Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter # 5
Transmission Lines: Steady State
Operation
Week # 6,
6 Lecture 18
Introduction
12:36
Introduction
12:36
12:36
Vs AVR BI R
I s CVR DI R
....(1)
Vs A B VR
I C D I ...(2)
R
s
Vs 1 Z VR
I 0 1 I ...(2)
R
s
12:36
Vs VR ZI R
Is IR
....(1)
A D 1
BZ
C0
AD BC 1
Vs VR Z I R R 1
VR ZI R
2
2
V Y VY
Is IR R s
2
2
Y
VRY YZ
1
Is IR
VR ZI R
2
2
YZ
YZ
I s Y 1
VR 1
I R
4
2
12:36
YZ
Z
1
VR
Vs
2
I YZ YZ I ...(2)
s Y 1
1
R
4
2
A D 1
YZ
2
BZ
YZ
C Y 1
AD BC 1
V Y YZ
Vs VR Z I R R 1
VR ZI R
2
2
V Y VY
Is IR R s
2
2
Y
VRY YZ
Is IR
1
VR ZI R
2
2
2
YZ
YZ
I s Y 1
VR 1
I R
4
2
12:36
YZ
Z
1
VR
Vs
2
I YZ YZ I ...(2)
s Y 1
1
R
4
2
A D 1
YZ
2
BZ
YZ
C Y 1
AD BC 1
A medium length
g line
could be approximated
by a T circuit lumping
half of the series
impedance at each end
of the line.
A series network is a
combination of two
networks connected in
series.
12:36
The ABCD p
parameters are used to describe the variation of line voltage
g
with the line loading.
Voltage Regulation is the change in voltage at the receiving end of line
when the load varies from no load to a specified full load at a specified
power factor, while the sending end voltage is held constant.
VR
VRNL VRFL
VRNL
12:36
VRFL
VS
A
100
12:36
12:36
Example 1
12:36
A 220 kV, three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per
phase
h
is
i 0.15
0 15 per km
k andd the
th inductance
i d t
per phase
h
is
i 1.3263
1 3263 mH
H per
km. Use the short line model to find the voltage and power at the sending
end, voltage regulation and efficiency when the line is supplying a three
phase load of 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
Example 1:
Z (r jL)l 6 j 20
The receiving voltage per
phase is:
VR
IR
SR
1000 36.87
3VR
VS ( L L) 3VS 250kV
PR 3 220 1000 cos(36.8) 304.8MW
Ps 12:363 250 1000 cos(4.93 36.8) 322.8MW
2200
1270
3
VS VR ZI R 144.34.93kV
250 220
13.6%
220
304.8
94.4%
322.8
VR
Chapter # 5
Transmission Lines: Steady State
Operation
Week # 7,
7 Lecture 19
Example 5.1:
A three phase 60 Hz, completely transposed 345kV, 200 km line has two
795 000 cmil 26/2 ACSR conductors per bundle and the following
795,000
positive sequence line constants:
z = 0.032 + j0.35 /km, y = j4.2*10-6 S/km. Full load at the receiving end
of the line is 700 MW at 0.99 power factor leading and at 95% of rated
voltage. Find the following:
Percent voltage
g regulation.
g
Thermal limit.
12:36
Example 5.1:
Z zl 70.2984.78
a)
b)
Y yl 8.4 10 4 90
VS
356.3
A
VRNL ( per phase ) 205.7
VR
12:36
C 8.277 10 4 90.08
0.95 345
189.20
3
700 cos 1 0.99
IR
1.2468.11 kA
3 (0.95 345)(0.99)
VR
VRNL
c)
A D 0.970.159
B Z 70.2984.78
356.3 327.8
8.7%
327.8
VS AVR BI R 199.6026.14
I S CVR DI R 1.24115.5 kA
Example 5.1:
From the table in the previous note, the current carrying capacity is: 2*0.9
= 1.8 kA. The full load voltage is 95% of rated voltage which in practice is
considered to be about the lowest operating voltage possible without
encountering operating problems.
