12/15/2016

Planning issues in
energy infrastructure

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Cities occupy 3% of the Earths land
surface, and house 75% of the
human population
Cities account for a considerable
portion of a countrys energy
consumption.
2/3 of worldwide energy usage and
GHG emissions
Most production, trade and
transportation activities usually are
located in these areas.
80% of Asias GDP is produced by
Asian cities

Per capita carbon emission of selected cities ( World Bank, 2010)

The magnitude of energy

consumption in a city is an important
indicator of the way such city
develops physically, socially, and
economically.

12/15/2016

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Growing built environment

Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.

Increasing volumes of waste generated

Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems - producing congestion,

local air pollution, and GHGs.

Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban systems waste

resources and generates pollution and GHGs

Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns

Social issues urbanization of poverty lack of basic services

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Cities have drawn rural populations to them

In most developing countries, they live in sprawling

urban slums, shanty towns, favelas, or townships.

The economies of most cities reflect the growing

global inequality of wealth and income distribution.

Urban production and consumption extracts

resources from around the planet and deposits
massive volumes of waste, creating a bloated
"urban footprint

Economic globalization lacks an

effective model for sustainable
local development.

City infrastructures that make up the

energy consuming urban systems are
typically not built, operated and
maintained for energy efficiency

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Energy for Sustainable Development

Sustainable energy: Energy solutions that address development issues

related to economic growth, environment and social equity simultaneously

Economic
Key input for
economic growth

Impacts of energy
production and use

Environmental

Poverty alleviation
and gender

Social

Sustainable Cities
Integrated
Approach to Low
Carbon
Development

Low Carbon Growth

Safety &
Welfare

Green Economy
Housing

Sustainable Energy Supply

Environmental governance

Energy
Supply
Health &
Education

Access to Nature

Zero Waste

Green Buildings

Clean Water Quality

Clean Water Quantity

Green Transport

Clean Air

Economy &
Competitiveness

Low Carbon Footprint

Jobs
Transport &
Communications

Zero Waste

Low Carbon

Healthy
Ecosystems

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Sustainable Development
Energy and Urban Forms
Resources,
technology,
geography,
politics

Energy
Sources

Nature, location, availability,

price, distribution

Spatial
Structures

Location, shape, size, density,

communications, mixed land
use

Socio-economic
and political
factors

Alternative
Supply Systems
Feasibility

Feedback
Energy needs
stimulate new
developments

Energy
Demand

Useful energy, delivered

energy, primary energy,
transport, heat, light, motive
power

Level of
development,
socio-economic
factors

Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Energy Technology

Available
Resources

GHG Emissions & Other Pollutants

Resource
Utilization

Waste
Generation

Decomposition
and/or
Accumulation
of Waste

Waste Conversion/Recycling

Ecosystems approach The inter-relationship of natural and man-made

elements in the environment is the basis for planning aimed towards
improved quality of city life.
Based on Bianpoen. The City as an Ecological Region (1990)

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Sustainable Development
Transport Systems

Parks & Waterways

Systems

Water Supply Systems

Waste Water
Systems

Building Systems

Urban Systems

require energy to function

Energy Supply
Systems
Solid Waste
Management
Systems

Communication
Systems

Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Urban Systems Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and

land); Difficult and costly to modify.
Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures
- cost can be as high as 10% of the citys GDP.
Typical buildings non-energy efficient
- can account for 40% of a citys total energy consumption and 30% of GHG
emissions.
Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased
competitiveness, etc.).
The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its future
energy usage and emissions (GHG & pollutants).

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Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Energy Consuming Urban Systems
Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and
arrangement of cities are planned.
Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health,
economic competitiveness and the quality of life in cities.
The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built
for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes, depending on
how these are designed, operated and maintained.
Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and
sustain socio-economic development goals.

Are these systems designed and operated for energy efficiency?

Urban systems (e.g., water supply, solid waste management,

water/sewerage systems, transport systems, buildings & industries,
energy supply, communication, parks and waterways ,etc..)
There is a clear link between energy demand and the way the
development and arrangement of cities are planned.
There is a strong correlation between the urban systems and
environmental health, economic competitiveness and the quality of life
in cities.
The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are
built for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes,
depending on how these are designed, operated and maintained.

