The Enlightenment in Europe

Close Read

Standards Alignment
Text with Close Read instructions for students

Intended to be the initial read in which students annotate the text as they read.
Students may want to circle unfamiliar vocabulary, underline key ideas, or
comment on the information presented.

Standards Alignment

California State Standards for Grade 10

10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the
American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects
worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual
liberty.
1. Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the
democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin
America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Simn Bolvar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).

Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 &
10 Students:
RH 1 - Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary
sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information.
RH 2 - Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary
source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over
the course of the text.
RH 3 - Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether
earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them.
RH 4 - Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text,
including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of
history/social studies.
RH 5 - Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an
explanation or analysis.

Common Core Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 &
10 Students:
WHST 4 - Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development,
organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
WHST 9 - Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection,
and research.

The Enlightenment in Europe

Directions: As you read, circle unfamiliar
vocabulary, underline key ideas, and comment on
the information presented.
Two Views on Government
What were the views of Hobbes and Locke?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual
movement. Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply
reason and the scientific method to laws that
shaped human actions. They hoped to build a
society founded on ideas of the Scientific
Revolution. Two English writers Thomas Hobbes
and John Locke were important to this movement.
They came to very different conclusions about
government and human nature.
Hobbes wrote that there would be a war of
every man against every man if there were no
government. To avoid war, Hobbes said, people
formed a social contract. It was between people
and their government. People gave up their rights
to the government so they could live in a safe and
orderly way. The best government, he said, is that
of a strong king who can force all people to obey.
John Locke believed that people have three
natural rights. They are life, liberty, and property.
The purpose of government is to protect these
rights. When it fails to do so, he said, people have a
right to overthrow the government.
The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Who were the philosophes?
French thinkers called philosophes had five
main beliefs: (1) thinkers can find the truth by using
reason; (2) what is natural is good and reasonable,
and human actions are shaped by natural laws; (3)
acting according to nature can bring happiness; (4)
by taking a scientific view, people and society can
make progress and advance to a better life; and (5)
by using reason, people can gain freedom.

The Enlightenment in Europe

Directions: As you read, circle unfamiliar
vocabulary, underline key ideas, and comment on
the information presented.
The most brilliant of the philosophes was the
writer Voltaire. He fought for tolerance, reason,
freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.
Baron de Montesquieu wrote about separation of
powers dividing power among the separate
branches of government. The third great
philosophe was Jean Jacques Rousseau. He wrote
in favor of human freedom. He wanted a society in
which all people were equal. Cesare Beccaria was
an Italian philosphe. He spoke out against abuses of
justice.
Women and the Enlightenment;
Legacy of the Enlightenment
What were Enlightenment views about individuals?
Many Enlightenment thinkers held
traditional views about womens place in society.
They wanted equal rights for all men but paid no
attention to the fact that women did not have such
rights. Some women protested this unfair situation.
If all men are born free, state British writer Mary
Wollstonecraft, how is it that all women are born
slaves?
Enlightenment ideas strongly influenced the
American and French Revolutions. Enlightenment
thinkers also helped spread the idea of progress. By
using reason, they said, it is possible to make
society better. Enlightenment thinkers helped make
the world less religious and more worldly. They also
stressed the importance of the individual.

The Enlightenment in Europe

Standards Alignment
Reading Text
Analytical Questions Response Sheets

Standards Alignment

California State Standards for Grade 10

10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American
Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political
expectations for self-government and individual liberty.
1. Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic
revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke,
Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simn Bolvar, Thomas Jefferson,
James Madison).

Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
RH 1 - Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources,
attending to such features as the date and origin of the information.
RH 2 - Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an
accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.
RH 3 - Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events
caused later ones or simply preceded them.
RH 4 - Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including
vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies.
RH 5 - Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or
analysis.

Common Core Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
WHST 1 - Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create
cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons
and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
WHST 4 - Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style
are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
WHST 9 - Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

The Enlightenment in Europe

Two Views on Government
What were the views of Hobbes and Locke?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual
movement. Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply
reason and the scientific method to laws that
shaped human actions. They hoped to build a
society founded on ideas of the Scientific
Revolution. Two English writers Thomas Hobbes
and John Locke were important to this movement.
They came to very different conclusions about
government and human nature.
Hobbes wrote that there would be a war of
every man against every man if there were no
government. To avoid war, Hobbes said, people
formed a social contract. It was between people
and their government. People gave up their rights
to the government so they could live in a safe and
orderly way. The best government, he said, is that
of a strong king who can force all people to obey.
John Locke believed that people have three
natural rights. They are life, liberty, and property.
The purpose of government is to protect these
rights. When it fails to do so, he said, people have a
right to overthrow the government.
The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Who were the philosophes?
French thinkers called philosophes had five
main beliefs: (1) thinkers can find the truth by using
reason; (2) what is natural is good and reasonable,
and human actions are shaped by natural laws; (3)
acting according to nature can bring happiness; (4)
by taking a scientific view, people and society can
make progress and advance to a better life; and (5)
by using reason, people can gain freedom.