d)
PS 730.5 MW
e)
700
95.8%
730.5
12:36
Example 3:
12:36
10
Example 3, Solution
VS AVr BI r
I S CVr AI r
A
820 88.8
C
B
20078
A
Z OC
Z SC
12:36
Chapter # 5
Transmission Lines: Steady State
Operation
Week # 7,
7 Lecture 20
11
12:36
V ( x x) V ( x) ( zx ) I ( x)
V ( x x ) V ( x )
zI ( x)
x
dV ( x )
zI ( x )....(1)
dx
z R jL /m
y G jC S/m
I ( x x) I ( x) ( yx)V ( x x)
I ( x x) I ( x)
yV ( x x)
x
dI ( x)
yV ( x)...(2)
dx
12:36
12
dV ( x)
zI ( x)....(
) (1)
dx
dI ( x)
yV ( x)...(2)
dx
d 2V ( x)
dI ( x)
z
zyV ( x)
2
dx
dx
d 2V ( x)
zyV ( x) 0....((3)
dx 2
Let : 2 zy zy
d 2V ( x)
2V ( x) 0...(3)
dx 2
V ( x) A1ex A2 e x ...(4)
V ( x) A1ex A2 e x ...((4)
zy
m 1..............(5)
dV ( x)
A1ex A2 e x zI ( x)..(6)
dx
I ( x)
A e
A2 e x
y
A1ex A2 e x
z
A ex A2 e x
1
where
Zc
12:36
z
y
Zc
12:36
13
V ( x) A1ex A2 e x
1
....(6)
I ( x)
A1ex A2 e x
Zc
VR V( 0 )
....(7)
I R I( 0 )
VR A1 A2
A -A
A ....((8)
IR 1 2
Zc
VR Z c I R
&
2
V Zc I R
A2 R
2
A1
VR Z C I R x VR Z C I R x
e
e
2
2
V Z C I R x VR Z C I R x
I ( x) R
e
e
2Z C
2Z C
V ( x)
ex e x
ex e x
I R
VR Z C
V ( x)
2
2
...((9)
ex e x
1 ex e x
VR
I R
I ( x)
2
2
ZC
12:36
V ( x) cosh(x)VR Z c sinh(x) I R
1
I ( x)
sinh(x)VR cosh(x) I R
Zc
V ( x) A( x) B( x) VR
I ( x) C ( x) D( x) I
A Cosh(x) D
B Z c Sinh(x) ...(10)
1
C
Sinh(x)
Zc
j m
12:36
14
V ( x) A( x) B( x) VR
I ( x) C ( x) D( x) I
R
VS A B VR
I C D I
R
S
A Cosh(l ) D
B Z c Sinh(l ) ....(11)
1
C
Sinh(l )
Zc
The
hyperbolic
functions cosh and sinh
can be evaluated either
by using Eq. (12) or,
Alternatively
the
trigonometric identities
can be also used to
evaluate the hyperbolic
f ti
function.
The
dimensionless
quantity l is in radians
not in degrees.
j m 1
el e ( j )l el e jl el l
el e l 1 l
e l e l l ...(12)
2
2
l
l
1
e e
sinh(l )
el l e l l
2
2
cosh(l )
12:36
12:36
15
The ABCD parameters given by Eq. (10) are exact parameters valid for
any length
length. For accurate calculations these equations must be used for
overhead lines longer than 250 km.
The ABCD parameters derived earlier are approximate parameters that are
more conveniently used for hand calculations involving short and medium
length line.
Example 5.2:
A three phase 765kV, 60 Hz, 300 km completely transposed line has the
f ll i positive
following
iti sequence line
li constants:
t t
z = 0.0165 + j0.3306 /km, y = j4. 674*10-6 S/km. Calculate the exact
ABCD parameters. Compare the exact B parameter with that of the
nominal circuit.