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Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities

Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming
Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are
from the utilization of energy (non-renewable forms)
Land Use Issues
Combination of land use factors
(shape, size)
Interspersion of activities
Urban area shape
Density/clustering of trip ends
Density/mix uses/built form
Layout/orientation/design
Siting/layout/landscaping

Mechanism
Travel requirements (distance &
frequency)
Travel requirements (distance)
Travel requirements
Public transport use
CHP applications
Passive cooling/heating
Microclimate optimization

Energy Impacts
Variation up to 150%
Variation up to 130%
Variation of up to 20%
Energy savings up to 20%
Energy savings of 15%
Energy savings up to 20%
Energy savings of at least 5%

Climate Change Challenges in Cities

Increasing Carbon Footprint

Increasing urban sprawl increased use of private transport

Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices
Poor urban planning, management and governance
What is the challenge? Managing a citys development that:
Maximizes low-carbon energy sources
Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services
Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP

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Vulnerability to Climate Extremes

Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains

Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity

and frequency

Sea level rise; Poor suffer more

New driver of urbanization

eco-refugees/eco-migrants

Cities differ in their initial carbon endowments due to:

Climate and environment

Population and urban form

Transport and built infrastructure

Economic structure and GDP

Main responsibility of cities is not simply focus on

carbon reductions, but provision of economic
opportunities and quality of life.

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Low Carbon Development of Urban

Communities
Challenges
Inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks that support
environmentally sustainable development in cities
Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design and implement
integrated sustainable development actions
Lack of financing for initiatives on environmentally sustainable
urban development
Lack of available replicable successful examples of sustainable
development applications at the urban level
Lack of easily accessible information on feasible and applicable
technologies and practices on sustainable urban development

Sustainable Development
Energy Planning in Cities

City with internal energy production

and supply system

City with external energy supply

system

12/15/2016

Production &
[ Importation ]

Energy Form

Distribution

Derived Energy
Form

Conversion

Consuming
Sectors

Distribution

910
[ 1234 ]

WOOD

1038

11
117

196

34

2345

AGRI-WASTE
COAL

12

4567

9
14
Outside Sales

223

BIOGAS

(Biodegradation)
[ 5857 ]

33

CHARCOAL

(Pyrolysis)

200
23
Own Use

Sustainable Energy in Cities

1234

56

ELECTRICITY

(Direct combustion)

154

Outside Sales

1367

1234
6533
123

3579

HYDOENERGY

(Hydroelectric turbines)

ELECTRICITY

[ 78910 ]

77910

[ 8905 ]

4589

1000

(Power Grid)

ELECTRICITY
154

Losses &
Own Use

1122
7788
78839

(Power Grid)

42756
1111
22334

T&D Losses

3728

GASOLINE

4321
5
[ 9096 ]

DIESEL

89
4500
Outside Sales

23

Stock

5521
3579
4

123
685

4287

3456

1234

Outside Sales
Stock

(Direct Combustion)
[ 4679 ]

FUEL OIL

1
[ 365 ]

AVIATION FUEL

LPG

2879
1234

367
Stock

39

729

223
467
Outside Sales

1
[ 1007 ]

433
Losses &
Own Use

367

135

KEROSENE

4113

Agricultural
Commercial
Residential

Farming, Crop Production

Cooking
Cooking

Agricultural
Commercial
Residential

Cooking
Cooking
Cooking

Agricultural
Residential

Drying, Livestock
Cooking

Industrial

Electrical Equipment

Commercial
Industrial
Residential

Air Conditioning, Heating

Process Heating
Cooking, Hot Water

Agricultural
Industrial
Residential
Institutional
Residential
Transport

Miling, Livestock
Lighting, AC, Appliances / Equipment
Lighting, Refrigeration, Equipment, AC
Lighting, AC, Equipment
Lighting, AC, Cooking, Hot Water, Appliances
Light Rail Transit

Agricultural
Transport

Irrigation
Freight and Passenger Land Transport

Agricultural
Commercial
Industrial
Transport

Irrigation
Steam Generation
Process Heating, Steam Generation
Freight and Passenger Land Transport

Industrial

Electrical Equipment

Industrial
Transport

Steam Generation, Process Heating

Water Transport

Transport

Air Transport

Commercial
Industrial
Residential

Steam Generation, Heating, Cooking

Process Heating
Cooking, Hot Water

Agricultural
Residential

Drying, Farming, Livestock

Cooking

Stock

2
[ 865 ]

