PSERC Seminar on

POWER ACCEPTABILITY
G.T. Heydt
Department of Electrical Engineering
Arizona State University
December 2003

PSERC

The Program
z

How can power delivery be

identified as acceptable or
unacceptable
What are the details of the famous
power acceptability curve known
as the CBEMA curve
How is the curve derived, and
what is its equation?
PSERC

The Program
z
z
z

What are its main applications

What are its main dangers
Is there any way to quantify power
acceptability -- for example based
on CBEMA philosophy
Some general discussion and
conclusions
PSERC

Background
z

There is a need to qualitatively assess, as

well as quantitatively assess power
delivery
The computer industry as well as many
others want to know how good power
has to be in order to utilize the power
Call by industry, commerce and
residence for quality of supplied energy
from electric power utilities

PSERC

Background
z

Need for reexamination of the indicators

that measure the quality of supplied
energy
Use of power acceptability curves as a
way of quantifying power quality issues.
CBEMA and ITIC being singled out.
A design goal for manufacturers -- to
manufacture equipment that can function
in the acceptable power region

PSERC

The basic idea

The basic concept of power
acceptability is an approach to
categorizing power delivery as
acceptable or unacceptable

PSERC

The basic idea

Based on:
Voltage regulation
Momentary event avoidance
Reliability
Frequency
Waveshape
PSERC

The basic idea

Based on:
Voltage regulation
Momentary event avoidance
Reliability
Frequency
Waveshape
Outages
Transient events

PSERC

Background
A model based on constant energy
concept was derived for power
acceptability curves

W=

k
|V| T

PSERC

Power Acceptability
The main concept is to divide the
operating space into a two
dimensional region based on
DURATION and DISTURBANCE
SEVERITY. The power
acceptability curves measure
disturbance severity in terms of
deviation of bus voltage from rated
value.
PSERC

IEEE
MIL Spec

CBEMA
ITIC

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CBEMA CURVE
250

200

OVERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

0.5 CYCLE

100

50

RATED

ACCEPTABLE
POWER

VOLTAGE
8.33 ms

PERCENT CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGE

150

-50

UNDERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

-100
0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

TIME IN SECONDS

10

100

1000

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ITIC CURVE
250

200

OVERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

0.5 CYCLE

100

50

+-- 10%
0

RATED

ACCEPTABLE
POWER

VOLTAGE
8.33 ms

PERCENT CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGE

150

-50

UNDERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

-100
0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

TIME IN SECONDS

10

100

PSERC
1000

Background

From the constant energy concept

undervoltage limb of the CBEMA curve is
approximated by

(|V|)3.142 T=12455

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Background
Alternative voltage sag indices
z

Detroit Edison sag score

Sag Score=1- (|Va|+|Vb|+|Vc|)/3

z

Voltage Sag - Lost Energy index (VSLEI)

W = (1- Vpu)3.14 T
z

SRP energy served index

ES = (Vactual)2T/(Vrated)2T
PSERC

The energy disturbance concept

A concept based on the fact that disturbances
to load depend on how much energy is
delivered to the load

Disturbance energy
The difference in energy between the actual
energy delivered to a load during sag duration
and the energy that would have been delivered
if the load had been supplied with the normal
system voltage over the period

W =

2
dc , rated

2
dc , faulted

T
PSERC

Example: a six pulse rectifier load

Loads considered: Pure resistive, capacitive
and inductive loads
Conditions: Balanced and unbalanced
voltage sags
D1

D3

D5

D4

D6

D2

LOAD

Va

Vb

Vc

PSERC

Rectifier response
Percent power reduction versus voltage unbalance
factor for six-pulse rectifier with resistive load

Percent power reduction

to resistive load

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

Voltage unbalance factor

PSERC

Rectifier response
Disturbance Energy for six-pulse rectifier with
Resistive load (50% three phase voltage sag)

Disturbance energy in Joules

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

Disturbance duration in seconds

PSERC

Rectifier response
Disturbance energy in Joules

Disturbance energy for six-pulse rectifier with

inductive load (50% three phase voltage sag)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

Disturbance duration in seconds

PSERC

Rectifier response

Disturbance energy in Joules

Disturbance energy for six-pulse rectifier with

capacitive load (50% three phase voltage sag)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