12:36
Example 5.2:
z 0.3387.14 / km
el e ( j )l el e jl el l
1
C
Sinh(l )
Zc
y 4.674 10 6 90 S / km
ZC
z
0.3387.14
y
4.674 10 6 90
cosh(l ) 0.93130.209
sinh(l ) 0.364588.63
Z C 266.1 1.43
16
A D cosh(l ) 0.93130.209o
B Z c sinh(l )
zy l zyl
12:36
A Cosh(l ) D
B Z c Sinh(l )
j m 1
B approximate is about 2 %
larger than the exact value.
A D 1
BZ
12:36
YZ
C Y 1
AD BC 1
A D 1
BZ
Y /Z /
2
Y /Z /
C Y / 1
4
Z / Z c Sinh(l )
B Z c Sinh(x) ...(10)
1
Sinh(x)
Zc
z
Sinh(l )
y
A D 1
YZ
C Y 1
AD BC 1
Y /Z /
2
B Z/
Y /Z /
C Y / 1
4
A Cosh(x) D
B Z c Sinh(x) ...(10)
1
C
Sinh(x)
Zc
Y /Z /
Cosh(l )
2
/
Cosh(l ) 1
Y
Cosh(l ) 1
...where tanh l / 2
2
Sinh(l )
Z/
Cosh(l ) 1 1 Cosh(l ) 1
Z c Sinh
S h(l ) Z c S
Sinh
h(l )
yl tanh l / 2 yl tanh l / 2
2
2 zy l
z yl
2
y 2
12:36
17
YZ
2
BZ
A D 1
A Cosh(x) D
Sinh(l )
z Sinh(l )
zl
zl
y
zl
zy l
Sinh(l )
Z
l
Sinh(l )
/
....(1)
Z ZF1where F1
l
YZ
2
tanh l / 2
Y/ Y
F2 where F2
.....(2)
l
2 2
2
Chapter # 5
Transmission Lines: Steady State
Operation
Week # 7,
7 Lecture 21 + Quiz
12:36
18
z
y
j L
L
jC
C
zy ( jL)( jC )
j LC j m 1
LC m 1
A( x) cosh(x) cosh( j x) D( x)
e j x e j x
cos( x)
2
sinh(x) sinh( j x)
e jx e jx
j sin( x)
2
B( x) Z c sinh(x) jZ c sin( x)
sin( x)
C
sinh(x) j sin( x)
C ( x)
Zc
L
C
B( x) j L
A Cos ( x) D
B Z c Sin( x)
1
Sin( x)
Zc
12:36
19
2
1
LC f LC
1
LC
Velocity of propagation
Example 5:
A three phase 60 Hz, 500kV, 300 km. The line inductance is 0.97
mH/km
H/k and
d it
its capacitance
it
iis 0.0115
0 0115 F/km
F/k per phase.
h
A
Assume a
lossless line:
Determine the line phase constant , the surge impedance Zc, velocity of
propagation and the line wavelength.
The receiving end rated load is 800 MW, 0.8 power factor lagging at 500
kV, determine the sending end quantities.
a)
b)
12:36
Example 5:
a) For a lossless line:
LC 2 60 0.97 0.0115 10 9 0.001259 rad/km
ZC
L
290.43
C
v
4990 km
f
20
1
2.994 105 km/s
LC
IR
VR
5000
288.670 kV
3
800 106
cos 1 (0.8) 1154.7 36.87 A
3
3 500 10 0.8
Example 5:
The sending end voltage is:
1
sin( l )VR cos( l ) I R 902.3 17.9 A
ZC
12:36
Chapter # 5
Transmission Lines: Steady State
Operation
Week # 8,
8 Lecture 22
21
I ( x) j
SIL 3VR I R 3
22
....((1)
V
V ( x) cos( x)VR jZ c sin( x) R
Zc
V ( x) cos( x) j sin( x) VR
V ( x) e jxVR
V ( x) VR ....(3)
I ( x) j
V
line The reactive power flow is zero.
line.
