SECTION 11 - PILING WORKS

11.1

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PILING WORK

11.1.1

Definitions And Standards

11.1.1.1

Definitions
In this specification the terms approved,' approval and required
mean approved by the Engineer. approval of the Engineer. and
required by the Engineer respectively.

11.1.1.2

British Standards And Other Codes Of Practice

All materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with the
appropriate British Standards, codes of practice and other approved
standards current at the date of tender except where the requirements of
these standards or codes of practice are in conflict with this
Specification in which case the requirements of this Specification shall
take precedence.

11.1.2

General Contract Requirements

11.1.2.1

Contractor To Work To Other Contractors Drawings

The contractor, where so directed by the Engineer, shall be required to
work to other contractors drawings when drawings for works not
included in the contract are related to particular details of the works.

11.1.2.2

Progress Report
The contractor shall submit to the Engineer on the first day of each
week, or at such longer periods as the Engineer may from time to time
direct, a progress report showing the current rate of progress and
progress during the previous period on all important items of each
section of the works.

11.1.3

Materials

11.1.3.1

Sources of Supply
The sources of supply of materials shall not be changed without prior
approval.

11.1.3.2

Rejected Materials
Rejected materials are to be removed promptly from the site.

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11.1.4

Safety

11.1.4.1

Standards
Safety precautions throughout the piling operations shall comply with
the requirements of the various Acts, Orders, Regulations and other
Statutory instruments for the provision and maintenance of safe
working conditions, and with BS 557.73 and BS 8004.

11.1.4.2

Life-Saving Appliances
The contractor shall provide and maintain on the site sufficient proper
and efficient life-saving appliances to the approval of the Engineer.
The appliances must be conspicuous and available for use at all times.
Site operatives shall be conversant with the use of safety equipment
and drills shall be carried out sufficiently frequently to ensure that all
necessary procedures can be correctly observed.

11.1.4.3

Diving
Diving operations shall be carried out in accordance with the
requirements of the relevant Acts, Orders, Regulations and other
statutory instruments.
Before any diving is undertaken the contractor shall supply the
Engineer with two copies of the code of signals to be employed, and
shall have a copy of the code prominently displayed adjacent to the
diving control station on the craft or structure from which any diving
operation takes place.

11.1.5

Ground Conditions

11.1.5.1

Ground Investigation Reports

Factual information and reports on site investigations for the works and
on the previous known uses of the site will be provided to tenderers.
However, in the event that a full report is given, including
interpretations, opinions or conclusions, no responsibility is accepted
by the Employer for any opinions or conclusions which may be given
in the reports.
Before the start of work the contractor shall be given a copy of any
subsequent information which may have been obtained relating to the
ground conditions and previous uses of the site.

11.1.5.2

Unexpected Ground Conditions

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The contractor shall report immediately to the Engineer any

circumstance which indicates that in the contractors opinion the
ground conditions differ from those reported in or which could have
been inferred from the site investigation reports or trial pile results.
11.1.6

Tolerances

11.1.6.1

Setting Out
Setting out of the main grid lines shall be carried out by the contractor.
The installation of marker pins at pile positions as required by the
contract shall be carried out from the main grid lines of the proposed
structure by the contractor. Prior to installation of the pile, the pile
position relative to the main grid lines shall be checked.

11.1.6.2

Position
For a pile cut off at or above ground level the maximum permitted
deviation of the pile centre from the centre-point shown on the setting
drawing shall be 75mm in any direction. An additional tolerance for a
pile head cut off below ground level will be permitted in accordance
with Clauses 11.1.6.3 and/or 11.1.6.4.

11.1.6.3

Verticality
At the commencement of installation, the pile, or pile-forming
equipment in the case of a driven pile, or the relevant equipment,
governing alignment in the case of the bored pile, shall be made
vertical to a tolerance of within 1 in 100. The maximum permitted
deviation of the finished pile from the vertical is 1 in 75.

11.1.6.4

Rake
As in Clause 11.1.6.3 the pile, or driving or other equipment governing
the direction and angle of rake shall be set to give the correct alignment
of the pile to within a tolerance of 1 in 50. The piling rig shall be set
and maintained to attain the required rake. The maximum permitted
deviation of the finished pile from the specified rake is 1 in 25 for piles
raking up to 1:6 and 1 in 15 for piles raking more than 1:6.

11.1.6.5

Tolerance Variations
In exceptional circumstances where these tolerances are difficult to
achieve, the tolerances of Clauses 11-1.6.3 and/or 11-1.6.4 may be
relaxed by the Engineer, subject to consideration of the implications of
such action.

11.1.6.6

Forcible Corrections To Piles

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Forcible corrections to concrete piles to overcome errors of position or

alignment shall not be made. Forcible corrections may be made to
other piles only if approved and where the pile shaft is not fully
embedded in the soil.
11.1.7

Piling Method
The contractor shall supply for approval all relevant details of the
method of piling and the plant he proposes to use. Any alternative
method to that specified shall be subjected to approval.

11.1.8

Piling Programme
The contractor shall inform the Engineer each day of the intended
programme of piling for the following day and shall give adequate
notice of his intention to work outside normal hours and at weekends.

11.1.9

Records
The contractor shall keep at least records as indicated by an asterisk in
Table 11.1.1 of the installation of each pile and any other information
the Engineer may require and shall submit two signed copies of these
records to the Engineer not later than noon of the next working day
after the pile was installed. The signed records will form a record of
the work.
Any unexpected driving or boring conditions reported in accordance
with other clauses of this Section of the Specifications shall be noted
briefly in the records.

11.1.10

Nuisance and Damage

11.1.10.1

Noise and Disturbance

The contractor shall carry out the work in such a manner and at such
times as to minimise noise, vibration and other disturbance in order to
comply with current environmental legislation.

11.1.10.2

Damage To Adjacent Structures

If in the opinion of the contractor damage will be, or is likely to be,
caused to mains, services or adjacent structures, he shall submit to the
Engineer his proposals for making surveys, monitoring movements or
vibrations, and minimising or avoiding such damage.

11.1.10.3

Damage To Piles

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The contractor shall ensure that during the course of the work,
displacement or damage which would impair either performance or
durability does not occur to completed piles.
The contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposed sequence and
timing for driving or boring piles, having regard to the avoidance of
damage to adjacent piles.
11.1.10.4

Temporary Support
The contractor shall ensure that where required, any permanently freestanding piles are temporarily braced or stayed immediately after
driving to prevent loosening of the piles in the ground and to ensure
that no damage resulting from oscillation, vibration or movement can
occur.

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Data

Contract
Pile reference
number
(location)
Pile type
Nominal crosssection
dimensions or
diameter
Nominal
diameter
of
under ream/base
Length of
preformed pile
Standing
groundwater
level from
direct
observation or
given site
investigation
data
Date and time of
driving,
redriving or
boring
Date of
concreting
Ground level at
pile position at
commencement
of installation of
pile
(commencing
surface)
Working level
on
which piling
base machine
stands

Continuou
s
Flight
Auger
Concrete
or Grout
Piles

Micropiles

Driven
Precast
Concrete,
Steel and
Timber
Piles

Driven
Segmental
Concrete
Piles

Driven
Segmental
Prestressed
Precast
Piles

Driven
Cast-InPlace
Concrete
Piles

Bored
Cast-InPlace
Concrete
Piles

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

TABLE 11.1.1 Records to be kept (Indicated by an Asterisk) - Continued next page

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Data

Depth from
ground level at
pile position to
pile toe
Toe level
Pile head level
as constructed
Pile cut-off
level
Length of
temporary casing
Length of
permanent
casing
Type, weight.
drop and
mechanical
condition of
hammer and
equivalent
information for
other equipment
Number and type
of packing used
and type and
condition of
dolly used
during driving
of the pile
Set of pile or
pile tube in
millimetres per
3 blows or
number of blows
per 25mm of
penetration

Continuou
s
Flight
Auger
Concrete
or Grout
Piles

Micropiles

Driven
Precast
Concrete,
Steel and
Timber
Piles

Driven
Segmental
Concrete
Piles

Driven
Segmental
Prestressed
Precast
Piles

Driven
Cast-InPlace
Concrete
Piles

Bored
Cast-InPlace
Concrete
Piles

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

TABLE 11.1.1 Records to be kept (Indicated by an Asterisk) - Continued next page

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Data

If required, the
sets taken at
intervals during
the last 3m of
driving
If required,
temporary
compression of
ground and pile
from time of a
marked increase
in driving
resistance until
pile reached its
final level
If required,
driving
resistance taken
at regular
intervals over
the last 3m of
driving
Soil samples
taken and in
situ tests
carried out
during pile
formation or
adjacent to pile
position
Length and
details of
reinforcement
Concrete mix

Continuou
s
Flight
Auger
Concrete
or Grout
Piles

Micropiles

Driven
Precast
Concrete,
Steel and
Timber
Piles

Driven
Segmental
Concrete
Piles

Driven
Segmental
Prestressed
Precast
Piles

Driven
Cast-InPlace
Concrete
Piles

Bored
Cast-InPlace
Concrete
Piles

TABLE 11.1.1 Records to be kept (Indicated by an Asterisk) - Continued next page

Data

Driven
Precast

Driven
Segmental

Driven
Segmental

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Driven
Cast-In-

Bored
Cast-In-

Continuou
s

Micropiles

Concrete,
Steel and
Timber
Piles

Concrete
Piles

Prestressed
Precast
Piles

Place
Concrete
Piles

Place
Concrete
Piles

Flight
Auger
Concrete
or Grout
Piles

Volume of
concrete
supplied to pile
where this can
be measured in
practice
All information
regarding
obstructions
delays and other
interruption to
the sequence of
work

TABLE 11.1.1 Records to be kept (Indicated by an Asterisk)

11.2

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE PILES

11.2.1

General
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All materials shall be in accordance with Section 11.1 of this

specification, the Particular Specification and this section, except where
there may be conflict of requirements, in which case those in the
Particular Specification and this section shall take precedence.
11.2.2

Cement

11.2.2.1

Type of Cement
Cement shall be ordinary Portland, sulphate-resisting Portland, Portland
blast-furnace cement or rapid-hardening Portland cement unless
otherwise specified or approved. When forwarding his piling method
statement and programme to the Engineer, the contractor shall submit for
approval the type of cement, other than ordinary Portland cement, he
proposes to use. High alumina cement shall not be used.