Disturbance duration in seconds

PSERC

Disturbance energy and the CBEMA

curve
Inspection of the table below reveals that the threshold
disturbance energy increase (not constant as expected)
with reduction in percent voltage sag. CBEMA not based
on disturbance energy
Thresho ld disturbance energy
Voltage sag

D isturbance dura-

(percent)

tion (seconds)

(Joules)
Resistive load

Inductive load

(R=32.4 )

(R=32.4 , L =64.9 H)

-20

1.730

7992.7

4621.6

-25

0.669

2472.7

663.9

-30

0.315

1416.4

239.1

-35

0.213

720.9

66.6

-40

0.100

437.7

25.7

-45

0.057

188.2

5.02

-50

0.042

130.7

2.55

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Standards of power acceptability

VOLTAGE
SPEED
POWER
FORCE
OTHER
PSERC

Standards for PQ
VOLTAGE STANDARD
The voltage standard for power quality is a
criterion for power acceptability based on
minimum acceptable DC voltage at the
output of a rectifier below which proper
operation of the load is disrupted

PSERC

CBEMA curve based on voltage

standard
Method to classify voltage sags as
acceptable or unacceptable using
CBEMA

V(t)=Vend+0.288e-1.06t+(0.712-Vend)e-23.7t
V(t) = DC circuit voltage for a rectifier. This is the
voltage which is checked versus the voltage
standard VTH (the threshold voltage in p.u below
which a voltage sag is classified unacceptable)
Vend = final DC Voltage if fault persists
Sag is considered unacceptable if V(t) < 0.87

PSERC

The formula for CBEMA

z
z
z

Set V(t) = 0.87 p.u

Solve for Vend as a function of t
This is the formula for CBEMA as
shown below
1.06 t

Vend

0.87 0.288e
0.712e
=
23.7 t
1 e

23.7 t

PSERC

CBEMA-like curve for a three phase

rectifier load with a phase-ground fault
0 . 158 t

0 . 87 0 . 159 e
0 . 841 e
=
1 e 4 . 63 t
0

-1 0

-2 0

-3 0

voltage

Percent change phase A of supply

V end

4 . 63 t

A c c e p ta b le p o w e r
r e g io n

-4 0

-5 0

-6 0

U n a c c e p ta b le p o w e r
r e g io n

-7 0

-8 0

-9 0

-1 0 0
-3
10

10

-2

10

-1

10

10

S a g d u r a t i o n in s e c o n d s

10

10

PSERC

Standards for PQ
SPEED STANDARD
The speed standard for power quality is a
criterion for power acceptability based on
minimum acceptable shaft speed of a
rotating load below which proper operation
of the load is disrupted

PSERC

Speed standard for ac machines

Motivation
z

Need to have CBEMA-like standard for rotating

machines
To do away with misapplication of CBEMA to
rotating machines
Development of a scientifically based power
acceptability curve for each type of industrial
load
Development of an engineering based standard
which is extendable to the three phase case

PSERC

Induction machine model

jx1

I1

jx2

r1

r2/s

I2
jxm

rm

PSERC

Induction machines
Slip

Torque

s =

Te =

3I

2
2

r2
s

PSERC

Induction machines
Equation of motion

Te = J + B +TL

Speed at any time t

(t) =0 + Kt
PSERC

Sample machine ratings and

parameters
z
z
z
z
z
z

P=30 hp
V=460 V(line-line)
f=60 Hz
N=4
J=0.38 Kg-m2
s=0.02

z
z
z
z
z
z

R1=0.22
R2=0.22
X1=0.34
X2=0.37
Xm=50
Rm=500

PSERC

Speed characteristics of induction machine under

voltage sags (constant torque load )
186

Speed in radians per second

184

-2 5 % s a g

182

180

178

s p e e d s ta n d a rd ( = 0 .9 5 p .u )

