web opening

interaction with Building

Services

The maximum encased section moment capacity

is s t i l l that o f t h e u n c a s e d s e c t i o n
neglecting lateral buckling.
The maximum
c o m p r e s s i o n load can b e i n c r e a s e d above that
of t h e u n c a s e d s e c t i o n and m a y e x c e e d the
s q u a s h load u n d e r s t r e n g t h d e s i g n .
However
the concrete confinement cannot withstand
any s i g n i f i c a n t d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d w i t h o u t
s e v e r e s p a l l i n g and o n c e s p a l l i n g o c c u r s
the stirrups cannot contain the enclosed
concrete adequately.
H e n c e loss of c o m p r e s s i o n c o n c r e t e u n d e r low o r h i g h d u c t i l i t y
demand will occur, with subsequent reduction
o f t h e section a l o n e and r e d u c t i o n of the
a x i a l load c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y to t h a t of
t h e s q u a s h load on t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e w h e n an e n c a s e d s e c t i o n ,
d e s i g n e d to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of A S 1 2 5 0
c l a u s e 6.2 for c o l u m n s o r c l a u s e 5.6 for
b e a m s , is e x p e c t e d to f o r m a p l a s t i c h i n g e
at a g i v e n p o s i t i o n u n d e r s e i s m i c loading
the f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d
in t h e d e s i g n :
1.

T h e s e c t i o n b e t w e e n p l a s t i c h i n g e zones
can be d e s i g n e d u s i n g t h e e n c a s e m e n t
to i n c r e a s e t h e l a t e r a l b u c k l i n g c a p a c i t y and i n c r e a s e t h e a x i a l load c a p a c i t y as r e q u i r e d .

2.

W i t h i n the p l a s t i c h i n g e z o n e the section

d e s i g n m u s t be b a s e d o n t h e c a p a c i t y of
the steel section alone.
The normal
c o m p a c t s e c t i o n r u l e s for u n c a s e d s t e e l
b e a m s w i l l a p p l y to p r e v e n t p r e m a t u r e
l o c a l b u c k l i n g of t h e s e c t i o n w i t h i n the
p l a s t i c h i n g e z o n e w h e n t h e c o v e r is lost
under seismic loading.

3.

T h e m i n i m u m a m o u n t of s t i r r u p c o n f i n e m e n t
r e q u i r e d m a y i n c r e a s e the s e c t i o n capa*c i t y u n d e r i n e l a s t i c c y c l i c l o a d i n g for
at least the f i r s t few load c y c l e s .
This
i n c r e a s e m a y w e l l b e g r e a t e r t h a n the
o v e r s t r e n g t h c a p a c i t y of the s t e e l s e c ^
tion alone.
For s e c t i o n s f o r m i n g the
p r i m a r y l a t e r a l load r e s i s t i n g e l e m e n t s
in a s t r u c t u r e s u b j e c t to c a p a c i t y d e s i g n
t h e s t i r r u p s p a c i n g s h o u l d b e at 30 0 mm
c r s o v e r the h i n g e z o n e s (use a h i n g e
l e n g t h of 1.5 x (section d e p t h ) .

C o n c r e t e E n c a s e m e n t for F i r e
P r o t e c t i o n U s e d to I n c r e a s e S e c t i o n
Buckling Resistance

E n c a s i n g the s t e e l s e c t i o n , p r o v i d e d
t h e e n c a s e m e n t is r e i n f o r c e d to the m i n i m u m
r e q u i r e d l e v e l (in e x c e s s of t h a t g i v e n
in s e c t i o n 7 . 2 ) , i n c r e a s e s its r e s i s t a n c e
to l a t e r a l and l o c a l b u c k l i n g .

