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21:16
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 11,
11 Lecture 31
Holiday
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 11,
11 Lecture 32
21:16
21:16
A Fault:
IFb
Transformer
IFc
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Unbalanced Faults
There are three types of Unbalanced Faults:
1. Single Line to Ground (SLG fault)
2. Line to Line Fault (LL fault)
3 Double
3.
D bl Li
Line tto G
Ground
d (LLG ffault)
lt)
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IF
IF
Transformer
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IF
IF
Transformer
21:16
IF
IF
IF
IFb
Transformer
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IF
IFc
IF
MVA Level
When fault occurs at a ppoint in a power
p
system,
y
the corresponding MVA of the fault is referred
to as the fault level at that point.
Different elements in an electric system are
designed and selected based on the short circuit
MVA level.
21:16
RL Circuit Analysis
Ldi (t )
Ri(t ) 2V sin(t )
dt
Before the switch is closed obviously i(t) = 0. When the switch is closed at t=0 the
currentt will
ill have
h
two
t components:
t
1) a steady-state value
2) a transient (dc offset) value
i (t ) iac (t ) idc (t )
21:16
2V
sin(t ) sin( )e t / T
Z
2V
sin(t )
Z
idc (t )
2V
sin( )e t / T
Z
Where:
Z R 2 (L) 2
tan 1
L
R
tan 1
X
R
L X
R R
21:16
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 11,
11 Lecture 33
Visit to Power House
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 12,
12 Lecture 34
22V
V
sin(t )
Z
idc (t )
2V
sin( )e t / T
Z
i (t ) 2 I ac sin(t / 2) e t / T
21:16
I ac 2 I dc (t )2
I ac 2
2 I ac e t / T
I RMS (t ) I ac 1 2e 2t / T
Where
k ( ) 1 2e 4 /( X / R )
Form these equations we can say that, the rms asymmetrical fault current equals
the rms ac fault current times an asymmetry factor, k(). IRMS() decreases
from 3Iac when =0 to Iac when is large.
21:16Also, the higher X to R rations (X/R) give higher value of IRMS().
21:16
10
Example 7.1:
A bolted short circuit occurs in the series RL circuit of the figure below. V
=20 kV, X = 8 ohms, and R=0.8 ohm with maximum DC offset. The
circuit breaker opens 3 cycles after fault inception. Determine:
a) The RMS AC fault current.
b) The RMS momentary current at = 0.5 cycles.
c) The RMS asymmetrical fault current that the breaker interrupts.
21:16
Example 1-solution
a) rms ac fault current
I ac
20 103
82 0.82
2.488 kA
( X / R) 8 / 0.8 10
11
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 12,
12 Lecture 35
During a fault the only devices that can contribute fault current are those
with
ith energy storage
t
like
lik inductors.
i d t
Thus the models of generators (and other rotating machines) are very
important since they contribute the bulk of the fault current.
Generators can be approximated as a constant voltage behind a timevarying reactance.
One way to investigate a three phase short circuit at the terminals of
synchronous machine is to perform a test on an actual machine.
Ea'
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12
(Reference
article
5.10
Chapman) When a fault occurs
on a synchronous generator, the
resulting current flow in the
phases of generator can appear
as shown in the figure.
The current in each phase can be
represented
t d as a dc
d transient
t
i t
component added on the top of a
symmetrical ac component.
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21:16
13
Before the fault, only ac voltages and currents were present within the
generator,
t while
hil after
ft the
th fault
f lt both
b th ac andd dc
d currents
t are present.
t Where
Wh
did the dc current come from?
The synchronous generator is basically inductive it is modeled by
internal generated voltage in series with the synchronous reactance. Also,
recall that a current can not change instantaneously in an inductor.
When a fault occurs, the ac component of current jumps to a very large
value, but the total current cannot change at that instant. The dc
component of current is just large enough that the sum of ac and dc
components just after the fault equals ac current flowing just before the
fault.