The most brilliant of the philosophes was the

writer Voltaire. He fought for tolerance, reason,
freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.
Baron de Montesquieu wrote about separation of
powers dividing power among the separate
branches of government. The third great
philosophe was Jean Jacques Rousseau. He wrote
in favor of human freedom. He wanted a society in
which all people were equal. Cesare Beccaria was
an Italian philosphe. He spoke out against abuses of
justice.
Women and the Enlightenment;
Legacy of the Enlightenment
What were Enlightenment views about individuals?
Many Enlightenment thinkers held
traditional views about womens place in society.
They wanted equal rights for all men but paid no
attention to the fact that women did not have such
rights. Some women protested this unfair situation.
If all men are born free, state British writer Mary
Wollstonecraft, how is it that all women are born
slaves?
Enlightenment ideas strongly influenced the
American and French Revolutions. Enlightenment
thinkers also helped spread the idea of progress. By
using reason, they said, it is possible to make
society better. Enlightenment thinkers helped make
the world less religious and more worldly. They also
stressed the importance of the individual.

Reading Questions
1. How were Hobbess and Lockes views different?

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2. What types of freedoms did the Enlightenment thinkers champion?

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3. Explain the influence of Enlightenment ideas?

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4. How could these ideas impact the global community?

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The Enlightenment in Europe - Reading Questions

How were Hobbess and

Lockes views different?

What types of freedoms

did the Enlightenment
thinkers champion?

Explain the influence of

Enlightenment ideas?

How could these ideas

impact the global
community?

The Enlightenment in Europe

Dialectical Journal

Standards Alignment
Quotes Analysis Guide
Text quotes with student directions

Standards Alignment

California State Standards for Grade 10

10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American
Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political
expectations for self-government and individual liberty.
1. Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic
revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke,
Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simn Bolvar, Thomas Jefferson,
James Madison).

Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
RH 2 - Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an
accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.
RH 3 - Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events
caused later ones or simply preceded them.
RH 4 - Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including
vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies.
RH 5 - Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or
analysis.
RH 8 - Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the authors
claims.

Common Core Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
WHST 1 - Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims,
and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among the claim(s),
counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create
cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons
and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
WHST 2 - Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events,
scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.
b. Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended
definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate
to the audiences knowledge of the topic.
c. Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text,
create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.
d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the
topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the
expertise of likely readers.
WHST 4 - Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style
are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
WHST 9 - Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Read to Analyze Quotes

The purpose of a dialectical journal is to analyze significant quotes from the text to make authentic
connections between the text and other related concepts. After reading the quote and locating it in the
document, write a response that shows your ability to question, analyze, interpret, evaluate, reflect, or
predict.
Response Starters to help start journal feedback:
Asking Questions
I wonder why
What if
How come
Revising Meaning/Analyzing
At first I thought, but now I
My latest thought about this is
Im getting a different picture here because
Forming Interpretations
What this means to me is
I think this represents
The idea Im getting is
Evaluating
I like/dont like
This could be more effective if
The most important message is
Reflecting and Relating
So, the big idea is
A conclusion Im drawing is
This is relevant to my life because
Predicting
Ill bet that
I think
If, then

The Enlightenment in Europe - Dialectical Journal

Quote from reading:

- The Enlightenment was an intellectual

movement.
- Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply reason and
the scientific method to laws that shaped human
actions. They hoped to build a society founded on
ideas of the Scientific Revolution.
- Hobbes wrote that there would be a war of
every man against every man if there were no
government. To avoid war, Hobbes said, people
formed a social contract. It was between people
and their government.
- People gave up their rights to the government so
they could live in a safe and orderly way. The best
government, he said, is that of a strong king who
can force all people to obey.
- John Locke believed that people have three
natural rights. They are life, liberty, and property.
- The purpose of government is to protect these
rights. When it fails to do so, he said, people have
a right to overthrow the government.
- French thinkers called philosophes had five main
beliefs: (1) thinkers can find the truth by using
reason; (2) what is natural is good and reasonable,
and human actions are shaped by natural laws; (3)
acting according to nature can bring happiness; (4)
by taking a scientific view, people and society can
make progress and advance to a better life; and (5)
by using reason, people can gain freedom.

Student Response (Question, Analyze, Interpret,

Evaluate, Reflect, Predict)

The Enlightenment in Europe - Dialectical Journal

Quote from Reading:
- Voltaire fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of
religious belief, and freedom of speech.
- Baron de Montesquieu wrote about separation of
powers dividing power among the separate
branches of government.
- Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote in favor of human
freedom. He wanted a society in which all people
were equal.
- Cesare Beccaria spoke out against abuses of
justice.
- Many Enlightenment thinkers held traditional
views about womens place in society. They
wanted equal rights for all men but paid no
attention to the fact that women did not have such
rights.
- Some women protested this unfair situation. If
all men are born free, state British writer Mary
Wollstonecraft, how is it that all women are born
slaves?
- Enlightenment ideas strongly influenced the
American and French Revolutions.
- Enlightenment thinkers also helped spread the
idea of progress. By using reason, they said, it is
possible to make society better. They also stressed
the importance of the individual.