11.2.2.2

Cement Replacement Materials

The use of cement replacement materials will be permitted subject to the
approval of the Engineer and provided that they can be shown to have
beneficial effects on concrete impermeability, heat generation during
setting and general durability. The mix proportions of use shall be
approved.

11.2.2.3

Storage of Cement and Cement Replacement Materials

All cement and cement replacement materials shall be stored in separate
containers according to type in waterproof stores or silos.

11.2.3

Aggregate

11.2.3.1

Type of Aggregate
Aggregates shall consist of approved naturally occurring material unless
otherwise specified or ordered. The contractor shall inform the Engineer
of the source of supply of the aggregates before the commencement of
work and, at the request of the Engineer, provide evidence regarding
their properties and consistency.
Where shell is present in the aggregate, the content shall be limited as
shown in Table 11.2.1.

The total equivalent anhydrous sodium chloride content of the mix used
in steel-reinforced concrete whether arising from aggregates, water,
admixtures or any other source, shall not exceed 0.5% of the mass of

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cement used (inclusive of any cement replacement material) where the

cement is in accordance with BS 12, BS 146, BS 1370 or BS 4246 (0.3%
chloride ion content is equivalent). Where sulphate-resisting Portland
cement to BS 4027 is used, the permitted chloride content shall be
reduced to half the amount stated above.
The content of chloride salt in the aggregate used in pre-tensioned
prestressed concrete work, expressed as the equivalent anhydrous
sodium chloride percentage by weight of the cement to be used in the
concrete, shall be less than 0.1%. The limit of 0.1% shall also apply to
the main concrete of post-tensioned prestressed concrete work unless
there is an impermeable and durable barrier, in additional to any grout,
between the main concrete and the tendons.
Marine aggregates will not normally be approved for use in prestressed
concrete work.
Nominal Maximum Size
of Aggregate
Over 10mm
3mm and below

Maximum Shell Content as Calcium Carbonate

(CaCO3), Percentage by Weight of Dry
Aggregates
8
20

TABLE 11.2.1
11.2.3.2

Storage of Aggregates
All aggregates brought to the site shall be free and kept free from
deleterious matter. Aggregates of different types and sizes shall be
stored separately in different hoppers or different stockpiles.

11.2.4

Water

11.2.4.1

Availability
If water for the works is not available from a public supply, approval
shall be obtained regarding the source of water.

11.2.4.2

Tests
When required by the Engineer, the contractor shall arrange for tests of
the water for the works to be carried out in accordance with BS 3148
before and during the progress of work.

11.2.5

Admixtures
Admixtures complying with BS 5075 may be used if approved and shall
be used as and when required.

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No admixtures will be permitted which contain more than the equivalent

of 0.02% of anhydrous calcium chloride by weight of the cement in the
final mix.
11.2.6

Concrete Mixes

11.2.6.1

Grade Designation
Grades of concrete shall be denoted by the characteristic 28 days test
cube strength in Newtons per square millimetre.

11.2.6.2

Mix
Concrete mixes shall be in accordance with Clause 11.2.6.3 (designed
mix) or Clause 11.2.6.4 (prescribed mix) and of grades 20, 25, 30, 40,
50, or 60 or BS 5328 or other grades approved appropriate to the work.
The free alkali content of the concrete mix shall be less than 3kg per
cubic metre of concrete and the alkali content shall be calculated from
the formula A = Ca/100, where A is the alkali content of the concrete
(kg/m3), C is the maximum expected Portland cement content of the
concrete (kg/m3), and a is the alkali content of Portland cement (%).
The latter percentage is to be the declared monthly mean alkali content
+0.1%.
Where low alkali sulphate-resisting cement to BS 4027 is specified, the
alkali content (equivalent sodium oxide) of the cement shall not exceed
0.6% by weight.
The contractor shall submit the slump factor he proposes for approval
before work commences. Neither trial mixes nor strength tests are
required for prescribed mixes.
The concrete shall have sufficient workability to enable it to be placed
and compacted by the methods used in forming the piles.

11.2.6.3

Designed Mix
When a designed mix is specified the contractor shall be responsible for
selecting the mix proportions to achieve the required strength and
workability, but the Engineer will be responsible for specifying the
minimum cement content and any other properties required to ensure
durability.
Designed mixes shall be in accordance with grades 20, 25 or 30 (for
cast-in-place piles) or grades, 40, 50 or 60 (for precast piles) of BS 5328.
Other grades may be approved if appropriate to the work. Complete
information on the mix and sources of aggregate for each grade of

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concrete and the water/cement ratio and the proposed degree of

workability shall be approved before work commences.
Concrete
grade

Piling Mix
Workability

Slump
Limits

Prescribed Mix

mm
Cement
kg/m3

Total
Aggregate
kg/m3

Percentage Sand in
Total Aggregate
Grading C

20

25

30

A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C

75 -150
30 -200
150 or over
75 -150
30 -200
150 or over
75 -150
100-200
150 or over

320
350
400
360
400
460
410
460
520

1840
1790
1790
1790
1740
1680
1750
1680
1600

37
40
40
37
40
40
37
40
40

Grading M
35
38
38
35
38
38
35
38
38

TABLE 11.2.2 Prescribed Mixes for Cast-in-Place Piling Using

Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size 20mm
NOTES for Table 11.2.2 :
1.

If the gravity of either the coarse or the fine aggregate differs

significantly from 2.6, the weight of each type of aggregate shall be
adjusted in proportion to the specified gravity of the materials.

2.

The cement shall be ordinary Portland cement of sulphate-resisting

Portland cement. Where other cements in Clause 11.2.2.1 are used,
special consideration shall be given to the design of the mix.

3.

The weight of cement and dry aggregates are those which will
produce approximately one cubic metre of compacted concrete.

4.

Fine aggregates which consist mainly of angular particles are to be

avoided.

5.

The sand aggregate gradings given above are as specified in BS 882.

The mixes described may require some adjustment on inspection
where the gradings, although within the specified limits, are near the
limits of the grading zone. Once a satisfactory prescribed mix has
been adopted, the sources of aggregate shall not be changed without
the approval of the Engineer, even if the gradings of aggregate remain
within the specified requirements.

6.

The concrete produced should be cohesive and in a slump test should

not shear, fragment or segregate easily.

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7.
11.2.6.4

The use of a flow table may be adopted in place of slump tests,

subject to the approval of the Engineer.

Prescribed Mix
When a prescribed mix is specified, the Engineer will specify the mix
proportions and the Contractor shall undertake to provide a properly
mixed concrete containing the constituents in the specified proportions.
Prescribed mixes for cast-in-place piling shall be in accordance with
Table 11.2.2. This table is applicable to concrete for use in cast-in-place
piling, where high workability is essential and where the use of internal
vibrators is precluded.

11.2.6.5

Durability
The piles exposed to potentially aggressive ground or groundwater,
approved measures shall be taken to ensure durability. Reference should
be made to Building Research Establishment Digest 250 relating to
sulphate attack.

11.2.6.6

Minimum Cement Content

The cement content in any mix shall be not less than 300kg/m3. Where
concrete is to be placed under water or drilling mud by tremie the
cement content shall be not less than 380kg/m3, or where the pile will be
exposed to sea water 400kg/m3.

11.2.7

Trial Mixes

11.2.7.1

General
When designed mixes are specified, trial mixes shall be prepared for
each grade of concrete in accordance with BS 1881, unless there are
existing data acceptable to the Engineer showing that the proposed mix
proportions and manufacture will produce a concrete of the strength and
quality required, having adequate workability for compaction by the
method to be used in placing.

11.2.7.2

Preliminary Trial Mixes

When required in accordance with Clause 11-2.7.1 the contractor shall,
before the commencement of concreting, have preliminary trial mixes
prepared, preferably under full-scale production conditions or, if this is
not possible, in an approved laboratory using a sufficient number of
samples to be representative of the aggregates and cement to be used.

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Unless otherwise approved, for grade of each grade of concrete a set of

eight cubes shall be tested at an age of 7 days and four at 28 days.
When accelerated testing is proposed for works cubes, an additional four
cubes from each batch shall be made, cured and tested in accordance
with the accelerated regime.
11.2.7.3

Trial Mixes During The Work

Where a trial mix is required after commencement of the work, the
procedure in Clause 11.2.7.2 shall be adopted for full-scale production
conditions as approved. The strength requirement shall be as in Clause
11.2.6.3.

11.2.7.4

Workability
The workability of each batch of the trial mixes shall be determined by
the slump test as described in BS 1881 or by an alternative approved
method.

11.2.7.5

Standard of Acceptance
Unless other acceptance criteria are specified or approved, the trial mix
proportions will be regarded as satisfactory if the compliance
requirements of BS 5328 are met in relation to characteristic strength.

11.2.7.6

Variations In Approved Mix

When a mix has been approved, no variations shall be made in the
proportions, the original source of the cement and aggregates, or their
type, size or grading zone without the consent of the Engineer. Further
tests may be required before any such variations are approved.

11.2.8

Testing Works Concrete

11.2.8.1

Sampling
Concrete of the piles shall be sampled in accordance with BS 1881.

11.2.8.2

Workability
The workability of concrete shall be determined by the slump test as
described in BS 1881 or by an alternative approved method.

11.2.8.3

Works Cube Tests

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For each grade of concrete four cubes shall be made from a single batch
when required for each 50m3 of concrete or part thereof in each days
work. The cubes shall be made, cured and tested in accordance with BS
1881 or as otherwise approved. Testing shall be carried out by an
independent and approved laboratory. One cube shall be tested at an age
of 7 days, two at 28 days, and one cube shall be held in reserve for
further testing if required. Alternatively, cubes may be tested in
accordance with an approved accelerated testing regime. The contractor
shall submit certified copies of the results of all tests to the Engineer.
11.2.8.4

Standard Of Acceptance
The standard of acceptance of the works cubes shall be in accordance
with BS 5328 or as otherwise approved. Where the contract is a small
one and of short duration (less than 28 days) the contractor shall submit
for approval an alternative standard of acceptance before the
commencement of work.

11.2.8.5

Records Of Tests
The contractor shall keep a detailed record of the results of all tests on
concrete and concrete materials. Each test shall be clearly identified
with the piles to which it relates.

11.2.9

Batching Concrete

11.2.9.1

General
Facilities shall be provided for the Engineer to inspect the concrete
mixing plant or plants when requested.
Unless otherwise specified the requirements in Clauses 11.2.9.2, 11.2.9.3
and 11.2.9.4 shall be met.