Since the instantaneous values of current at the moment of fault is
different in each phase, the magnitude of dc component of current will be
different in each phase.
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14
1
//
1
1
1 t / Td/
1
e
iac (t ) 2 E g // / e t / Td /
Sin(t )....(1)
X
X
X
X
X
2
d
d
d
d
d
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21:16
15
The duration of I// is determined by Td//, called the direct axis shortcircuit subtransient time constant.
At a later time, when t is large compared to Td// but small compared to the
direct axis short-circuit transient time constant Td/ , the first exponential
term in Eq. (1) has decayed almost to zero, but the second exponential
has not yet decayed significantly.
The rms ac fault current then equals the rms transient fault current, given
by.
Eg
I/ /
Xd
When t is much larger than Td/, the rms ac fault current approaches its
steady state value given by
I ac ()
Eg
Xd
Since the three phase no load voltages are displaced by 120o from each
other, the three phase fault currents are also displaced 120o apart from
each other.
In addition to the ac fault current, each phase has different dc offset. The
maximum dc offset in any one phase, which occurs when =0 is
idc max (t )
2Eg
X d//
e t / TA 2 I // e t / TA
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21:16
16
21:16
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 12,
12 Lecture 36
17
21:16
1 1 e t 0.035
0.15 0.24
I ac (0) 1.05
Ibase
0 15
0.15
7 p.u.
500 106
14,433 A I ac (0) 101,000 A
3 20 103
18
0.2
1 1 e 0.05 0.035
0.15 0.24
I ac (0
(0.05)
05) 70.8
70 8 kA
I DC (0.05) 143 e
0.05
0.2
kA 111 k A
21:16
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 13,
13 Lecture 37
19
Using Tevenins
Theorem,
The circuit can
be simplified
as shown
20
Three Phase
Short Circuit
Transformer
21:16
21
Symmetrical
Fault Calculation
1 Simple Circuits
Load Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Three Phase
Short Circuit
2 Simple Circuits
Load not Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Find Pre-fault voltage
Transformer
3 Large Circuits
Construct
The Bus Impedance Matrix
21:16
T1
G1
3 phase
fault e
G2
2
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22
T2
j 0.10
1.
2.
4.
From the single line diagram of the system draw a single line reactance
diagram showing one phase and neutral. Indicate all the reactances, etc. on
the single line reactance diagram.
5.
Reduce the single line reactance diagram by using series parallel and DeltaWye transformations keeping the identity of the fault point intact. Find the
total reactance of the system as seen from the fault point (Using Thevenin
Theveninss
Theorem).
5.
Find the fault current and the fault MVA in per unit. Convert the per unit
values to actual values.
10
10
j 0.20 j 0.16
j 0.23
j 0.23
6.
Retrace the steps to calculate the voltages and the currents throughout
different parts of the power system.
21:16
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
G2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
21:16
23
T2
2
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
200 km
3 phase
fault e
Example 3 -Solution:
Step 1: Draw a single line diagram for the system.
G1
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
G2
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
200 km
T2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
3 phase
ffault e
50 MVA
MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
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Step 2: Select a common base and find the per unit reactances of all
generators, transformers, etc.
Select the common base as:
100 MVA (100,000 kVA)
11 kV ffor T
Transformer
f
llow voltage
lt
side
id (LV)
132 kV for Transformer high voltage side (HV)
G1
V Base 132kV
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
V Base 11kV
G2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
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24
T2
200 km
3 phase
fault e
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
G1
XG1 j 0.15
G2
XG 2 j 0.1 *
T1
XT1 j 0.1
T2
The p
per unit reactance
XT2 j 0.08 *
100
j 0.2
50
100
j 0.16
50
100 MVA
LINE
( j 0.2 * 200 )
j 0.23
TL The per unit reactance X LINE Z
(132kV ) 2
Base
G1
V Base 132kV
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
V Base 11kV
G2
200 km
T2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
21:16
3 phase
fault e
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
From the single line diagram of the system draw a single line reactance diagram
showing one phase and neutral. Indicate all the reactances, etc. on the single line
reactance diagram.
