Termodinamika Teknik I

Kuliah - 3
Termodinamika Teknik - I
Teknik Problem Solving

Dengan
menggunakan
teknik problem
solving di dalam
penyelesaian soal
maka diharapkan
soluasi yang
didapatkan akan
menjadi lebih
sistematis,
terstruktur dan
cepat selesai.
2
Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU
Step 1: Problem Statement

In your own words,
briefly state the

problem, the key
information given,
and the quantities
to be found.
This is to make sure
that you understand
the problem and the
objectives before
you attempt to
solve the problem.
3
Step 2: Schematic
Draw a realistic sketch of the physical system involved,
and list the relevant information on the figure.

The sketch does not have to be something elaborate,
but it should resemble the actual system and show the
key features.
Indicate any energy and mass interactions with the
surroundings.
Listing the given information on the sketch helps one
to see the entire problem at once.
Also, check for properties that remain constant during
a process (such as temperature during an isothermal
process), and indicate them on the sketch.
Step 3: Assumptions and

Approximations
Step 4 : Physical Laws
State any appropriate assumptions
and approximations made to

simplify the problem to make it
possible to obtain a solution.
Justify the questionable
assumptions.
Assume reasonable values for
missing quantities that are
necessary.
For example, in the absence of
specific data for atmospheric
pressure, it can be taken to be 1
atm.
However, it should be noted in the
analysis that the atmospheric
pressure decreases with increasing
elevation.
5
Apply all the relevant basic physical
laws and principles (such as the

conservation of mass), and reduce
them to their simplest form by utilizing
the assumptions made.
However, the region to which a
physical law is applied must be clearly

identified first. For example, the
increase in speed of water flowing
through a nozzle is analyzed by
applying conservation of mass
between the inlet and outlet of the
nozzle.
Step 5: Properties
Determine the
unknown properties
at known states
necessary to solve
the problem from
property relations or
tables.
List the properties
separately, and
indicate their source,
if applicable.
6
Step 6: Calculations
Substitute the known quantities into
the simplified relations and perform

the calculations to determine the
unknowns.
Pay particular attention to the units
and unit cancellations, and

remember that a dimensional
quantity without a unit is
meaningless.
Also, dont give a false implication
of high precision by copying all the

digits from the screen of the
calculatorround the results to an
appropriate number of significant
digits
Step 7 : Reasoning, Verification &

Discussion
Check to make
sure that the

results obtained
are reasonable and
intuitive, and verify
the validity of the
questionable
assumptions.
Repeat the
calculations that
resulted in
unreasonable
values.
A step-by-step approach can greatly

simplify problem solving.
Energi
The term energy
was coined in 1807

by Thomas Young,
and its use in
thermodynamics
was proposed in
1852 by Lord
Kelvin.
The term internal energy and its
symbol U first appeared in the

works of Rudolph Clausius and
William Rankine in the second half
of the nineteenth century, and it
eventually replaced the alternative
terms inner work, internal work, and
intrinsic energy commonly used at
the time.
Energi
Secara umum,
adanya energi
diketahui oleh
pengamat setiap ada
pergantian sifat objek
atau sistem.
Tidak ada cara
seragam untuk
memperlihatkan
energi;
9
Satuan SI untuk energi dan kerja
adalah joule (J)

Dinamakan untuk menghormati
James Prescott Joule dan

percobaannya dalam persamaan
mekanik panas.
1 Joule = 1 newton meter
= 1kg m2s2
The seven types of energy

Chemical
- gasoline,
Light
flash light,
Heat
burner on a stove,
Nuclear - sun,
Mechanical - car,
Sound
music on the radio,
Electrical
- lightning
10
Energi Dalam
Internal energy is
represented by the
symbol U, and the
change in internal
energy in a process is U2
- U1 .
The specific internal
energy is symbolized by
u or respectively,
depending on whether it
is expressed on a unit
mass or per mole basis.
11
The change in the total energy of a
system is
Energi Dalam
When
work is done to
compress a spring, energy is
stored within the spring.
When a battery is charged,
the energy stored within it is
increased.
When a gas (or liquid)
initially at an equilibrium
state in a closed, insulated
vessel is stirred vigorously
and allowed to come to a
final equilibrium state, the
energy of the gas is
increased in the process.
12
Energi Mekanis
The mechanical energy
can be defined as the

form of energy that can
be converted to
mechanical work
completely and directly
by an ideal mechanical
device such as an ideal
turbine.
Kinetic and potential
energies are the
familiar forms of
mechanical energy.
13
Thermal energy is not mechanical
energy, however, since it cannot be

converted to work directly and
completely (the second law of
thermodynamics).
Energi Kinetik &