394
T h i s w i l l e n s u r e i m m e d i a t e s p a l l i n g of
the c o n c r e t e u n d e r i n e l a s t i c a c t i o n .
F o r s e c t i o n s o t h e r t h a n the p r i m a r y
e l e m e n t s in a c a p a c i t y d e s i g n , w h e r e
plastic hinges may form under severe
o v e r l o a d , the d u c t i l i t y of a c o m p a c t
s t e e l section is n o t i m p a i r e d b y
encasement.
7.4

Full Composite

7.4.1

Introduction

Design

The calculation of section capacity

for a c o m p o s i t e c o l u m n f o l l o w s e x a c t l y
the same p r o c e d u r e as for a r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e t e c o l u m n and is c o v e r e d in r e f e r e n c e s
1 and 2 2 .
Any composite column forms part of
an o v e r a l l s t r u c t u r e and the d e s i g n of the
c o l u m n m u s t take a c c o u n t of the e f f e c t of
the surrounding structure.
An uncased
s t e e l s e c t i o n d e s i g n to A S 1 2 5 Q : 1 9 8 1 t a k e s
i n t o a c c o u n t the f o l l o w i n g :
the
of

T h e p r o c e d u r e s g i v e n in N Z S 3101 for
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c o l u m n d e s i g n can b e
a d a p t e d to c o m p o s i t e c o l u m n d e s i g n , h o w e v e r
they have their limitations.
A comprehensive
m o m e n t m a g n i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e is given
for b r a c e d c o l u m n s , h o w e v e r no g u i d a n c e of
any s o r t is g i v e n for m o m e n t m a g n i f i c a t i o n
in u n b r a c e d c o l u m n s .
T h i s is d e s p i t e the
fact t h a t an u n b r a c e d c o l u m n w h i c h has a
r e l a t i v e l y s l e n d e r c r o s s s e c t i o n (i.e. just
complies with the dimensional requirements
of N Z S 3 1 0 1 ) w i l l a t t r a c t a s i g n i f i c a n t
d e g r e e of m o m e n t m a g n i f i c a t i o n d u e to
slenderness effects.
Also composite columns
can o f t e n be s u b j e c t e d to b i a x i a l b e n d i n g
and t h e r e is n o d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e in NZS 3101
to e x p l i c i t l y c o v e r t h i s .
T h e r e c e n t l y p r o d u c e d United K i n g d o m
limit state codes present a design procedure
w h i c h i n c o r p o r a t e s c o l u m n e f f e c t i v e length
d e t e r m i n a t i o n , m o m e n t m a g n i f i c a t i o n and b i axial bending.
Reference 1 provides details
of t h i s p r o c e d u r e , w h i c h is t a k e n from
reference 23.
One of the fundamental requirements
of f u l l c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n is that no slip
o c c u r s b e t w e e n t h e s t r u c t u r a l steel s e c t i o n
and surrounc'
concrete core.
Any t e n d e n c y
for s l i p to t:;ar b e t w e e n t h e two m a t e r i a l s
can b e p r e v e n t e d by m e a n s of c o n f i n i n g
s t i r r u p r e i n f o r c e m e n t , p l a c e d in s u f f i c i e n t
q u a n t i t i e s at c l o s e c e n t r e s .

(i)

E f f e c t of i n p l a n e r e s t r a i n t of
column through the calculation
the column effective length.

Cii)

E f f e c t of l a t e r a l - t o r s i o n a l and
l o c a l b u c k l i n g d u e to a p p l i e d
m o m e n t s , a x i a l load, in d e t e r m i n i n g
the m o m e n t c a p a c i t y .

Ciiil

E f f e c t of l a t e r a l b u c k l i n g u n d e r
t h e axial load, d e p e n d a n t o n t h e
slenderness ratio.

For general composite column design

r e f e r e n c e 1 g i v e s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for the
q u a n t i t y and s p a c i n g of s t i r r u p s r e q u i r e d
to a c h i e v e f u l l c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n .

Civl

M a g n i f i c a t i o n of a n y a p p l i e d f o r c e s
o n the c o l u m n d e p e n d a n t o n the
r a t i o of the a c t u a l c o m p r e s s i v e
load to the E u l a r b u c k l i n g load.

S e c t i o n 7.4.2 of this p a p e r c o v e r s
the s e i s m i c r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for full c o m posite column design.