11-2.9.2

Accuracy of Weighing And Measuring Equipment

The weighing and water-dispensing mechanisms shall be maintained at
all times to within the limits of accuracy described in BS 1305.

11.2.9.3

Tolerance In Weights
The weights of the quantities of each size of aggregate and of cement
shall be within 2% of the respective weights per batch after due
allowance has been made for the presence of free water in the
aggregates, which shall be determined by the contractor by an approved
method.

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11.2.9.4

Moisture Content Of Aggregates

The moisture content of aggregates shall be measured immediately
before mixing and as frequently thereafter as is necessary to maintain
consistency of mix.

11.2.10

Mixing Concrete

11.2.10.1

Type Of Mixer
The mixer shall be of the batch type, unless otherwise approved, and
shall have been manufactured in accordance with BS 1305 or shown by
tests in accordance with BS 3963 to have mixing performance within the
limits of Table 6 of BS 1305.

11.2.10.2

Tolerance Of Mixer Blades

The mixing blades of pan mixers shall be maintained within the
tolerance specified by the manufacturers of the mixers, and the blades
shall be replaced when it is no longer possible to maintain the tolerances
by adjustment.

11.2.10.3

Cleaning Of Mixers
Mixers which have been out of use more than 30 minutes shall be
thoroughly cleaned before another batch of concrete is mixed. Unless
otherwise specified by the Engineer, the first batch of concrete through a
mixer shall contain the normal batch quantity of cement and sand, but
only two thirds of the normal quantity of coarse aggregate. Mixing plant
shall be cleaned thoroughly between the mixing of different types of
cement.

11.2.10.4

Minimum Temperature
The temperature of fresh concrete shall not be allowed to fall below 3oC.
No frozen material or materials containing ice shall be used. In cold
weather when the ambient air temperature is less than 5oC, the heads of
newly cast piles are to be covered to protect them against freezing unless
the final cut-off level is least 0.25m below the final head level as cast.
Where a pile is cast in frozen ground, appropriate precautions shall be
taken to protect any section of the pile in contact with the frozen soil
where this occurs below the cut-off level. In the construction of precast
piles the requirements of BS 5328 shall be observed.

11.2.11

Transporting Concrete

11.2.11.1

Method Of Transporting

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The method of transporting concrete shall be submitted for approval.

Concrete shall be transported in uncontaminated watertight containers in
such a manner that loss of material and segregation are prevented.
11.2.11.2

Pumping Concrete
Pumped concrete complying with this Specification may be used. The
methods employed in its use shall be subject to approval.

11.2.12

Ready-Mixed Concrete

11.2.12.1

Conditions Of Use
Subject to approval the contractor may use ready-mixed concrete in
accordance with BS 5328. Approval shall be obtained for each proposed
use of ready-mixed concrete in different sections of the works and for
each different mix, which shall comply with this specification.

11.2.12.2

Mixing Plant
Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, truck mixer units and their
mixing and discharge performance shall comply with the requirements
of BS 4251.

11.2.13

Steel Reinforcement

11.2.13.1

Condition
Steel reinforcement shall be stored in clean conditions. It shall be clean,
and free from loose rust and loose mill scale at the time of fixing in
position and subsequent concreting.

11.2.13.2

Grade
The grade of steel shall be as specified.

11.2.13.3

Bending Of Reinforcement
No reinforcement shall be bent at a temperature lower than 5oC without
prior approval. Before bending, reinforcement may be warmed to a
temperature not exceeding 100oC. If reinforcement already cast into
concrete has to be bent, the internal radius of the bend shall be not less
than twice the diameter of bars of mild steel or three times the diameter
of bars of high-yield steel.

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11.2.13.4

Placing Of Reinforcement
Reinforcement in the form of a cage shall be assembled with additional
support, such as spreader forks and lacings, necessary to form a cage
which can be lifted and placed without permanent distortion.
Intersecting bars shall be fixed together by approved means. Hoops,
links or helical reinforcement shall fit closely around the main
longitudinal bars and be bound to them by approved wire, the ends of
which shall be turned into the interior of the pile. Reinforcement shall
be placed and maintained in position to provide the specified projection
of reinforcement above the final cut-off level.
The cover to all reinforcement in cast-in-place piles shall be not less than
40mm unless otherwise approved. Spacers shall be designed and
manufactured using durable materials which will not lead to corrosion of
the reinforcement or spalling of the concrete cover. For precast piles,
cover shall be in accordance with BS 8110.

11.2.13.5

Welding Of Reinforcement
Welded joints and welding procedures shall be carried out in accordance
with BS 5135

11.3

PRECAST REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES

11.3.1

General
All materials and work shall be in accordance with Sections 11.1 and
11.2 of this specification, the Particular Specification and this section,
except where there may be conflict of requirements, in which case those
in the Particular Specification and this section shall take precedence.

11.3.2

Ordering Of Piles
The contractor shall order the piles to suit the construction programme
and seek the Engineers approval before placing the order. When
preliminary piles are specified the approval for the piles for the main
work will not necessarily be given until the results of the driving and
tests on preliminary piles have been received and evaluated.

11.3.3

Particular Specification

11.3.3.1

Concrete
The type of cement, type of aggregate and mixer shall be as per Section
11.2 - General Requirements for Concrete Piles.
The grade of concrete shall be as shown in the drawings.

S11/19

11.3.3.2

Grade and Type of Reinforcements

The grades and types of reinforcements shall be as shown in the
drawings and in accordance with the requirements of Section 11.2 General Requirements for Concrete Piles.

11.3.3.3

Types Of Prestressing Tendon

The types of prestressing tendon shall be as shown in the drawings.

11.3.3.4

Driving Resistance
Unless otherwise specified in the contract piles shall be driven to
achieve an ultimate static resistance not less than twice the working load
shown in the contract.
Before commencement of pile driving the contractor shall submit pile
driving methodology, equipment and details to the Engineer for his
approval.

11.3.3.5

Depth of Penetration
If the Engineer is not satisfied with the depth of penetration irrespective
of the driving resistance being attained, the Engineer shall specify the
penetration and the contractor shall carry on driving by increasing the
driving resistance which may include a change to a heavier hammer.
Driving shall be continued until the desired depth of penetration has
been attained.

11.3.3.6

Pile Acceptance Criteria

Notwithstanding the Engineers approval and acceptance of the
contractors pile driving equipment or system, driving and work
methodology, when static pile load tests as described in Section 22 the
pile so tested shall be deemed to have failed if:EITHER
(i)

After removal of the test load, the residual settlement under the
working load and under twice the working load exceeds 6mm
and 3mm respectively;
OR

(ii)

The total settlement under the working load exceeds 3mm;

OR

S11/20

(iii)

The total settlement under twice the working load exceeds

30mm, or exceeds 0.25mm per 10kN of test load, whichever is
the lower value;
OR

(iv)
11.3.3.7

The settlement under the working load exceeds 10% of the least
width of the pile.

Pile Shoes
Pile shoes shall be as shown in the drawings and shall comply with the
following as relevant :(i)

Chilled - hardened cast iron shoes as used for making grey iron
casting to BS 1452, Grade 10;

(ii)

Mild steel to BS 4360, Grade 50B; or

(iii)

Cast steel to BS 3100, Grade A.

Mild steel straps cast into the shoes shall be as shown in the drawings.
Rock shoes where required shall consist of wrought iron shoes and mild
steel straps cast into chilled - hardened cast iron blocks, as shown in
the drawings.
11.3.3.8

Removal of Surplus Lengths

Any length of pile surplus to that required for incorporation in the
substructure shall be cut and removed to the contractors own disposal
areas off site.

11.3.4

Materials and Components

11.3.4.1

British Standards
In the manufacture of jointed precast concrete segmental piles,
fabricated steel components shall comply with BS 3100 grade A, and
ductile iron components with BS 2789.

11.3.4.2

Pile Joints
The joints shall be close-fitting face to face and the locking method shall
be such as to hold the faces in intimate contact. The design and

S11/21

manufacture of the jointing system shall be approved by the Engineer

prior to the commencement of the contract.
A jointed pile shall be capable of withstanding the same driving stresses
as a single unjointed pile of the same cross-sectional dimensions and
materials.
The welding of a joint to main reinforcement in lieu of a lapped
connection with projecting bars affixed to the joint shall not be
permitted.
11.3.4.3

Pile Toes
Pile toes shall be constructed so as to ensure that damage is not caused to
the pile during installations. Where positional fixity is required on an
inclined rock surface or in other circumstances, an approved shoe may
be required (see Clause 11.4.3.)

11.3.4.4

Pile Head Reinforcement

Where the pile head is not furnished with a joint, it shall be so reinforced
or banded as to prevent bursting of the pile under driving conditions.

11.3.5

Tolerances In Pile Dimensions

The cross-sectional dimensions of the pile shall be not less than those
specified.
The head of a pile element or the end of the pile upon which the hammer
acts shall be square to the pile axis within a tolerance of 1 in 50.
Each pile joint shall be square to the axis of the pile within a tolerance of
1 in 150. The centroid of the pile joint shall lie within 5mm of the true
axis of the pile element.
Each face of a pile element shall not deviate by more than 6mm from
any straight line 3m long joining two points on that face, nor shall the
centre of area of the pile at any cross-section along its length deviate by
more than 1/500 of the pile length from a line joining the centres of area
at the ends of the elements. Where a pile element is less than 3m long
the permitted deviation from straightness shall be reduced below 6mm
on a pro rata basis in accordance with actual length.

11.3.6

Reinforcement
The main longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be in one continuous length.
Splicing of bars will not be permitted except at element ends.

S11/22

Concrete cover to steel reinforcement shall be in accordance with the

requirements of BS 8110.
In very aggressive ground or exposure conditions, cover greater than
25mm may be required, but alternative protection methods may be
approved.
11.3.7

Formwork
If a pile is constructed with a shaped point or shoe, then the end of the
pile shall be symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the pile.
Holes for handling or pitching, where provided in the pile, shall be lined
with steel tubes; alternatively, approved inserts may be cast in.
Formwork shall be robust, clean and so constructed as to prevent loss of
grout or aggregate from the wet concrete and ensure the production of
uniform pile sections. The piles are to be removed from the formwork
carefully so as to prevent damage.

11-3.8

Pile Quality
If the piles are manufactured at a precasting works away from the site, a
certificate of quality from the pile manufacturer shall be provided to the
Engineer when required stating that the requirements of this
specification have been fulfilled during manufacture.