zero
e jxVR e jx R
Zc
12:36
Zc
VR
P( x)
VR
Zc
...(6)
2
Vrated
...(7)
Zc
Surge Impedance and SIL values for Typical 60-HZ overhead Lines
12:36
12:36
23
12:36
I ( x) j
Zc
Vs AVR BI R ....(1)
*
R
A Cosh(l ) A A
B Z / Z / z
VS VS
VR VR 0
IR
VS A A VR 0
Z / Z
V A A VR 0
VR S
Z / Z
12:36
24
SR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) ( Z ) A VR ( L L ) ( Z A )
Z/
...(3)
....(2)
SR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) ( Z ) A VR ( L L ) ( Z A )
Z/
...(3)
Using Eq. (3) The Real Power at the receiving end of the line is:
PR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) cos( Z ) A VR ( L L ) cos( Z A )
Z/
...(4)
12:36
PR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) sin( )
X
PR max
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X
...(5)
25
PR max
VRVS AVR2 R
Cos( Z A )
Z/
Z/
SR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) ( Z ) A VR ( L L ) ( Z A )
Z/
...(3)
Using Eq. (3), the Reactive Power at the receiving end of the line is:
2
QR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) sin( Z ) A VR ( L L ) sin( Z A )
Z/
QR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X
cos( )
VR ( L L )
cos(l )
12:36
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) sin( )
X
For planning and other purposes, it is very useful to express the power
transfer formula in terms of SIL.
For a lossless line:
PR
12:36
26
X Z C sin( l )
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) Vrated 2 sin( )
Vrated Vrated
Z C sin( l )
PR
PR
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L ) sin( )
Z C sin( l )
VSpu
VRpu
SIL
S
R
sin( l )
sin( )..(6)
12:36
ssin(( )
sin( l )
..(6)
VSpu VRpu SIL
sin( )
2l
sin(
)
PR
12:36
27
Chapter # 5
Transmission Lines: Steady State
Operation
Week # 8,
8 Lecture 23
Example 5.5:
ZC
z
0.3387.14
y
4.674 10 6 90
Z C 266.1 1.43
12:36
28
A D cosh(l ) 0.93130.209o
B Z c sinh(l ) B 97.087.2
Example 5.6:
The 300 km uncompensated line of Example 5.2, has four 1,272,000 cmil
(644 5 mm2) 54/3 ACSR conductors per bundle.
(644.5
bundle The sending end voltage
is held at 1.0 p.u. of rated line voltage. Determine the following:
a)
The practical line loadiblity (Assume an approximate receiving end
voltage VR= 0.95 pu and =35o maximum angle across the line).
b)
The full load current at 0.986 p.f. leading based on above practical
line loadbility.
c)
d)
e)
12:36
Example 5.7:
From a hydro
y
ppower pplant 9000 MW are to be transmitted to a load center
500 km from the plant. Based on practical line loadability criteria,
determine the number of three phase, 60 Hz lines to transmit this power,
with on line out of service, for the following cases:
a) 345 kV line with Zc= 297 ,
b) 500 Kv line with Zc=277 ,
c) 765 kV line with Zc= 266 .
Assume VS=1.0
=1 0 per unit,
unit VR=0.95
=0 95
per unit and =35o. Also assume
that the lines are uncompensated.
12:36
29
Chapter # 5
Transmission Lines: Steady State
Operation
Week # 8,
8 Lecture 24
12:36
30
12:36
12:36
31
12:36
12:36
32
12:36
Example 5.9:
Identical shunt reactors (inductors) are connected from each phase
conductor to neutral at both ends of the 300 km line in Example 5.2
during light load conditions, providing 75% compensation. The reactors
are removed during the heavy load conditions. Full load is 1.9 KA at
unity p.f. and at 730 kV. Assuming that sending end voltage is constant,
determine the following:
a)
12:36
33
Example 5.10:
Identical series capacitors are installed in each phase at both ends of the
line in Example 5.2, providing 30% compensation. Determine the
theoretical maximum power that this compensated line can deliver and
compare with that of uncompensated line. Assume VS=VR=756 kV.
12:36
34