A c o m p o s i t e c o l u m n is s u b j e c t to all
t h e a b o v e e x c e p t that t h e e f f e c t of Ciil,
Ciiil and (iv). are m u c h less s i g n i f i c a n t
on a c o m p o s i t e
c o l u m n t h a n t h e y are o n a
bare steel column.
T h i s is d u e to the
increased stockiness of a composite
c o l u m n , and the a b s e n c e of t h i n , h i g h l y
s t r e s s e d and u n r e s t r a i n e d s e c t i o n s w i t h i n
the c o l u m n c r o s s - s e c t i o n .
Limitations on slenderness ratios
for r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c o l u m n s are g i v e n
in N Z S 3 1 0 1 : Part 1 C l a u s e 6 . 5 . 2 .
If t h e s e
l i m i t s a r e a d h e r e d to for c o m p o s i t e c o l u m n s
t h e n t h e p r o b l e m of (lateral) b u c k l i n g (ii) and Ciii) a b o v e - of t h e c o l u m n u n d e r
c o m p r e s s i v e load a n d / o r m o m e n t is e l i m i n a t e d .
H o w e v e r a l l o w a n c e for m a g n i f i c a t i o n of
any
a p p l i e d f o r c e s on t h e c o l u m n (dependant on
t h e r a t i o of the a c t u a l c o m p r e s s i v e load
to E u l a r b u c k l i n g load) is not c o v e r e d
by s i m p l y a d h e r i n g to the s l e n d e r n e s s
r a t i o l i m i t a t i o n s g i v e n in C l a u s e 6.5.2
of N Z S 3 1 0 1 .
The effective length about
e a c h p r i n c i p a l axis m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d and
the r e s u l t i n g s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o
a s s e s s e d a s s t o c k y o r s l e n d e r for e a c h
principal axis.
If t h e c o l u m n is t h u s
d e t e r m i n e d to b e s l e n d e r t h e n a m o m e n t
magnification procedure must b e applied
to t h e c o l u m n d e s i g n , for b o t h b r a c e d and
unbraced columns.

7.4.2

Seismic

Considerations

T h e c a l c u l a t i o n of s e c t i o n c a p a c i t y
f o l l o w s t h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e s for seismic
l o a d i n g as for n o n - s e i s m i c l o a d i n g .
However
in an u n b r a c e d f r a m e t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of
the c o l u m n e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h s and column
d e s i g n a c t i o n s n e e d s s o m e c l a r i f i c a t i o n and
the transverse reinforcement requirements
w i t h i n p o t e n t i a l p l a s t i c h i n g e zones must
be given.
T h e s e a r e n o w c o v e r e d in t u r n :
(a)

E f f e c t i v e L e n g t h s and M o m e n t M a g n i f i cation
T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of e x a c t e f f e c t i v e
l e n g t h s in an i n e l a s t i c a l l y r e s p o n d i n g
f r a m e is v e r y d i f f i c u l t , h o w e v e r det*
e r m i n a t i o n of the e f f e c t i v e lengths
s h o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n a c c o r d i n g to the
n o r m a l m e t h o d g i v e n in a p p e n d i x E of
A S 1 2 5 0 , m o d i f i e d to a c c o u n t for c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n as d e t a i l e d in r e f e r e n c e
1, s e c t i o n 6 . 4 . 1 .
T h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h thus d e t e r m i n e d
can b e u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the e x t e n t
of m o m e n t m a g n i f i c a t i o n required due
to c o l u m n s l e n d e r n e s s e f f e c t s .
If ,
for a n y c o m p o s i t e c o l u m n , o v e r a l l
c o l u m n d i m e n s i o n s are such that e q u a t i o n s
7.1 are s a t i s f i e d , the c o l u m n can b e
c o n s i d e r e d s t o c k y a n d no m o m e n t m a g n i f i c a t i o n due t o s l e n d e r n e s s e f f e c t s
need b e considered.