11.3.8.1

Concrete

11.3.8.1.1

Compacting concrete
Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, concrete shall be compacted
with the assistance of vibrators. Internal vibrators shall be capable of
producing not less than 150Hz and external vibrators not less than
50Hz. Internal vibrators shall operate not closer than 75mm to
shuttering.
Vibrators shall be operated in such a manner that neither segregation of
the concrete mix constituents nor displacement of reinforcement
occurs.

11.3.8.1.2

Protecting and curing concrete

Immediately after compaction, concrete shall be adequately protected
from the harmful effects of the weather, including wind, rain, rapid
temperature changes and frost. It shall be protected from drying out by
an approved method of curing.

S11/23

Piles shall not be removed from formwork until a sufficient pile

concrete strength has been achieved to allow the pile to be handled
without damage.
The period of curing at an ambient temperature of 3oC shall not be less
than that shown in Table 11-3.1. If the temperature is greater or less
than 10oC, the periods given shall be adjusted accordingly and shall be
approved.

Type Of Cement

Wet Curing Time After Completion

of Placing Concrete

Ordinary Portland
Sulphate-resisting Portland
Portland blast-furnace
Super-sulphated
Rapid hardening Portland

4 days
4 days
4 days
4 days
4 days
Table 11-3.1

When accelerated curing is used the curing procedure shall be

approved. Four hours must elapse from the completion of placing
concrete before the temperature is raised. The rise in temperature
within any per load of 30 minutes shall not exceed 10oC and the
maximum temperature attained shall not exceed 70oC. The rate of
subsequent cooling shall not exceed the rate of heating.

11.3.8.2

Prestressing

11.3.8.2.1

General
Tensioning shall be carried out only when the Engineer is present,
unless otherwise approved. In cases where piles are manufactured off
the site, the contractor shall ensure that the Engineer is given adequate
notice and every facility for inspecting the manufacturing process.
Prestressing operations shall be carried out only under the direction of
an experienced and competent supervisor. All personnel operating the
stressing equipment shall have been trained in its use.

S11/24

The calculated extensions and total forces, including allowance for

losses, shall be agreed with the Engineer before stressing is
commenced.
Stressing of tendons and transfer of prestress shall be carried out at a
gradual and steady rate. The force in the tendons shall be obtained
from readings on a recently calibrated load cell or pressure gauge
incorporated in the equipment. The extension of the tendons under the
agreed total forces shall be within 5% of the agreed calculated
extension.
11.3.8.2.2

Concrete strength
The contractor shall cast sufficient cubes, cured in the same manner as
the piles, to be able to demonstrate by testing two cubes at a time, with
approved intervals between pairs of cubes, that the specified transfer
strength of the concrete has been reached.
Unless otherwise permitted, concrete shall not be stressed until two test
cubes attain the specified transfer strength.

11.3.8.2.3

Records
The contractor shall keep detailed records of times of tensioning,
measured extensions, pressure gauge readings or load cell readings and
the amount of pull-in at each anchorage. Copies of these records shall
be supplied to the Engineer within such reasonable time from
completion of each tensioning operation as may be required, and in any
case not later than noon on the following working day.

11.3.8.2.4 Post-tensioned piles

Ducts and vents in post-tensioned piles shall be grouted after the
transfer of prestress.
11.3.8.2.5

Grouting procedure
Grout shall be mixed for a minimum of 2 minutes and until a uniform
consistency is obtained.
Ducts shall not be grouted when the air temperature in the shade is
lower than 3oC.
Before grouting is started all ducts shall be thoroughly cleaned by
means of compressed air.
Grout shall be injected near the lowest point in the duct in one
continuous operation and allowed to flow from the outlet until the
consistency is equivalent to that of the grout being injected.

S11/25

Vents in ducts shall be provided in accordance with Clause 11-9.2 of

BS 8110.
11.3.8.2.6

Grout
Unless otherwise directed or agreed by the Engineer.

11.3.8.3

(a)

The grout shall consist only of ordinary Portland cement, water

and approved admixtures; admixtures containing chlorides or
nitrates shall not be used;

(b)

The grout shall have a water/cement ratio as low as possible

consistent with the necessary workability, and the water/cement
ratio shall not exceed 0.45 unless an approved mix containing
an expanding agent is used;

(c)

The grout shall not be subject to bleeding in excess of 2% after

3 hours, or in excess of 4% maximum, when measured at 18oC
in a covered glass cylinder approximately 100mm in diameter
with a height of grout of approximately 100mm, and the water
shall be re-absorbed after 24 hours.

Records
The contractor shall keep records of grouting, including the date, the
proportions of the grout and any admixtures used, the pressure, details
of interruption and topping up required. Copies of these records shall
be supplied to the Engineer within such reasonable time after
completion of each grouting operation as may be required, and in any
case not later than noon on the following working day.

11.3.9

Marking Of Piles
(a)

Piles manufactured at a precasting works away from the site.

Each pile element shall be marked in such a manner that it can be
identified with the records of manufacture, which shall state the
date of casting, the cement type, concrete grade, element length
and any other relevant data. On delivery the pile elements shall
be accompanied by records of manufacture.

(b)

Piles cast at site

After a pile has been cast, the date of casting, reference number,
length and, where appropriate, the prestressing force shall be
clearly inscribed on the top surface of the pile and also clearly

S11/26

and indelibly marked on the head of the pile. Lifting positions

shall be marked on each pile in accordance with the requirements
of design.
11.3.10

Handling, Transporting, Storage And Acceptance Of Piles

The method and sequence of lifting, handling, transporting and storing
piles shall be such as to avoid shock loading and to ensure that the piles
are not damaged. Only designed lifting and support points shall be
used. During transport and storage, piles shall be appropriately
supported under the marked lifting points or fully supported along their
length.
All pile elements within a stack shall be in groups of the same length.
Packing of uniform thickness shall be provided between piles at the
lifting points.
Concrete shall at no time be subjected to loading, including its own
weight, which will induce a compressive stress in it exceeding 0.33 of
its strength at the time of loading or of the specified strength,
whichever is the less. For this purpose the assessment of the strength
of the concrete and of the stresses produced by the loads shall be
subject to the agreement of the Engineer.
A pile element shall be rejected when the width of any transverse crack
exceeds 0.3mm. The measurement shall be made with the pile in its
working position.

11.3.11

Driving Piles

11.3.11.1

Strength of piles
Piles shall not be driven until the concrete has achieved the specified
characteristic strength.

11.3.11.2

Leaders and trestles

At all stages during driving and until incorporation into the
superstructure, the pile shall be adequately supported and restrained by
means of leaders, trestles, temporary supports or other guide
arrangements to maintain position and alignment and to prevent
buckling. These arrangements shall be such that damage to the pile
does not occur.

S11/27

11.3.11.3

Performance Of Driving Equipment

The contractor shall satisfy the Engineer regarding the suitability,
efficiency and energy of the driving equipment. Where required in
Clause 11.4.3, dynamic evaluation and analysis shall be provided.
Where a drop hammer is used, the mass of the hammer shall be at least
half that of the pile at the moment of driving unless otherwise approved
by the Engineer. For other types of hammer the energy delivered to the
pile per blow shall be at least equivalent to that of a drop hammer of
the stated mass. Drop hammers shall not be used from floating craft in
such a manner as to cause instability of the craft or damage to the pile.

11.3.11.4

Length Of Piles
The length of pile supplied to be driven in any position and any
additional lengths to be added during driving shall be approved prior to
the commencement of pile-driving. During the execution of the works
any changes to the supplied lengths shall be approved.

11.3.11.5

Driving Procedure And Redrive Checks

The driving of each pile shall be continuous until the specified depth
and/or resistance or set has been reached. In the event of unavoidable
interruption to driving, the pile will be accepted provided it can
subsequently be driven to the specified depth and/or resistance or set
without damage. A follower shall only be used when approved, in
which case the Engineer will require the set where applicable to be
revised in order to take into account reduction in the effectiveness of
the hammer blow.
The contractor shall inform the Engineer without delay if an
unexpected change in driving characteristics is noted. A detailed
record of the driving resistance over the full length of the nearest
available pile shall be taken if required.
At the start of the work in a new area or section a detailed driving
record shall be made over the full length of the first pile and during the
last 3m of subsequent piles until consistency of behaviour is
established. Where required, detailed driving records shall also be
made for the piles driven, the positions of such piles being specified by
the Engineer.
The contractor shall give adequate notice and provide all necessary
facilities to enable the Engineer to check driving resistances. A set or
resistance measurement shall be taken only in the presence of the
Engineer unless otherwise approved.

S11/28

Redrive checks, if required, shall be carried out to an approved

procedure.
11.3.11.6

Final Set
When driving to a set criterion, the final set of each pile shall be
recorded either as the penetration in millimetres per 10 blows or as the
number of blows required to produce a penetration of 25mm (see Table
11-1.1.).
When a final set is being measured, the following requirements shall be
met:-

11.3.11.7

i)

The exposed part of the pile shall be in good condition, without

damage or distortion;

ii)

The helmet, dolly and any packing shall be in sound condition;

iii)

The hammer blow shall be in line with the pile axis and the
impact surfaces shall be flat and at right angles to the pile and
hammer axis;

iv)

The hammer shall be in good condition, delivering adequate

energy per blow, and operating correctly;

v)

The temporary compression of the pile shall be recorded if

required.

Driving Sequence And risen Piles

Piles shall be driven in an approved sequence to minimise the
detrimental effects of heave and lateral displacement of the ground.
When required, levels and measurements shall be taken to determine
the movement of the ground or of any pile resulting from the driving
process.
When a pile has risen as a result of adjacent piles being driven, the
Engineer may call for redriving or other testing to demonstrate that the
performance of the pile is unimpaired. If required, the contractor shall
made proposals for correcting piles detrimentally affected and for
avoidance or control of heave effects in subsequent work.

11.3.11.8

Preboring

S11/29

If preboring is specified, the diameter and depth of prebore shall be as

shown on the drawings or stipulated in the Particular Specification.
11.3.11.9

Jetting
Jetting shall be carried out only when the contractors detailed
proposals have been approved.