Student Response (Question, Analyze, Interpret,

Evaluate, Reflect, Predict)

The Enlightenment in Europe Text

and Text Dependent Questions

Standards Alignment
Text with Questions

Standards Alignment

California State Standards for Grade 10

10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the
American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects
worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual
liberty.
1. Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the
democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin
America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Simn Bolvar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).

Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades
9 & 10 Students:
RH 1 - Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and
secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the
information.
RH 2 - Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary
source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop
over the course of the text.
RH 3 - Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine
whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them.
RH 4 - Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a
text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of
history/social studies.
RH 5 - Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance
an explanation or analysis.

Common Core Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades
9 & 10 Students:
WHST 1 - Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the
text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s)
and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and
counterclaims.
WHST 4 - Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development,
organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
WHST 9 - Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis,
reflection, and research.

The Enlightenment in Europe

Directions: Answer the text dependent questions as
you read.
Two Views on Government
What were the views of Hobbes and Locke?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual
movement. Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply
reason and the scientific method to laws that
shaped human actions. They hoped to build a
society founded on ideas of the Scientific
Revolution. Two English writers Thomas Hobbes
and John Locke were important to this movement.
They came to very different conclusions about
government and human nature.
Hobbes wrote that there would be a war of
every man against every man if there were no
government. To avoid war, Hobbes said, people
formed a social contract. It was between people
and their government. People gave up their rights
to the government so they could live in a safe and
orderly way. The best government, he said, is that
of a strong king who can force all people to obey.
John Locke believed that people have three
natural rights. They are life, liberty, and property.
The purpose of government is to protect these
rights. When it fails to do so, he said, people have a
right to overthrow the government.

What was the goal of Enlightened thinkers?

How did the Scientific Revolution relate to

the Enlightenment?

How did Hobbes see mans relationship with

government?

Who should be in charge of government

according to Hobbes?

What are natural rights according to Locke?

How do people relate to government
according to John Locke?

The Philosophes Advocate Reason

Who were the philosophes?
French thinkers called philosophes had five
main beliefs: (1) thinkers can find the truth by using
reason; (2) what is natural is good and reasonable,
and human actions are shaped by natural laws; (3)
acting according to nature can bring happiness; (4)
by taking a scientific view, people and society can
make progress and advance to a better life; and (5)
by using reason, people can gain freedom.

Compare Locke and Hobbes.

Explain what the French philosophes

believed.

The Enlightenment in Europe

Directions: Answer the text dependent questions as
you read.
The most brilliant of the philosophes was the
writer Voltaire. He fought for tolerance, reason,
freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.
Baron de Montesquieu wrote about separation of
powers dividing power among the separate
branches of government. The third great
philosophe was Jean Jacques Rousseau. He wrote
in favor of human freedom. He wanted a society in
which all people were equal. Cesare Beccaria was
an Italian philosphe. He spoke out against abuses of
justice.
Women and the Enlightenment;
Legacy of the Enlightenment
What were Enlightenment views about individuals?
Many Enlightenment thinkers held
traditional views about womens place in society.
They wanted equal rights for all men but paid no
attention to the fact that women did not have such
rights. Some women protested this unfair situation.
If all men are born free, state British writer Mary
Wollstonecraft, how is it that all women are born
slaves?
Enlightenment ideas strongly influenced the
American and French Revolutions. Enlightenment
thinkers also helped spread the idea of progress. By
using reason, they said, it is possible to make
society better. Enlightenment thinkers helped make
the world less religious and more worldly. They also
stressed the importance of the individual.

What was Voltaires mission?

Describe Montesquieus idea.
What did Rousseu support?
How did Beccaria contribute?
Explain how the impact of these philosophes
can be seen today.

What role did women have in society?

topic?

How did Wollstonecraft weigh in on the

How did some of the Enlightenment ideas

lead to war?

ideas?

How else did the Enlightenment change

The Enlightenment in Europe

Text Summary Worksheet

Standards Alignment
Student Web Map with Instructions

Standards Alignment

California State Standards for Grade 10

10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and
their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty.
1. Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States,
France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simn Bolvar, Thomas
Jefferson, James Madison).

Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
RH 1 - Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and
origin of the information.
RH 2 - Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events
or ideas develop over the course of the text.
RH 4 - Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or
economic aspects of history/social studies.

Common Core Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
WHST 1 - Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships
between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
WHST 4 - Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose,
and audience.
WHST 5 - Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on
addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.
WHST 9 - Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

The Enlightenment in Europe Text Summary Worksheet

Directions: Using the information you just read, fill out the graphic organizer below. Use the chart below to take notes on the development of the
Enlightenment and the contributions of key individuals.

Voltaire

Montesquieu

Locke

Hobbes

Rousseau

Enlightenment Thinking in
Europe

Wollstonecraft

The Enlightenment in Europe Text Summary Worksheet

Directions: Using the information you just read, fill out the graphic organizer below. Use the chart below to take notes on the development of the
Enlightenment and the contributions of key individuals.

Voltaire

Montesquieu

Locke

Hobbes

Rousseau

Enlightenment Thinking in
Europe

Wollstonecraft