395
l /b
x

where:

< 1Q and & /b

,
x

*=--=

< 10
Y

17,11

= effective length about

each principal axis

,b = c o l u m n w i d t h a b o u t
x' y
,
principal axis

each

(b)

D e t e r m i n a t i o n of C o l u m n D e s i g n A c t i o n s
T h e column d e s i g n m o m e n t s c a n be b a s e d
on the m o m e n t s r e s u l t i n g f r o m a l i n e a r
e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s , f a c t o r e d at e a c h e n d
of the c o l u m n b y the a p p r o p r i a t e b e a m
overstrength ratios.
The dynamic magn i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r g i v e n in s e c t i o n
C 3 . A 5 of r e f e r e n c e 10 n e e d n o t b e
a p p l i e d to c o m p o s i t e c o l u m n s just as
it n e e d n o t b e a p p l i e d t o b a r e s t e e l
column design.
H o w e v e r the a x i a l load r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r s
g i v e n in s e c t i o n C 3 , A 6 and t a b l e C 3 , A 2
of r e f e r e n c e 10 s h o u l d b e a p p l i e d .
T h e shear f o r c e s s h o u l d b e b a s e d on t h e
overstrength column m o m e n t s divided by
the c l e a r s t o r e y h e i g h t .

(c)

a t i o n of w a l l s .

Transverse Reinforcement Requirements

In p o t e n t i a l p l a s t i c h i n g e z o n e s the
a m o u n t of t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t
r e q u i r e d is g i v e n by t h e f o l l o w i n g N Z S
3101 equations:
(a)
F o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t c o n s i s t i n g of
s p i r a l s or c i r c u l a r h o o p s T t h e
greatest volumetric ratio given
b y e q u a t i o n s 6 . 2 2 , 6.23 or 6.3
w i t h JJ = 0.9.
(b)
F o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t c o n s i s t i n g of
r e c t a n g u l a r s t i r r u p s (.hoops) the greatest total area given
by e q u a t i o n s 6 . 2 4 , 6.25 o r 6.4
w i t h 0 = 0.9.

T h e y are m o r e e x p e n s i v e than
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e shear w a l l s in t e r m s
of m a t e r i a l c o s t s only b u t can b e p l a c e d
in t h e i n t e r i o r o f a b u i l d i n g w i t h m i n i m a l
d i s r u p t i o n t o t h e e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e and
services.
O n e d e s i g n p r o b l e m w i t h the s t e e l
p l a t e d shear w a l l s is t h e p r e v e n t i o n of
out o f p l a n e e l a s t i c b u c k l i n g of the s t e e l
p a n e l s p r i o r to t h e u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h of
the w a l l being d e v e l o p e d .
A f a c t o r of
safety of 4 against elastic buckling was
c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y in r e f e r e n c e 25 d u e
to u n c e r t a i n t i e s in p a n e l d i s t o r t i o n d u e
to w e l d i n g , i n i t i a l i m p e r f e c t i o n s .
Because
of t h i s t h e p a n e l s r e q u i r e d e d g e s t i f f e n i n g
at r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e c e n t r e s .
O n e w a y o f p r e v e n t i n g out of p l a n e
b u c k l i n g is to c o n f i n e the s t e e l p l a t e s
in a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
sandwich.
This
m e t h o d w a s u s e d in a n e w b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t e d
n e a r San F r a n c i s c o .
T h e d e t a i l s are g i v e n
in r e f e r e n c e 2 6 .
T h e s t e e l p l a t e s w e r e d e s i g n e d to
t a k e t h e t o t a l s h e a r force in the w a l l .
T h e c o n c r e t e c o v e r , v a r y i n g from 130 to
380 m m on each side o f the p l a t e p r o v i d e d
a d d i t i o n a l s t i f f n e s s and p r e v e n t e d out of
plane buckling.
It w a s r e i n f o r c e d to the
e x t e n t of b e i n g a b l e t o c a r r y c o m p a r a b l e
s t r a i n s t o the s t e e l p l a t e s w i t h o u t loss
of c o n f i n e m e n t .
F i g s 15 and 16 a r e t a k e n
from r e f e r e n c e 26 and s h o w d e t a i l s of the
composite shear w a l l .
The dimensions have
been converted to metric u n i t s .