11.3.12

Repair And Lengthening Of Piles

11.3.12.1

Repair Of Damaged Pile Heads

If it is necessary to repair the head of a pile driving, the contractor shall
carry out such repair in an approved way which allows the pile driving
to be completed without further damage. If the driving of a pile has
been accepted but sound concrete of the pile is below the required cutoff-level, the pile shall be made good to the cut-off level, using an
approved method so that it will safely withstand the imposed design
load.

11.3.12.2

Lengthening Of Piles
Where piles are required to be driven to depths exceeding those
expected, leaving insufficient projection for bonding into the following
works, the piles shall be extended or replaced as required by the
Engineer using approved materials and methods.

11.3.13

Cutting Off Pile Heads

Unless otherwise specified, when the driving of a pile has been
approved the concrete of the head of the pile shall be cut off to the
level specified or shown on the drawings. The length of splice
reinforcing bars projecting above this level shall be as specified or
shown on the drawings.
Care shall be taken to avoid shattering or otherwise damaging the rest
of the pile. Any cracked or defective concrete shall be cut away and
the pile repaired in an approved manner to provide a full and sound
section to cut-off level.

11.4

INDIRECT METHODS FOR TESTING PILES

11.4.1

Integrity-Testing Of Piles

S11/30

11.4.1.1

General
Integrity-testing of piles is designed to give information about the
physical dimensions, continuity and consistency of materials used in
piles, and not to give direct information about the performance of piles
under the conditions of loading. The methods available are normally
applied to preformed concrete piles made in a single length, to steel
piles and to cast-in-place concrete piles. The constituent material of
any pile should have a large differential modulus of elasticity
compared with the ground in which it is embedded.
This type of testing will not be regarded as a replacement for static load
testing, but as a source of supplementary information.
There is normally a limit to the length/diameter ratio of pile which can
be successfully and fully investigated in this way, depending on the
ground conditions.
In the event that any anomaly is found in the results of such testing, the
Engineer may call for further testing to be carried out or for the
relevant part of the pile to be exposed where practicable for inspection,
in order to investigate the cause, nature and extent of the anomaly and
whether the pile is satisfactory for its intended use.

11.4.1.2

Particular specification
The following matters are, where appropriate, described in the
Particular Specification:a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

11.4.1.3

The type or method of test to be carried out;

The number and location of piles to be tested;
The stage in the programme of works when integrity-testing is
to be carried out;
The number and location of piles in which ducts are to be
placed if appropriate to the method specified;
Preparation of pile head for testing where appropriate.

Method of testing
Where integrity-testing is called for but the method is not specified, the
method to be adopted shall be approved by the Engineer and shall be
one of the following:a)
b)
c)

The sonic method;

The vibration method;
The sonic logging method.

Other methods may be adopted subject to the approval of the Engineer

and subject to satisfactory evidence of performance.

S11/31

11.4.1.4

Age of piles at time of testing

In the case of cast-in-place concrete piles, integrity tests shall not be
carried out until 7 days or more have elapsed since pile-testing unless
otherwise approved.

11.4.1.5

Preparation of pile heads

Where the method of testing requires the positioned of sensing
equipment on the pile head, the head shall be clean, free from water,
laitence, loose concrete, over-spilled concrete and blinding concrete,
and readily accessible of the purpose of testing.

11.4.1.6

Specialist testing contractor

The testing shall be carried out by an approved specialist firm.

11.4.1.7

Interpretation of tests
The interpretation of tests shall be carried out by competent persons
and the full test results and findings shall normally be given to the
Engineer within 3 days of the completion of each phase of testing.
Full details of the ground conditions, pile dimensions and construction
method shall be made available to the specialist firm when required in
order to facilitate interpretation of the tests.

11.4.2

Dynamic Pile-Testing

11.4.2.1

General
Dynamic load test for the preliminary test pile shall include:(i)

Monitoring of pile response when the pile is subjected to an

impact provided by the pile driving hammer. Monitoring shall be
continuous with time and shall be carried out for each hammer
blow until satisfactory completion of pile installation;

(ii)

Signal matching using TNOWAVE or CAPWAP techniques to

match the measured response with an approved pile-soil model to
determine the static pile resistance, the distribution of shaft
resistance, and the base resistance. Signal matching shall be
carried out for each hammer impact to enable determination of
the pile resistance with depth.

Dynamic load test for a specified no. of working piles shall include
monitoring of pile response when the pile is subjected to an impact
provided by the pile driving hammer after completion of driving.

S11/32

11.4.2.2

Measurements
Measurements of strain, force and acceleration shall be carried out
close to the pile head, such parameters shall be measured continuously
with time and stored on electronic data capture units with the capability
of producing graphs of measured:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Force - time;
Acceleration - time;
Velocity - time;
Displacement - time;

during and after pile installation.

The permanent penetration per blow and the temporary compression of
the pile and soil system shall be measured independently of the
instrument being used to record the dynamic test data.
11.4.2.3

Field data processing

Immediate field data processing shall be carried out to identify
malfunctions. The following computations shall be carried out during
pile installation:(i)

The force measurement shall be continuously balanced except

during the impact event;

(ii)

The acceleration must be integrated or the displacement must be

differentiated over time to obtain velocity. The resulting velocity
shall be continuously zeroed except during impact;

(iii) The force and velocity shall be output on a display unit during
measurements;
(iv) The product of force and velocity shall be integrated over time to
obtain the energy transferred to the top of the pile. The energy
shall be continuously zeroed except during impact;
(v)

11.4.2.4

The maximum values of force, acceleration, displacement,

velocity, energy, force at maximum velocity and minimum force
shall be determined.

Measurement devices
All instruments for measurements and all equipment for receiving and
processing data shall be suitable for the purpose and to the Engineers
approval. Equipment required to be attached to the pile shall be
appropriately positioned and fixed to the approval of the Engineer. No

S11/33

optical measuring device either for strain or velocity measurement shall

be permitted.
(i)

Acceleration shall be measured by suitable transducers attached

to the pile at a distance not less than 1 pile diameter below the
top of the pile. At least two accelerometers shall be used at the
pile surface and so arranged to cancel the effects of bending;

(ii)

Accelerometers used shall be linear to at least 300xg and

3,000Hz;

(iii) In the event force measurements are made using strain

transducers, such transducers shall be securely attached on the
pile such that no slippage shall occur. Bolt-on or glue-on
transducers may be acceptable for use;
The strain transducers shall be linear over the entire range of pile
strains. The natural frequency when attached to the pile shall be
in excess of 3kHz.
(iv) Force transducers shall have an impedance of between 50% and
30% of the impedance of the pile near the top. The output signal
shall be linear up to the maximum axial pile force at the top of
the pile. The connection between the force transducers and the
pile top shall have the smallest possible additional mass.
11.4.2.5

Hammer
The hammer and all site equipment shall be capable of delivering an
impact force sufficient to mobilise the equivalent specified test load
without injury to the pile.

11.4.2-6

Preparation of pile head

The preparation of the pile head for the application of the dynamic load
test shall involve, where appropriate, trimming the head, cleaning and
building up the pile using materials which will at the time of testing
safely withstand the impact stresses. The impact surface shall be flat
and at right angles to the pile axis. The pile head shall be exposed for a
minimum length of 3 times the pile diameter below the pile top. The
sides of the pile head must be easily accessible for the installation of
gauges or transducers.

11.4.2.7

Personnel
All personnel involved in Dynamic Load Testing shall be persons
experienced in the task.

11.4.2.8

Preliminary results

S11/34

The following preliminary results shall be provided to the Engineer

within 24 hours of the completion of test. These shall include the
following:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
11.4.2.9

The assumed damping factor;

The assumed wave speed;
The maximum force applied to the pile head;
The maximum pile head velocity;
The maximum energy impacted to the pile;
The maximum tension experience by the pile;
The field estimated static resistance;
The maximum driving resistance.

Detailed Report
Subsequently a full detail report shall be given to the Engineer in
triplicate within 3 days of the completion of testing for all the piles.
These shall include the following:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)

Report all information given in preliminary report;

Information of pile size and working loads;
Date of pile installation;
Date of test;
Pile identification number and location;
Length of pile below commencing surfacing;
Total pile length, including projection above commencing
surface at time of test;
Length of pile from instrumentation position to pile toe;
Hammer type, and other relevant details;
Blow selected for report;
Estimate of static pile capacity including distribution of shaft
resistance and base resistance;
Pile integrity;
Force/velocity versus time trace;
Upward travelling wave versus time trace;
Displacement versus time trace.

11.5

PILE TEST

11.5.1

Definition

11.5.1.1

Test Pile
Any pile to which a test is, or is to be, applied.

11.5.1.2

Types of Pile

S11/35

A compression pile is designed to resist further penetration into the

ground and a tension pile resists extraction from the ground when axial
forces are applied.
11.5.1.3

Kentledge
The dead weight used in a loading test.

11.5.1.4

Maintained Load Test

A loading test in which each increment of load is held constant either for a
defined period of time or until the rate of movement (settlement or uplift)
falls to a specified value.

11.5.1.5

Constant Rate of Penetration Test

A test in which the pile is made to penetrate the soil from its position as
installed at a constant speed while the force applied at the top of the pile
to maintain the rate of penetration is continuously measured. It will be
noted that the force/penetration relationship obtained in this test does not
represent an equilibrium condition between load and settlement.

11.6

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS APPLICABLE TO PILE LOAD

TESTING
When preparing for and conducting a pile load test the contractor shall
carry out the requirements of the various Acts, orders, regulations and
other statutory instruments that are applicable to the work for the
provision and maintenance of safe working conditions, and shall in
addition make such other provision as may be necessary to safeguard
against any hazards that are involved in the testing or preparations for
testing.
Where kentledge is used the contractor shall construct the foundations for
the kentledge and any crib-work, beams or other supporting structure in
such a manner that there shall not be differential settlement, bending or
deflection of an amount that constitutes a safety hazard or impairs the
efficiency of the operation. The kentledge shall be adequately bonded,
tied, or otherwise held together to prevent it falling apart, or becoming
unstable through deflection of the supports. The weight of kentledge
shall be greater than the maximum test load and if the weight is estimated
from the density and volume of the constituent materials an adequate
factor of safety against error shall be allowed. The maximum test load for
test pressure as a reading on the gauge in use shall be displayed and all
operators shall be made aware of this limit.

S11/36

In all cases the contractor shall ensure that when the hydraulic jack and
load measuring device are mounted on the plate the whole system will be
stable up to the maximum load to be applied.
The hydraulic jack, pump, hoses, pipes, couplings and other apparatus to
be operated under hydraulic pressure shall be capable of withstanding a
test pressure of 1 1/2 times the maximum working pressure without
leakage.
11.6

PILES AXIALLY LOADED IN COMPRESSION

11.6.1

General
Construction of a preliminary pile which is to be tested.