T1
G1
3 phase
fault e
G2
2
T2
j 0.15
10
j 0.10
10
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25
j 0.20 j 0.16
j 0.23
j 0.23
Find the total impedance (reactance) of the system as seen from the
fault side.
j 0 . 25
1 0
1 0
j 0 . 115
j 0 . 36
j 0 . 25
j 0 . 115
j 0 . 36
X Total
X Total
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j 0.25 * j 0.36
j 0.115
j 0.25 j 0.36
j 0.2625 pu
j 0.2625
10
IF
10
j 3.8095 pu
j 0.2625
| I base | L
| S Base
ase |3
3 | V Base | LL
100 * 1000
437.4 A
3 * 132
( I F ) Actual ( I F ) pu * I Base
( I F ) Actual j 3.8095 * 437.4 1666.27 90 o A
21:16
26
V Base 11kV
G1
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
V Base 132kV
T1
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
IF
( I F )G 1
G2
200 km
T2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
3 phase
fault e
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
( I F )G 2
21:16
( I F )G 1
V Base 11kV
j 0.15
10
V Base 132kV
j 0.10
10
j 0.20 j 0.16
j 0.23
( I F )Total
j 0.23
( I F )G 2
At 11 kV Side:
( I Base )11kV side
100 * 1000
5248.8 A
3 * 11
27
( I F )G 1
10
( I F )G 1
G1
( I F )Total
j0.25
T1
j0.36
G
G2
10
T2
( I F )G 2
( I F )G 2
j 0.36
11800.3 90 A
j 0.36 j 0.25
( I F )G 2 ( I F )T ,11kV ( I F )G1
( I F )G 2 8194.7 90 A
21:16
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 13,
13 Lecture 38
28
j0.115
G1
j0.2 G2
j0.1
Bus 2
Bus 1
j0.1
j0.2
Bus 3
Bus 4
j0.8
j0.4
j0.4
Bus 5
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j0.1
j0.2
Bus 1
Bus 2
j 0.1
Bus 3
G1
j0.2
j0.8
Bus 4
j0.2 G2
j0.1
Bus 2
Bus 1
j0.4
j0.4
j0.1
Bus 3
j0.2
j0.4
j0.2
Bus 3
Bus 4
j0.8
j0.16
j0.8
Bus 4
Bus 5
j0.4
j0.4
j0.4
j0.4
j0.16
21:16
29
Bus 5
Bus 5
j0.4
j0.2
I FG1
I FG1
Bus 4
Bus 3
IF
I FG2
j0.6
j0.4
j0.2
j0.2
j0.34
I FG2
Bus 5
j0.16
j0.1
j0.16
IF
j0.1
Bus 5
IF
j0.16
Bus 5
IF
Bus 5
j0.16
j0.34
10
j 2.0 pu
j0.5
( I F )G1 I F
( I F )G2 I F
21:16
Chapter # 7
Symmetrical Faults
Week # 13,
13 Lecture 38
30
j0.6
j1.2 pu
j0.6 j0.4
j0.4
j0.8 pu
j0.6 j0.4
21:16
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31
21:16
21:16
32
21:16
21:16
33
Voltage ratings:
21:16
Current ratings:
21:16
34
Current ratings:
21:16
kA
V
V
35
Fuses
Fuses are one of the simplest over
overcurrent devices.
Fuses
21:16
36
Fuses
21:16
Fuses
This is the time-current characteristics curve
of a 15.5 kV, 100 A current limiting fuse.
For example, the current will melt after 2
seconds and clear after 5 seconds for a 500 A.
For 5000 A, the fuse will melt in less than
0.01 second and clears within 0.015 second.
Fuses are inexpensive
inexpensive, fast operating
operating, easily
coordinated and they do not require protective
relays or instrument transformers.
On the hand, the melted fuse must be
replaced manually.
21:16
37