The m a x i m u m spacing within the plastic

h i n g e zone s h o u l d c o m p l y w i t h c l a u s e
6.5.4.3 a(3) for s p i r a l s o r c i r c u l a r
h o o p s a n d c l a u s e 6.5.4.3 b ( 3 ) for
rectangular stirrups.
With rectangular
s t i r r u p s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s for s u p p l e m e n tary c r o s s ties e v e r y 200. m m can b e
ignored.
However the yield force
r e q u i r e m e n t of c l a u s e 6.5.4.3 b ( 6 )
should be met.
In t h e zone a d j a c e n t t o t h e p l a s t i c
h i n g e t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of c l a u s e
6.5.4.3 d should b e f o l l o w e d .
A w a y f r o m t h i s r e g i o n the t r a n s v e r s e
reinforcement can be placed according
to s e c t i o n 6.4.2.3 of r e f e r e n c e 1.
(d)

8.

Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements

The d i a m e t e r of a d d i t i o n a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a c e d w i t h i n the s e c t i o n s h o u l d
comply w i t h the r e q u i r e m e n t s of N Z S
3101:1982

COMPOSITE

SHEAR

WALLS

S t e e l s h e a r w a l l s h a v e b e e n u s e d to
provide additional seismic strengthening
of e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s .
R e f e r e n c e 25
d e s c r i b e s o n e a p p l i c a t i o n to an e x i s t i n g
reinforced concrete hospital building,
g i v i n g d e t a i l s o f the d e s i g n a n d i n s t a l l s

F i g . 15

E l e v a t i o n of P l a t e d

Wall

396

DOWELS TO EQUAL
SLAB REINF.
PROJECTED THRU
PLATE

L WALL PLATE
y
/

ERECTION TAB WITH

ST1CH BOLTS

WELDED
GlRDER
250 mm
ERECTION TAB WITH
STITCH BOLTS

16 nmt d i a ba

Fig

9.0
1.

16

Section

Through

@ 300 ,ct

Plated

Wall

REFERENCES
HERA D e s i g n G u i d e Part 1 3 :
Composite
C o n s t r u c t i o n - p u b l i s h e d in A u g u s t
1 9 8 5 , a v a i l a b l e from HERA, P.O.
Box 76-134, Manukau City, Auckland.

2.

" C o m p o s i t e S t e e l B e a m s in B u i l d i n g s
- A Composite Construction Design
G u i d e " p u b l i s h e d by t h e A u s t r a l i a n
I n s t i t u t e of S t e e l C o n s t r u c t i o n , 1 9 7 6 .

3.

P a t t o n , R.N., " A n a l y s i s and D e s i g n

M e t h o d s " , S e c t i o n B o r the N Z N S E E
S t u d y G r o u p on the S e i s m i c D e s i g n of
Steel Structures, Bull. NZNSEE, V o l .
1 8 , N o . 4, D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 5 .

4.

M o r r i s o n , J., "Design of C o n t i n u o u s
C o m p o s i t e B e a m s for B u i l d i n g s " ,
A r u p J o u r n a l , V o l . 9, No. 2, 1 9 7 4 .

12.

A n s o u r i a n , P., " E x p e r i m e n t s on
Continuous Composite Beams",
P r o c e e d i n g s of the I n s t i t u t e of C i v i l
E n g i n e e r s , Vol. 7 3 , Part 2, 1 9 8 2 ,
Paper 8506, pp. 25-51.

13.

C l i m e n h a g a , J.J. and J o h n s o n , R . P . ,
"Local B u c k l i n g in C o n t i n u o u s
Composite Beams", The Structural
E n g i n e e r , V o l . 5 0 , N o . 9, 1 9 7 2 ,
pp. 367-374.

14.

H E R A D e s i g n G u i d e Part 9: B e h a v i o u r
and D e s i g n of Thin P l a t e s , p u b l i s h e d
in 1 9 8 5 .

15.

"Standardised Structural Connections

M a n u a l , P a r t s A and B " , p u b l i s h e d by
the A u s t r a l i a n I n s t i t u t e of S t e e l
C o n s t r u c t i o n , Third E d i t i o n , 1 9 8 4 .

16.

H E R A D e s i g n G u i d e Part 1 0 . 2 : "Design
of M o m e n t R e s i s t i n g B o l t e d E n d p l a t e
Connections", published 1984.