Potensial
The change in kinetic energy
of
the body is
The
quantity
mgz
is
the
gravitational potential energy, PE.
The
change
in
gravitational
potential energy,
is
14
Energi
Potensial
Gravitasi bumi, salah satu gaya yang
menimbulkan energi potensial.
Energi potensial dari kereta roller
coaster
akan
maksimum
saat
berada pada lintasan tertinggi.
15
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
Energi
dapat
berupa
panas dan
kerja
Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed
system in the form of heat and work.
16
Temperature difference is the
driving force for heat transfer.

The larger the temperature
difference, the higher is the rate of

heat transfer.
17
Proses Adiabatik
A process during
which there is no
heat transfer is
called an adiabatic
process.
The word adiabatic
comes from the
Greek word
adiabatos, which
means not to be
passed.
18
There are two ways a process can
be adiabatic: Either the system is

well insulated so that only a
negligible amount of heat can pass
through the boundary, or both the
system and the surroundings are at
the same temperature and therefore
there is no driving force
(temperature difference) for heat
transfer.
During an adiabatic process, a
system exchanges no heat with its

surroundings.
19
Proses Adiabatik
NO HEAT EXCHANGE : Q = 0
Q = U + W ; W = -U or U = -W
Work done at EXPENSE of internal energy
INPUT Work INCREASES internal energy
U = -W
W = -U
Work Out
U
20
Q = 0
Work In
+U
ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK

If the energy
crossing the
boundary of a
closed system is
not heat, it must be
work.
The work done per
unit time is called
power and is
denoted W
21
Heat and work are directional
quantities, and thus the complete

description of a heat or work
interaction requires the specification
of both the magnitude and
direction.
Specifying the directions of heat and work
22
Example : Heating of a Potato in an Oven

A potato initially at
room temperature
(25C) is being
baked in an oven
that is maintained
at 200C.
Is there any heat
transfer during this
baking process?
23
Solution
Analysis : This is not a well-
A potato is being baked in an oven.

It is to be determined whether there
is any heat transfer during this

process.
24
defined problem since the system

is not specified.
Let us assume that we are
observing the potato, which will
be our system.
Then the skin of the potato can be
viewed as the system boundary.
Part of the energy in the oven will
pass through the skin to the
potato.
Since the driving force for this
energy transfer is a temperature
difference, this is a heat transfer
process.
Example : Burning of a Candle in an Insulated Room

A candle is burning in
a well-insulated room.
Taking the room (the
air plus the candle) as
the system, determine
(a) if there is any heat
transfer during this

burning process and
(b) if there is any
change in the internal
energy of the system.
25
Solution : A candle burning in a
well-insulated room is considered.

It is to be determined whether there
is any heat transfer and any change

in internal energy.
Analisa
Analysis
(a) The interior surfaces of
the room form the system
boundary, as indicated by
the dashed lines in Figure.
As pointed out earlier, heat
is recognized as it crosses
the boundaries.
Since the room is well
insulated, we have an
adiabatic system and no
heat will pass through the
boundaries.
Therefore, Q= 0 for this
process.
26
(b) The internal energy involves
energies that exist in various forms

(sensible, latent, chemical, nuclear).
During the process just described,
part of the chemical energy is

converted to sensible energy.
Since there is no increase or
decrease in the total internal energy

of the system, U = 0 for this
process.
Mechanical Forms of Work
The work done is proportional to the

force applied (F) and the distance
traveled (s).
The Force is constant
If there is no movement, no work is done.