567

4680

ELECTRICITY
167

End Uses

Losses &
Own Use

Stock

[ 7890 ]

NATURAL GAS

10

End Use

Stock

19

219

200

791

Outside Sales

Stock

City Reference Energy System

NOTE : Values are in TOE (Tons of Oil Equivalents)

Equivalents)

City Energy Balance

Outside
Sales

Sustainable Energy in Cities

Industrial
Commercial
Sector Use
To stock Agriculture Sector Use Institutional
Sector Use
Sector Use

8.06
Biomass Energy
Hydro Energy
Coal
Natural Gas

Petroleum
Products

0.07
1.91

2.9
2.9
3.7
6.4

63.9

7.34

0.90

10.67

Residential
Sector Use

18.68

Total Energy
Consumption
83.47

Total Energy
Supply
100.00

43.97

Electricity

Transport
Sector Use

20.2
7.15

1.25
Own Use and
T&D Losses

Conversion
Losses

10

12/15/2016

Sustainable Development
City Energy System - Low Carbon Development

11

12/15/2016

12

12/15/2016

Sustainable Development
Influence of Cities on Low Carbon Development
Support policies on the
application of energy efficiency
and renewable energy
Smart urban form and spatial
development
Energy efficient industries and
buildings
Low carbon vehicles and public
transport-oriented systems
Low carbon waste management
and urban services
Energy efficient appliances
Financial/fiscal incentives for EE
and RE applications
* PLAN for LOW CARBON
GROWTH *
Source: www.rainharvest.co.za

Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
Integrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development Planning
Energy an essential consideration in achieving sustainable development
in urban communities
EIP is in line with an ecosystems approach.
Various urban concerns related to energy & environment Justification for
integrating energy considerations in the city development planning process.
Due consideration to energy implications of development policies and
energy flexibility in city development policies and objectives.
Key is MAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGE in the urban
development planning process.
Official legal authorization for energy-integrated development planning
POLITICAL Support success of an energy-integrated urban development
plan is ensured by this.

13

12/15/2016

Integrating Energy in Urban Development Planning

Urban

Considering Energy Aspects in Land Use Planning

14

12/15/2016

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:
1. Land Use and Transport Planning

Contiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout;
traffic rules; trip reduction measures; citizens participation, etc.

2. Site Planning and Building Design

Building efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations;

pedestrian facilities; transit facilities, etc.

3. Infrastructure Efficiency

Water supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection &
recycling facilities; heat & power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.

4. Energy Supply

Electricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization;
cogeneration systems; waste-to-energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Zero Waste
Clean Air
Green Buildings
Green Economy

Green Transport
Sustainable
Energy Supply

City-led Programs,
Regulations &
Financial Capacity
Access to Nature

Clean Water
(Quantity)

Clean
Water
(Quality)

Environmental
Governance
Low Carbon
Footprint

Low carbon development of

cities can be facilitated
through the enforcement of
appropriate policies and
regulatory frameworks
These support the planning
design and implementation
of interventions
The latter fully recognize
the importance of urban
development planning that
takes serious consideration
of the energy and
environment aspects of
sustainable development

15

12/15/2016

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Challenges
Institutional Challenges

e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate
change are not mainstreamed in urban development planning processes

Energy Use and Energy Policy Challenges

e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE
and RE initiatives; restrictive regulations and default controls

Political Challenges

e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in
policies; lack of awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also
political) benefits of low carbon development

Social/Community Challenges

e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudes

Capacity & Financial Challenges

e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development;
Lack of financing for low carbon development initiatives

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Key Players
Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning,
public works and general services, city engineers office, etc..)
National and Regional Development Agencies
Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)
Real Estate Developers
Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)
Public Transport Operators
NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups
General Public

16

12/15/2016

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Planned Development Areas

Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land including

Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services
Access to Transport and Transit Systems

Community Design & Layout

Spatial Structures
Streets and Roads
Natural Features and Open Spaces

Buildings and Infrastructures

Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials

Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures
Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban Systems
Green Construction
Sustainable Energy Production and Supply

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development

Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
Privatization and the Role of the Private Sector

Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)

Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee
collection; Road infrastructure construction; Leasing of government vehicles;
Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and park
maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)

Improvement of City's Public Image

Revenue Enhancement Interventions

Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes

Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of
development infrastructures/services and improve fee collection procedures.
Consider the potentials of grantsmanship.
Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.