17.

Nicholas , C.J.A., "Connection Design",

S e c t i o n G of the N Z N S E E Study G r o u p
on t h e S e i s m i c D e s i g n of S t e e l S t r u c t u r e s , B u l l . N Z N S E E , V o l . 1 8 , N o . 4,
December 1985.

18.

A n s o u r i a n , P., "Shear in C o m p o s i t e
Beam - Column Connections", Proceedi n g s of the I n s t i t u t e of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , V o l . 7 1 , Part 2, 1 9 8 1 , P a p e r
852, pp.1131-1147.

19.

W a n g , L.R. and G o t s c h a l l , J.A.,

" C o m p u t e r A i d e d D e s i g n of Stub G i r d e r
System", Engineering Journal, AISC,
V o l . 1 7 , No. 2, 1980.

20.

C h i e n m E . Y . L . and R i t c h i e , J.K.,
" D e s i g n and C o n s t r u c t i o n of C o m p o site F l o o r S y s t e m s " , p u b l i s h e d by the
C a n a d i a n I n s t i t u t e of S t e e l C o n struction, 1984.

21.

B j o r h o v d e , R. and Z i m m e r m a n , T.J.,
"Some A s p e c t s of S t u b - G i r d e r D e s i g n " ,
Engineering Journal, AISC, Vol. 17,
N o . 3, 1 9 8 0 .

22.

P a r k , R. and P a u l a y , T., " R e i n f o r c e d

C o n c r e t e S t r u c t u r e s " , p u b l i s h e d by
W i l e y - I n t e r s c i e n c e , 1975 .

23.

BS 5400 P a r t 5 : 1979 - C o d e of P r a c t ice for the D e s i g n of C o m p o s i t e B r i d g e s .

24.

Y u r a , J.A., "The E f f e c t i v e L e n g t h of
C o l u m n s in U n b r a c e d F r a m e s " , A I S C ,
Engineering Journal, April 1971.

25.

B a l d e l l i , J.A., "Steel S h e a r W a l l s for

Existing Buildings", Engineering
J o u r n a l , A I S C , V o l . 2 0 , N o . 2, 1 9 8 3 .

26.

C a n o n , T.J. and D e a n , R.G., " S t r u c t ural Steel Plated Shear Walls", Vol.
5 of the P r o c e e d i n g s of the 8th
W o r l d C o n f e r e n c e on E a r t h q u a k e
E n g i n e e r i n g , San F r a n c i s c o , 1984 ,
pp.1237-1244.

H u m a r , J.L., " C o m p o s i t e B e a m s
U n d e r C y c l i c L o a d i n g " , J o u r n a l of the
S t r u c t u r a l D i v i s i o n , A S C E , O c t o b e r 1979.
L e c t u r e n o t e s for t h e HERA S t e e l
D e s i g n , D e t a i l i n g and S u p e r v i s i o n
Course, Section 12.6.
R o t t e r , J.M. and A n s o u r i a n , P. ,
" C r o s s - S e c t i o n B e h a v i o u r and D u c t i l i t y
in C o m p o s i t e B e a m s " , P r o c e e d i n g s of
t h e I n s t i t u t i o n of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s ,
Part 2, V o l . 6 7 , 1 9 7 9 , Paper 8 2 1 3 ,
pp. 453-474.
A n s o u r i a n , P., " P l a s t i c R o t a t i o n of
Composite Beams",
Research Report No.
R 3 7 1 , U n i v e r s i t y of S y d n e y , 1 9 8 0 .
D a n i e l s , J.H., K r o l l , G. D. and F i s h e r ,
J. W., " B e h a v i o u r of C o m p o s i t e Beam
to C o l u m n J o i n t s " , J o u r n a l of t h e
S t r u c t u r a l D i v i s i o n , A S C E , V o l . 96,
No. ST3, March 1970, pp. 671-686.
N Z S 3101 : 1982 : Part 1 - The D e s i g n
Concrete S t r u c t u r e s , New Zealand.

10.

11.

NZS 3 1 0 1 : 1 9 8 2 : Part
Part 1.

Commentary

of

to