176

174

172

-5 0 % s a g

170

168

0 .0 0 5

0 .0 1

0 .0 1 5

S a g d u r a tio n in s e c o n d s

0 .0 2

0 .0 2 5

PSERC

Percent change in supply voltage

Power acceptability curve for rotating

machines (constant torque load)
0

-1 0

-2 0

-3 0

-4 0

-5 0

a c c e pta b le
o p e ratin g re g io n

-6 0

-7 0

u n a c c e pta b le
o p e ratin g re g io n

-8 0

-9 0

-1 0 0
-4
10

10

-3

10

-2

10

-1

S ag d u r a tio n in s ec o n d s

10

PSERC

Speed characteristics of induction machine

under voltage sags (load torque proportional to
speed )
190
180

V = 0 .5 p .u

170

s p e e d in ra d ia ns /s e c o nd

160

V = 0 .4 p .u

150
140
130
120
110
100

V = 0 .3 p .u

90
80
70
60
0

0 .0 2

0 .0 4

0 .0 6

0 .0 8

0 .1

0 .1 2

0 .1 4

d is tu r b a n c e d u r a tio n in s e c o n d s

0 .1 6

0 .1 8

0 .2

PSERC

Speed standard: a power acceptability curve for

rotating machines (torque proportional to speed)
0

p e rc e nt c ha ng e in s up p ly vo lta g e

-1 0
-2 0
-3 0

A c c e p ta b le r e g io n

-4 0
-5 0
-6 0
-7 0

U n a c c e p ta b le r e g io n

-8 0
-9 0
-1 0 0
-3
10

10

-2

10

-1

10

d is tu r b a n c e d u r a tio n in s e c o n d s

PSERC
10

Voltage sag index

For a PQ rebate?
To compare load vulnerability
Based on CBEMA

PSERC

Proposed voltage sag index based

on the CBEMA curve
Based on the CBEMA curve, it is possible
to construct a power acceptability curve
for different voltages, selecting the
voltage standard such that the resulting
CBEMA curve passes through the
plotted event. The value of standard
voltage is Vp, compared to the CBEMA
standard 0.87 per unit, and the ratio is the
voltage sag index, Ipa.

PSERC

Proposed voltage sag index

Ipa = Vp / 0.87
Where Vp is the CBEMA
curve threshold passing
through event P
PSERC

Proposed voltage sag index

V (p.u)
T
0

VT

Tx
Acceptable

Vp
P
Unacceptable

-1

PSERC

Proposed voltage sag index

1
aTp
bTp
bTp
ebTx VT
I pa = 1+Vp 1e + ebTx eaTx e e
VT
Unacceptable
0

Acceptable
1

))

Ipa

1/VT

PSERC

How does Ipa compare to other

measures of power quality?
When Ipa > 1, the power is
ACCEPTABLE: this is the CBEMA
curve
Ipa can be compared to the energy
served measure
PSERC

Energy served index

ES =

2
2
(Vactual) T/(Vrated) T

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Proposed index, Ipa versus ES for phase a of

three phase system of field data
100

'Acceptability' for the

purposes of this graph
refers to the operation
in the lower half-plane
of the CBEMA curve in
the acceptable power
region.

90

70

Acceptable region (Energy served >0.57 p.u)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Proposed index, Ipa

0.8

Ipa=1.15

60

Acceptable region (Ipa>1)

Energy served in per unit

80

1.2

PSERC

Proposed index, Ipa versus ES for three phase

system of field data
300

'Acceptability' for the

purposes of this graph
refers to operation in the
lower half-portion of the
CBEMA curve in the
acceptable power region.

280
260
220
200

Acceptable region (Energy served >0.6 p.u)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Proposed index, Ipa

0.9

Ipa=1.15

160

Overvoltage

180

Acceptable region (Ipa>1)

Energy served in per unit

240

1.1

1.2

1.3

PSERC

Proper use of CBEMA

z

As in the original curve, for

mainframe computers
Modified as per the new formulas
for rectifier loads
Modified using the speed standard
for induction machine loads
Single phase or three phase cases
OK
PSERC

Improper use of CBEMA

z

Using original curve for other than

mainframe computers
Using the voltage standard curve for a
speed standard application
Using the original curve for unbalanced
three phase faults
CBEMA is for momentary events, not
harmonics or other steady state
phenomena
PSERC

SUMMARY

PSERC

Power acceptability curves for

industrial loads can be constructed
based on power quality standard
It is shown that CBEMA is based on
the single phase rectifier load with
DC threshold voltage of 0.87 p.u in
the undervoltage region
The formula for the CBEMA curve is
developed
PSERC

CBEMA-like for rotating loads

developed
An index based on compliance of
power acceptability curve is proposed
The comparison of the proposed index
with other measures of voltage sag
event illustrated
Monotonic relationship observed in
comparing Ipa index and the energy
served index
PSERC