17

12/15/2016

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development

Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies

Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge?

Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax?
Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to Central Business District CBD?
Parking Fees?

2. City Development Strategies

User Fees, Surcharges?

Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings?
Increase Development Fees for Building Permits?
Implementation of Betterment Charges?
Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services?
Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development?

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development

Strategies to Support Low Carbon Initiatives

Investments
Investment for installation of new energy efficient urban systems, or
enhancement of the existing ones.
Investment in improving city energy supply and distribution systems.
Investment for research and development, information dissemination and
promotional programs on low carbon development.

Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry

sector and other service companies.

Third Party Financing

Financial Institutions

Lease-Purchase Agreements; Build-Operate-Transfer Agreements

18

12/15/2016

Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities
Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs
Reduction in pollution
Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the
city as a whole
Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with
the added benefit of preventing disposal-related pollution)
Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have
market value

Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities
GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)
Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction
Preservation of Natural Environment
Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)
Improved Public Health
Empowered Communities
Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)
Improved Economy and Competitiveness

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12/15/2016

Example of EE Urban Systems

Green Infrastructures a network of decentralized storm water management
practice that can capture rainwater, thus reducing storm water runoff and improving
the quality of city waterways.

Ref: CNT, The Value of Green Infrastructure:

A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic,
Environmental and Social Benefits (2010)

Example of EE Urban Systems

Benefits of
Green
Infrastructures

20

12/15/2016

Example of EE Urban Systems

City Electricity System

Difficulty to expand grid infrastructure

Increased energy demand during peak periods

Smart City Solutions (policy measures that promote, among others, a grid that
manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner,
built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all
involved). Source: ABB
Deregulation and real-time
pricing
Smart energy-positive
infrastructure
Integrated mobility service

EE Urban Systems: Smart City & Smart Buildings

21

12/15/2016

United Nations Development Programme

The UNs development agency
Bureau
for
Europe &
CIS
Bureau
for Africa

Bureau
for Latin
America

Bureau
for Asia &
Pacific

Bureau
for the
Arab
States

Bureau
for Crisis
Preventio
n

Bureau for
Partnership
s

Bureau for
Development
Policy

Environment &
Energy Group

Country
Offices

Energy,
Infrastructure,
Transport &
Technology (EITT)
Group

Water
Ecosystems &
Biodiversity
REDD & Land
Ozone &
Chemicals

UNDP EITT Group Signature Programs

1

Access to clean
and affordable
energy

Low emission urban

systems and
infrastructures

Access to new
financing
mechanisms

22

12/15/2016

Examples of Recent UNDP Projects on EE Urban

Country
Project Title
Systems

Ongoing Project Implementation

India
Sustainable Urban Transport Program (Cleaner Mobility)
Kazakhstan
Sustainable Transport In The City Of Almaty
South Africa
Sustainable Public Transport
Project Design & Development
Philippines
Promotion of Low Carbon Urban Transport Systems in the Philippines
Kazakhstan
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions for Low-carbon Urban Development
Turkey
Catalyzing Low-Emission Urban Development
Bosnia &
Energy Efficiency in Urban Buildings
Herzegovina
Belarus Green Cities: Supporting Green Urban Development in Small and
Republic of Belarus
Medium Sized Cities in Belarus
Green Cities: Integrated Sustainable Transport in the City of Batumi and the
Georgia
Ajara Region
Armenia
Green Urban Lighting
Achieving Low Carbon Growth in Cities through Sustainable Urban Systems
Thailand
Management in Thailand
Urban Energy Efficiency (Transforming the Market for Urban Energy Efficiency
Moldova
in Moldova by Introducing Energy Service Companies (ESCO) )

Conclusions
How urban areas expand in the future has big implications on the GHG
emissions that are generated in cities.
Urban development planning should consider energy as one important
component of sustainable development.
Energy and Climate Change should be mainstreamed into the urban
development planning processes
Policies formulated for various concerns in city development plans should be in
accord with the preservation of man's environment and the provision of energy
for sustaining growth and development.
The capacity of local governments should be improved to better identify the
optimum mix of regulatory and public financing instruments to attract catalytic
financial flows toward low-emissions climate-resilient development.
The success of an energy integrated city development plan can only be
ensured if there is political support. Without it, any planning approach will fail.

23