11.6.2

Notice Of Construction
The S.O. shall be given in at least forty eight (48) hours notice of
commencement of construction of preliminary pile which is to be test
loaded.

11.6.3

Method Of Construction
Each preliminary test pile shall be constructed in a manner similar to that
to be used for the construction of the working piles, by the use of similar
equipment and materials. Any variation will only be permitted with the
prior approval of the Engineer.

11.6.4

Boring Record
For each preliminary pile which is to be test loaded, a full record of the
soils encountered during boring, or of the progress during boring shall be
made and given to the Engineer as required.
In bored piles where the Engineer requires soil samples to be taken, or in
situ tests to be made, the contractor shall give results of such tests to the
Engineer without delay.

11.6.5

Pile Shaft Extension

The pile shaft shall be extended where necessary above the cut-off level of
working pile so that gauges and other apparatus to be used in the testing
process will not be damaged by water or in falling debris.

11.6.6

Pile Head

S11/37

The pile head or cap shall be formed to give a plane surface which is
normal to the axis of the pile, sufficiently large to accommodate the load
applying apparatus and settlement measuring equipment and shall be
adequately reinforced or protected to prevent damage due to the
concentrated application of load from the loading equipment.
The joint between a pile and pile cap shall be constructed in such a
manner as to provide equal strength with the pile section. The pile cap
shall be concentric with the test pile.
A sufficient clear space shall be made under any part of the cap projecting
beyond the section of the pile so that at the maximum anticipated
settlement, load is not transmitted to the ground except through the pile.
11.6.7

Cut-Off Level
Where the pile cap is formed above the cut-off level of the working piles
in soils which would influence the load bearing capacity of the pile, a
sleeve shall be left in place during testing to eliminate friction which
would not arise in working piles. Alternatively if the friction above the
designed cut-off level can be calculated with reasonable accuracy, then
with the approval of the Engineer a sleeve need not be used, but the
calculated friction must be taken into account in assessing the load being
applied to the pile.

11.7

PREPARATION OF WORKING PILE WHICH IS TO BE TESTED

Where a test is required on a working pile the contractor shall build up or
cut down or otherwise prepare the pile for testing as required by the
Engineer and shall form the head of the pile or cap in accordance with
Clause (11.7.1) above.
Where a working pile is built up above cut-off level the provisions of
Clause.11.6 shall apply.

11.8

CONCRETE TESTING
Three test cubes shall be made from the concrete or grout used in the
preliminary test pile and from the concrete used for building up a working
pile as in Preparation of a Working Pile which is to be Tested (Clause
11.4 above). If a concrete cap is cast separately from a preliminary pile or
a working pile or if concrete is used for building up a working pile a
further three cubes shall be made and tested in accordance with BS. 1881.
The pile test shall not be commenced until the strength of the cube taken
from the pile exceeds twice the average direct stress in any pile section
under the maximum required test load and the strength of the cubes taken

S11/38

from the cap exceeds twice the average stress at any point in the cap under
the same load. Variation of procedure will only be permitted if expressly
agreed by the Engineer.
11.9

REACTION SYSTEMS

11.9.1

Type of Reaction Systems

Alternative methods may only be used with the approval of the Engineer
prior to the delivery of any testing equipment to the site or the installation
of any components for the purpose of pile load testing.

11.9.2

Details of Loading Arrangement

The loading arrangement used shall be designed to transfer safely to the
pile the maximum load required in testing. Full details shall be submitted
to the Engineer prior to any work related to the testing process being
carried out on the site.

11.9.3

Kentledge
Where kentledge is to be used, this shall be supported on cribwork
disposed around the plate. The bearing pressure under supporting cribs
shall be such as to ensure stability of the kentledge stack. This
specification does not cover the use of kentledge carried directly on the
pile, and this method of loading shall not be used except at the express
direction of the Engineer.

11.10

EQUIPMENT FOR LOADING AND LOAD MEASUREMENT

11.10.1

Equipment For Applying Load

The equipment used for applying load shall consist of a hydraulic ram or
jack having a capacity at least equal to the required maximum load, and a
hand or power driven pump with a pressure gauge included in the
hydraulic system. The ram shall be placed on the pile so as to transfer an
axial load to the pile. The complete system shall be capable of
transferring the maximum load required for the purpose of the test. The
load from the reaction system shall be transferred axially to the hydraulic
ram or jack.

11.10.2

Measurement Of Load
The load shall be measured by a load measuring device and also by means
of a calibrated pressure gauge included in the hydraulic system of the

S11/39

jack. The load as shown on the load measuring device shall be recorded.
The calibrated pressure gauge is required to check for gross error and
shall also be recorded. The load measuring device shall be calibrated
every twelve months or whenever adjustments are made to the device, or
at intervals appropriate to the type of equipment. The pressure gauge and
hydraulic jack shall be calibrated together. Certificates of calibration
shall be produced for the Engineers inspection. The Engineers
agreement shall be obtained in writing before any modification of this
procedure shall be used.
11.10.3

Adjustability Of Equipment
The equipment shall be capable of adjustment throughout the test to
obtain a smooth increase of load or to maintain each load constant at the
required stages of a maintained loading test.

11.11

METHOD OF MEASURING THE MOVEMENT OF THE PILES

11.11.1

Methods
In a maintained load test, movement of the pile load head shall be
measured by one of the methods (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) below in the case
of vertical piles or by one of the methods (ii), (iii) or (iv) in the case of
raking piles as required by the Engineer.
(i)

Levelling method
By optical or other levelling method by reference to an external
datum.

(ii)

Where a level and staff are used the level and scale of the staff
shall be chosen to enable readings to be made to an accuracy of
0.5mm (1/50). A scale attached to the pile of pile cap may be
used instead of a levelling staff. A datum shall be established on
a permanent object or other well founded structure or deep datum
point. The datum shall be situated so that only one setting up of
level is needed. The datum shall be duplicated. Neither datum
shall be affected by the test loading nor by other operations in the
site.

(iii) Reference Wire

By means of reference wire which shall be held under constant
tension between two foundations form. The wire shall be

S11/40

positioned against a scale fixed to the pile and the movement of

the scale relative to the wire shall be determined.
(iv) Other Methods
Any other approved method.
Readings shall be taken to an accuracy of 0.5mm (1/50"). The wire
shall be protected from sun and wind.
11.11.1.1

Other Methods
Any other approved method.

11.11.2

Constant Rate of Penetration Test

In a Constant Rate of Penetration Test, method (ii) described in Clause
above shall be used. Check levelling of the reference frame or on the
pile head shall not be required. The dial gauge shall be graduated in
divisions of 0.02mm (1/1000") or finer.

11.12

PROTECTION OF TESTING EQUIPMENT AND SUPERVISION

11.12.1

Protection From The Weather

Throughout the test period all load or settlement measuring equipment
shall be protected from the weather.

11.12.2

Prevention Of Disturbance
Construction equipment and persons who are not involved in the testing
process shall be kept at a sufficient distance from the test to avoid
disturbance of the measurement apparatus.

11.12.3

Notice of Test
The S.O. shall be given not less than 24 hours notice of intention to
commence the test.

11.12.4

Records
During the progress of the test, the testing equipment and all records of
the test shall be available as required for inspection by the Engineer's
representative.

11.12.5

Test Piles

S11/41

Before installation of piles as a whole commences, the contractor will be

directed to install one or more preliminary test piles at positions to be
determined by the Engineer. He shall install these piles as soon as
practicable to the depth and set as directed. Loading of a preliminary test
pile shall not commence until seven (7) days have elapsed after
completion of its installation.
11.12.6

S.O's Instruction To Commence Piling

The contractor shall not install any works piles other than the preliminary
test piles until he has received instruction from the Engineer on the
required penetration or set or other criteria for determining the pile depth.
Such instructions will be given not later than seven (7) days after
complete results of the preliminary pile test have been submitted to the
Engineer. The contractor shall allow in his rates for piling for such delay.

11.12.7

Supervision
The contractor shall provide an experienced supervisor to be present full
time during the duration of the pile tests to ensure that the loading
sequence and method of taking settlement reading are strictly followed
and that the true load is maintained at all times. Pile tests shall be carried
out only in the presence of the Engineer or his representative.

11.13

TEST PROCEDURE

11.13.1

Maintained Load Test

Loading shall be in increment of 25% of the given load up to the
maximum test load as determined by the Engineer. For each stage the
load or increment of load shall be applied as smoothly and
expeditiously as possible and time-settlement reading taken before and
after each increment.
A minimum period of 2 hours shall intervene between the application
of each increment except that no increment shall be added until a
settlement of less than 0.004" is observed for 20 minutes under the
previously applied increment.
The full test shall remain in the test pile for a minimum period of
twenty four (24) hours and time settlement readings taken at regular
intervals as for the load increments.
The test load shall then be decreased in four (4) equal stages and time
settlement readings taken. At least sixty (60) minutes intervals shall be
allowed between the unloading decrements.

S11/42

11.13.2

Constant Rate Of Penetration Test

The ultimate bearing capacity of preliminary piles to be used as
working piles shall be determined by the constant rate of penetration
method unless otherwise required by the Engineer. The rate of loading
shall be such that a constant rate of penetration is maintained
throughout the test insofar as is practicable, and the rate of penetration
shall be agreed with the Engineer prior to the commencement of the
test in respect of each to be tested.
Readings of load, penetration and time shall be made simultaneously at
regular intervals, the interval to be chosen so that curve of load versus
penetration can be plotted without ambiguity.
Loading shall be continued until any one of the following results is
obtained:(i)

The maximum required test load is reached;

(ii)

A constant or reducing load has been recorded for an interval of

penetration of 10mm.

(iii)

A total penetration of the pile base equal to ten per cent (10%)
of the base diameter has been reached in the test or some other
greater value of penetration that the Engineer shall require.

The load shall then be reduced in five (5) approximately equal stages to
zero load, recording penetration and load at each stage and at zero load.
11.13.3

Pile Test Load

Within forty eight (48) hours of completion of any pile test, the
contractor shall submit to the Engineer's representative four (4) copies
of complete records of time, loads, settlement and any other relevant
information together with graphs of load against time and settlement
against time.
The time which the Engineer is required to issue
instruction for the remaining work pile shall not commence until the
requirements of this clause have been satisfied.