The Force is not constant
27
Shaft Work
Shaft work is proportional to the
torque applied and the number of

revolutions of the shaft.
Energy
transmission
through rotating shafts
is
commonly
encountered
in
practice
28
EXAMPLE Power Transmission by the Shaft of a Car

Determine the power
transmitted through the

shaft of a car when the
torque applied is 200
Nm and the shaft
rotates at a rate of
4000 revolutions per
minute (rpm).
Solution The torque and
the rpm for a car
engine are given.
The power transmitted
is to be determined.
29
Analysis A sketch of the
car is given in Figure.

The shaft power is
determined directly from
Discussion Note that
power transmitted by a
shaft is proportional to
torque and the rotational
speed.
Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body

When a body is
raised in a
gravitational field,
its potential energy
increases.
Likewise, when a
body is
accelerated, its
kinetic energy
increases.
30
The energy transferred to a body

while
being raised is equal to the change
in
its potential energy.
EXAMPLE Power Needs of a Car to Climb a Hill

Consider a 1200-kg car
cruising steadily on a
level road at 90 km/h.
Now the car starts
climbing a hill that is
sloped 30 from the
horizontal .
If the velocity of the car
is to remain constant
during climbing,
determine the additional
power that must be
delivered by the engine.
31
Solution The power
required to
accelerate a car to a
specified velocity is
to be determined.
Analisa & Diskusi

Analysis
The work needed
to accelerate a
body is simply the
change in the
kinetic energy of
the body,
32
Discussion
This is in addition to the power
required to overcome friction, rolling

resistance, and other imperfections.
Electrical Energy
33
Tugas Rumah
(Jawaban diketik dan dikirim ke email : tbsitorus@ymail.com)
34
Soal - 1
Consider a river flowing
toward a lake at an
average velocity of 3
m/s at a rate of 500
m3/s at a location 90 m
above the lake surface.
Determine the total
mechanical energy of
the river water per unit
mass and the power
generation potential of
the entire river at that
location.
35
Soal - 2
Determine the power
required for a 2000-kg

car to climb a 100-mlong uphill road with a
slope of 30 (from
horizontal) in 10 s
(a) at a constant velocity,
(b) from rest to a final
velocity of 30 m/s, and

(c) from 35 m/s to a final
velocity of 5 m/s.
Disregard friction, air
drag, and rolling

resistance.
36
Soal - 3
A damaged 1200-
kg car is being
towed by a truck.
Neglecting the
friction, air drag,
and rolling
resistance,
determine the
extra power
required
37
(a) for constant
velocity on a level
road,
(b) for constant
velocity of 50 km/h
on a 30(from
horizontal) uphill
road, and
(c) to accelerate on
a level road from
stop to 90 km/h in
12 s.

Termodinamika Teknik I

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Kuliah - 3

Teknik Problem Solving

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Step 1: Problem Statement

briefly state the

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

and list the relevant information on the figure.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Step 3: Assumptions and

and approximations made to

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Apply all the relevant basic physical

laws and principles (such as the

physical law is applied must be clearly

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

the simplified relations and perform

and unit cancellations, and

of high precision by copying all the

Step 7 : Reasoning, Verification &

sure that the

A step-by-step approach can greatly

was coined in 1807

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

The term internal energy and its

symbol U first appeared in the

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Satuan SI untuk energi dan kerja

adalah joule (J)

James Prescott Joule dan

The seven types of energy

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

The change in the total energy of a

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

can be defined as the

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Thermal energy is not mechanical

energy, however, since it cannot be

Energi Kinetik &

The change in kinetic energy

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Gravitasi bumi, salah satu gaya yang

menimbulkan energi potensial.

Energi potensial dari kereta roller

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

system in the form of heat and work.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Temperature difference is the

driving force for heat transfer.

difference, the higher is the rate of

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

There are two ways a process can

be adiabatic: Either the system is

During an adiabatic process, a

system exchanges no heat with its

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Work done at EXPENSE of internal energy

INPUT Work INCREASES internal energy

ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Heat and work are directional

quantities, and thus the complete

Specifying the directions of heat and work