11.13.4

Records Confidential
All pile test records shall be considered confidential and shall not be
disclosed by the contractor to any third party without the express
permission in writing of the Employer.

11.13.5

Working Piles Test (Compression)

S11/43

The contractor shall carry out load tests on working piles to be selected
by the Engineer. A provisional number is given in the Bills of
Quantities.
11.14

INTERPRETATION OF PILE TEST RESULTS

When the pile test has been carried out as prescribed above, the pile so
tested shall be deemed to have failed if:(i)

the residual pile movement after removal of the maximum test

load exceeds 6mm, or

(ii)

the total pile movement exceeds 6mm under the working load,
or

(iii)

the total pile movement exceeds 20mm under the maximum test
load. (The maximum test load shall be 2.5 times the working
load)

The Engineer's interpretation and conclusions however on the test

results shall be final.
11.5

BORED CAST IN PLACE PILES

11.15.1

Scope Of Work

11.15.1.1

The contractor is to design the pile length and construct the piles in
accordance with the requirements contained herewith.

11.16

DESIGN CODES
The contractor's proposed design has to comply in all relevant aspects
with British Standard BS 8004 : 1986 "Code of Practice for
Foundations", and where relevant British Standard CP 114. "Structural
Use of Reinforced Concrete in Buildings".
The Construction
Specification shall be in accordance with the Institution of Civil
Engineers, London (1978) "Piling, Model Procedures and
Specifications".

11.16.1

British Standard Specifications

All materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with the
appropriate current British Standards except that where the
requirements of British Standards are in conflict with this specification,
the latter shall take precedence.

S11/44

All boring shall be carried out in accordance with this specification and
shall also conform to the Codes of Practice BS 8004:1986 and CP
2011.
11.17

DEFINITIONS
In this specification the terms 'approved,' 'approval' and 'required' mean
'approved by the Engineer,' 'approval of the Engineer' and 'required by
the Engineer' respectively.
The following definitions shall apply:-

Rock shall mean that material known as :(i)

(ii)

Grade I (Fresh Rock);

Grade II (Slightly Weathered Rock);

of the weathering profile given in Table 10 of Code of Practice for Soil

Investigation B.S. 5930 (1981).
Soil shall mean that material known as :(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Grade III
Grade IV
Grave V
Grade VI

(Moderately Weathered Rock);

(Highly Weathered Rock);
(Completely Weathered Rock);
(Residual Soil);

of the above referred weathering profile.

Soil shall also mean fill material other than rockfill.
Boulders shall be regarded as Grade IV material for the purpose of
payment.
11.18

DESIGN BASES

11.18.1

General
The contractor shall design the lengths of the piles for the pile types,
pile sizes and pile loads given in the drawings in accordance with the
design codes mentioned herebefore and the specific conditions given
hereafter and to the criteria for acceptance given in Clause 11.5.16.

11.18.2

Specific Requirements

S11/45

(i)

The ultimate bearing capacity of the pile shall not exceed that
derived using the static capacity formula as follows:Qult = K N A + Kb Nb Ab
Where: K is the shaft resistance factor;
N is the average N (S.P.T.) value along the shaft or
average N values for different segments of the pile length;
Kb is the base resistance factor;
Nb is the N (S.P.T.) value at the pile base;
A is the shaft area;
Ab is the base area.
Where N (S.P.T.) values are in excess of 50, the N value adopted
may be increased as follows:"N" = 50 x Penetration recorded for 50 Blows (cm)
30 cm
but subject to a maximum value of 200.

11.19

(ii)

K values in kPa shall not exceed two times the relevant N

value;

(iii)

Kb values in kPa shall not exceed thirty times the relevant N

value;

(iv)

The Factor of Safety against both base and shaft resistances

shall be not less than 2.5;

(v)

The minimum length of each pile after cut off shall be as

designed;

(vi)

The contractor shall, where necessary, submit calculations to

show that the piles will not buckle under load;

(vii)

The piles shall be embedded at least 5 times the diameter of the

pile into material with N (S.P.T.) greater than 50 blows for
300mm penetration according to Test 19 of BS:1377:1975.
When bearing on rock, there should be a minimum socketing of
two times the diameter of the pile into the rock.

CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE

S11/46

Notwithstanding the Engineer's approval and acceptance of the

contractor's design, piling equipment and construction method when
pile load tests have been carried out as described in the specifications
the pile tested shall be deemed to have failed if:

11.20

(i)

The total settlement exceeds 6mm under the working load; or

(ii)

The total settlement exceeds 25mm under a test load of two

times the working load;

(iii)

The residual settlement after removal of the maximum test load

(twice the working load) exceeds 15mm.

INTERPRETATION OF SOIL INVESTIGATION DATA

The tenderer shall note that soil investigation data is available for
inspection. The contractor shall also note that the data available is
intended merely to be a guide and it is the tenderer's responsibility:(i)

to satisfy that the data given is correct and adequate and if he

thinks that the data given is incorrect and/or inadequate, he
shall verify and/or obtain further data and information on his
own accord. A copy of the tenderer's own site investigation
results shall be submitted with his tender; and

(ii)

to interpret and apply the soil investigation data given to him.

The tenderer shall submit a report giving his full interpretation and
evaluation of the design data for the foundations together with his
tender. This should include the criteria used for determining his
foundation depths during tendering and during the actual works.
11.21

CUT-OFF LEVEL
The cut-off level of the piles shall be at least 75mm above the pile cap
base level, which shall depend on the thickness of the cap shown on the
drawings supplied to him.
Starter bars for columns shall be provided, and the projecting portion
of the starter bars shall be coated with an approved temporary
corrosion resistant coating which can be removed when forming the
columns.

11.22

DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED BY TENDERER

S11/47

11.22.1

Drawings, Specifications, Calculations, Quantities, etc. to be

submitted with tender
The tenderer shall submit with his tender not less than two (2) sets of
the following:(i)

Fully detailed working drawings showing his firm proposals for

the support of the structure based on the assumed soil and
material strengths. To assist him in the preparation of his
drawings, the contractor will be issued drawings showing the
extent of the works.

(ii)

Design calculations for the pile length estimation and pile

loading capacity;

(iii)

Other necessary information such as :(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)
(e)
11.23

Method of construction of piles;

Full details of piling equipment and method of piling;
Formula or method of estimating the carrying capacity
of the piles and sets or founding criteria to which piles
are to be installed for such value of working load
proposed;
Maximum length of piles which can be installed; and
Fully completed Bills of Quantities

PRELIMINARY INSTRUMENTED TEST PILE

A preliminary instrumental test pile is to be carried out and completed
before the main piling works. Test piles are to be carried out for the
main piling works as instructed by the Engineer. A provisional no. is
given in the Bills of Quantities.
The test pile shall have attained sufficient strength before testing.
Work on the test pile shall commence immediately on receipt of
written instructions from the Engineer and the piles shall be ready for
testing within three (3) weeks of receipt of such instructions including
the full provision of all staging, kentledge, equipment, labour and other
facilities necessary for the execution of the load test.
The load test shall be carried out as described under "Pile Testing."
The length of the test pile to be installed shall be as agreed with the
Engineer and based on theoretical design. The results of test loading of
any preliminary test pile in a location selected by the Engineer shall be
used to confirm the piling design proposed by the contractor.

S11/48

11.24

RECORD, DRAWINGS

11.24.1

Drawings as specified for recording "as built" locations of the works

shall be prepared by the contractor and agreed with the Engineer or his
representative. The original and four copies of all record drawings shall
be supplied by the contractor to the Engineer as sections of the works
become completed and all drawings and copies within one month after
completion of the works.

11.24.2

Size of Drawings
All drawings shall be A1 size unless otherwise approved by the
Engineer or his representative.

11.24.3

Cost of Drawing
The contract price shall be deemed to include the cost of preparation,
supply and delivery of all drawings and information, and copies
thereof, which the contractor is required to provide under the terms of
the contract.

11.25

TOLERANCES

11.25.1

Setting Out
Setting out shall be carried out from reference lines and points shown
in the drawings. Immediately before installation of the pile, the pile
position shall be marked with suitable identifiable pins or markers.

11.25.2

Position
The maximum permitted deviation of the pile centre from the centre
point shown on the setting out drawing shall be 75mm in any direction.

11.25.3

Verticality
The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the vertical
is 1 in 75.

11.25.4

Rake
The piling rig shall be set and maintained to attain the required rake.
The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the
specified rake is 1 in 25.

11.5.5

Forcible Correction

S11/49

Forcible corrections to concrete piles shall not be made.

11.25.6

Costs for Correction

Any extra cost of amendment to pile caps or beams required as a result
of eccentricity of bearing piles installed by the contractor exceeding the
above tolerance shall be borne by the contractor. The difference
between the costs of the amended pile caps and tie beams (if necessary)
to suit the piles installed by the contractor and that of the pile caps to
suit the piles if the piles are installed within the allowable eccentricity
shall be borne by the contractor.

11.26

PILING METHOD
The contractor shall supply for approval all relevant details of the
method of piling and the plant he proposes to use. Any alternative
method to that specified shall be in accordance with the specification.

11.27

PILING PROGRAMME
The contractor shall inform the Engineer each day of the programme of
piling for the following day and shall give adequate notice of his
intention to work outside normal hours and at weekends.

11.28

PILE BORING RECORDS

Comprehensive records of all strata penetrated or bored shall be kept
together with boring samples. On the completion of each section of
works, 2 copies of the completed records for each pile shall be
submitted to the Engineer. This record should include the following
information:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)

Contract, Section;
Reduced level on the pile position;
Pile reference number;
Nominal diameter of the borehole;
Length of the borehole;
Nominal diameter of the under-ream;
Standing ground water level;
Date bored;
Date concreted;
Depth from working level to pile toe;
Depth from working level to specified cut-off level;
Length of temporary casing used;
Length of permanent casing used;
Soil samples taken and in situ tests carried out - inclusive

S11/50

(xv)
(xvi)
(xvii)
(xviii)
(xix)
(xx)
(xxi)

the interpretation and description of soils;

Length and details of reinforcement cage used;
Concrete mix used - (a) water cement ratio and
(b) slumps;
Concrete test cubes results;
Volume of concrete supplies to pile;
Time spent in overcoming obstruction, delays and other
interruption to the sequence of the works;
Weather report; and
Any other information as may be required by the Engineer

On completion of piling, the contractor shall deliver to the Engineer a

drawing recording the final depths of all piles relative to Ordnance
Datum.
11.29

NUISANCE AND DAMAGE

11.29.1

Noise and Disturbance

The contractor shall carry out the work in such a manner and at such
times as to minimise noise and disturbance.

11.28.2

Damage to Adjacent Structures

If during the execution of the work damage is, or is likely to be, caused
to mains, services or adjacent structures, the contractor shall submit to
the Engineer his proposals for repair or avoidance of such damage.

11.28.3

Damage to Piles
The contractor shall ensure that damage does not occur to completed
piles.
The contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposed sequence and
timing for driving or boring piles having regard to the avoidance of
damage to adjacent piles.

11.30

MATERIALS
(a)

Permanent Casings
Tubes to be used as permanent casing in the ground shall be
subject to approval.

(b)

Bentonite

S11/51

Bentonite shall comply with the Specification No. DFCP 4 of

the Oil Companies Materials Association, London (Drilling
Fluid Materials - Bentonite).
11.31

WORKMANSHIP
(a)

General
Workmanship shall be in accordance with BS 8004 and C.P.
2011 and the specifications.

(b)

Setting Out
The setting out shall be as described and the contractor shall
check all pile positions during and immediately after placing
the casing.

(c)

Diameter of Pile Shaft

The shaft diameter of a pile shall be not less than the specified
diameter at any level throughout its length.

11.32

BORING
(a)

Boring and Installation Generally

Boring through soil (as defined in Section 104) shall be by
rotary auger only. No chisel, hammer or percussive methods
are to be used.
Boring through rock (as defined in Section 104) shall be by use
of approved rock drilling equipment. Chisels and hammers may
only be used with the permission of the Engineer.
Boring shall be carried to depths instructed by the Engineer.
The contractor shall provide all facilities to enable the
Engineer's representative to carry out inspection of any
boreholes safely and until he is completely satisfied with the
contractor's workmanship. Any loose material shall be removed
from the sides and bottom of the boreholes and to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.

(b)

Boring Near Recently Cast Piles

Piles shall not be bored close to other piles which have recently
been cast and which contain workable or unset concrete, in such

S11/52

manner that a flow of concrete could be induced or damage be

caused to either pile.
(c)

Stability of Pile Borings

During the process of boring a pile through the weak strata
Drilling Fluid Materials - Bentonite shall be used to maintain
the stability of the bore.
The level of the drilling fluid in the excavation shall be
maintained so that the internal fluid pressure always exceeds
the external ground water pressure.
The Bentonite shall be mixed in the specified proportions with
fresh water using an approved mixer, prior to use in the boring
process.

(d)

Enlargement of Pile Bases

Where specific dimensions are shown in the drawings for
mechanically formed pile base enlargements, the actual
measured diameter shall be not less than the dimensions given
and the enlarged base shall be concentric with the pile shaft to
within a tolerance of one-tenth of the shaft diameter.
Where the base of a pile is to be enlarged by a under-reaming
process, the slope of the upper surface of the under-ream,
defined by a line joining the extreme edge of the enlargement at
the base and the face of the shaft at the top of the enlargement
in the same vertical plane and to the same side of the pile axis,
shall make an angle to the horizontal of not less than 55o.

(e)

Cleanliness of Pile Bases

At the completion of the boring process, loose, disturbed or
remoulded soil shall be removed from the base of the pile by
airlift pumps or other approved equipment.

(f)

Inspection
Each pile boring shall be inspected prior to the placing of
concrete in it. This inspection shall be carried out from the
ground surface in the case of dry bores.

(g)

Temporary Casings
Temporary casings are to be free from significant distortion and
of uniform cross-section throughout each continuous length.
During concreting they shall be free from encrusted concrete or

S11/53

any internal projections which might prevent the proper

formation of the pile.
11.33

REINFORCEMENT
Where provided, reinforcement shall conform with the relevant clauses of
this specification and, prior to placing, the bore shall be cleaned of all
debris and loose material and the reinforcing cage then placed so that it
will not be displaced during the concreting operation. Steel reinforcement
shall be provided for the whole length of piles and shall be fixed in the
form of a cage with lateral ties. The length of the reinforcement provided
shall be such that it shall protrude not less than 30 times the diameter
above the cut-off level to bond with the pile cap and ground beams.
Joints in the main longitudinal steel bars by means of welding will not be
permitted. Bars longer than 20ft. will be extended with sufficient overlapping according to the British Standard Codes of Practices.

11.34

CONCRETING
Concreting shall conform to the relevant clauses of this specification and
shall be placed and tamped to ensure the formation of a solid compact
pile.

11.35

COMPACTION AND USE OF VIBRATORS

The concrete mix shall be such that a continuous compacted concrete
shaft is formed. For piles with permanent casing, vibrators may be used
when required, poke or immersion type vibrators shall only be used from
the bottom of pile upwards. No vibrator shall be used to compact concrete
inside a temporary casing.

11.36

PLACING CONCRETE IN DRY BORINGS

Approved measures shall be taken to ensure that the concrete at the
bottom of the pile is not deficient in grout.

11.37

PLACING CONCRETE IN WET BORINGS

Concrete shall be placed in wet borings by the use of a tremie with an
attached hopper. The hopper and tremie pipe shall be clean and watertight
throughout its length.

S11/54

The pipe shall rest on the base of the boring at the commencement of
concrete pouring and it shall at all times penetrate into concrete which has
previously been poured. The concrete shall be a rich coherent mix of high
workability in accordance with the specified strength.
The diameter of the tremie pipe shall not be less than 150mm (6 in.)for
concrete made with 20mm (3/4 in.) aggregate and not less than 200mm (8
in.) for 40mm (1 1/2 in.) aggregate. It shall be so designed that external
projections are minimised allowing the tremie to pass through reinforcing
cages without causing damage. The lateral face of the tube shall be free
from projections.
A sliding plug shall be placed in the tube to prevent direct contact inside
the tremie between the first change of concrete and water.
11.38

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
The concrete slump and the water cement ratio shall be so determined that
the concrete strength will comply with all the relevant codes of practice
and the specification.
The workability of concrete shall be determined by the slump test as
described in BS 1881 or an alternative approved method.
Slump measured at the time of discharge into the pile boring shall be in
accordance with the following standards:Piling Mix
Workability

11.39

Slump
Minimum
Maximum

Typical Condition of Use

75mm
(3 in.)

125mm
(5 in.)

Poured into water free

unlined bore widely spaced
reinforcement leaving ample
room or free movement
between bars.

100mm
(4 in.)

175mm
(7 in.)

Where reinforcement is not

spaced widely enough to give
free movement between bars.
Where casing level of concrete
is within casing. Where pile
diameter is less than 600mm
(24 in.)

150mm
(6 in.)

Where concrete is to be placed

by tremie under water or
drilling mud.

DAMAGED PILES

S11/55

Any piles not truly constructed or unduly out of position as established by

the Engineer either before or after completion shall be removed and new
pile or piles shall be substituted by the contractor at no extra cost to the
Client.

11.40

UNSATISFACTORY PILE BORE

Any pile rejected due to inaccuracy or for any other reason shall be filled
with lean concrete, tamped in the normal manner, and shall not be subject
to payment by the Client.

11.41

EXTRACTION OF CASING
Temporary casings shall be extracted during the tamping and concreting
operation so as to prevent necking. The concrete shall remain sufficiently
workable to ensure the concrete is not lifted.
When the casing is being extracted a sufficient quantity of concrete shall
be maintained within it to ensure that external water or soil pressure is
exceeded and that the pile is not reduced in section nor contaminated.
No further concrete is to be placed in the boring once the bottom of the
casing has been lifted above the concrete level.
If jointing of two or more casings is found required, the casings will be
jointed by full welding to ensure water tightness.
The contractor will not be permitted the use of the vibrating casing.

11.42

GROUND WATER LEVELS

In the event of the ground water being observed to be higher than the
required pile head casting level shown in the drawings, the Engineer shall
be notified prior to placing concrete. Under no circumstances shall the
piles be cut-off below ground water level unless approved precautions are
taken.

11.43

DOUBLE CASING
Where two or more discontinuous lengths of casing are required in the
construction, the contractor shall ensure that water or other fluid does not
create an artificial fluid level outside the inner casing in excess of the head
of concrete within the inner casing.

S11/56

11.44

SURPLUS EARTH FROM THE BORINGS,

EXCAVATION OF PILE CAPS AND GROUND BEAMS
The contractor shall be solely responsible for the removal and disposal of
the excavated spoil unless, the Engineer issues instruction to salvage,
safe-keep or deliver any part of the material for re-use in the earthworks
or for any other purposes which he may decide in his absolute discretion.
In such event the contractor shall conform with the Engineer's instructions
as provided under the Conditions of Contract. The contractor shall
remove with all possible speed the excavated spoil (save as hereinbefore
provided) from the site to the contractor's own disposal area without
accumulating it at site and keep the site clear and free from
inconveniences for smooth operations of the works. The cost of disposal
of all excavated earth from site is to be included by the contractor in his
quoted prices for piling.

11.45

STANDARD PENETRATION TESTS (S.P.T.) IN PILE BORING

Standard Penetration Tests shall be carried out in pile borings to the
requirements of Test 19 - B.S. 1377:1975 as directed by the Engineer.

11.46

INSTRUMENTATION OF PRELIMINARY TEST PILES

In addition to the other requirements of the specifications on pile testing
the preliminary test pile shall be instrumented with strain gauges or
vibrating wire gauges and rod extensometers capable of measuring
accurately vertical strains and settlements for the full range of test loads.
The strain gauges, vibrating wire gauges and rod extensometers shall be
located at 5 different levels:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Top of pile;
Mid-length of the section of the pile in soil with N less than 50;
Bottom of the section of the pile in soil with N less than 50;
Mid-length of the pile socketed into N greater than 50 blows per
300mm material;
Bottom of the pile

or at other levels instructed by the Engineer.

S11/57

At each level at least three gauges for measuring vertical strains shall be
located at 60o intervals. At least 2 rod extensometers shall be installed at
each level.
Strain gauges or vibrating wire gauges shall be read at time intervals
coincident with settlement readings specified in the other sections of the
specification pertaining to pile testing.
Installation and monitoring of all instruments shall be carried out by
technicians or engineers experienced and skilled in pile instrumentation
and shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.

S11/58