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Contents
Introduction
Foams
Honeycombs and truss-cores
Composites
Nano-auxetics
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Introduction
From the Greek auxetos: that can expand
Indicates Negative Poissons ratio (NPR) materials
1 0.5
E1 21 E2 12
3 FR 2 1 2
16 Et 3
2 23
Hardness increase
with NPR the
material wraps
around the indenter
Introduction
Fibril Hinging
(microporous UHMWPE
and PFTE - GoreTex)
(courtesy of Azon.com)
Introduction
Rotating rectangles
Introduction
r
t
LL
RR
30 o L r t r b L
Rotations of the nodes induce
bending of the ligaments
Isotropic in-plane properties ( = -1)
Foams
Foams
1. Multiaxial compression
4. Relaxation of
the sample
Conventional
PU based foam
3. Cooling
2. Annealing
Foams
Conventional PU foam
Auxetic ( = -0.26)
Non-auxetic iso-density
Foams
Compression is the most
significant manufacturing
parameter for
auxetic foams.
Foams
80
70
Conventional
r = 0.95
Iso density
60
3
Auxetic
Energy U [mj/cm
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
25000
50000
Number of cycles N
75000
100000
Returned
Sample
SEM images of
(a)conventional,
(b)1st auxetic,
(c)returned from
auxetic and
(d) 2nd auxetic
open-cell PU
based foam
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Auxetic
Conventional
|XR|
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
50
100
[Hz]
150
200
Centre-symmetric honeycombs
4 2
c
22 cos cos sin 2 sin
Centre-symmetric honeycombs
INCONEL 617 core
Conduction radiation problem
Point A
Point B
In upper surfaces,
temperatures are lower for
auxetic configurations
NPR
configurations
Centre-symmetric honeycombs
Shape memory alloy honeycombs
Centre-symmetric honeycombs
Nonlinear in-plane properties SMA honeycombs
(Hassan MR, Scarpa F, Mohamed NA. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2009 20: 897-905 )
Gradient honeycombs
Kirigami/Origami honeycombs
(Saito
Porto,
(Saito
J. Int.
Chiral structures
Developed using RTM techniques for maritime sandwich applications
Core with polyester/glass fibre
Superior specific compressive and shear strength compared to analogous cores
in marine constructions
Possibility of embedding sensors (PZT, MFCs) for SHM or other monitoring
applications
Flat or curved panels easily manufactured with no in-plane buckling stresses
Developed and commercialised by CHISMATECH (Catania, I)
Chiral structures
Truss-core beam
Applied torque
Localized deformations
1150 Hz
1120 Hz
Experimental
(Spadoni A,. Ruzzene M., Scarpa F, 2006. J. Int. Mat. Syst. Struct.
17(11), 941)
Chiral structures
Deflection vs Velocity at 15
2.5
2
Experimental
FEA Inviscid
FEA Viscous
1.5
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Velocity (m/s)
SS
A
st
riu
m
AR
6m
6m
A
6m
st
ro
m
es
A
h
st
ro
9m
m
C
es
hi
ra
h
lD
12
ep
m
lo
C
y
hi
a
b
ra
l
e
lD
ep
3m
lo
C
ya
hi
bl
ra
e
lD
ep
6m
C
l
o
hi
y
ab
ra
lD
le
ep
9m
lo
ya
bl
e
12
m
SM
3m
6m
LR
B
R
Fo
ld
ab
le
Th
Ti
ps
in
Sh
el
lP
an
el
ES
A
= -0.156
= 0.086
Name0
Stacking sequence
Name
Stacking sequence
Name
Stacking sequence
ST 1
[ 2 ]s
ST 11
[ 33 / ]s
ST 21
[ 10 / ]s
ST 2
[02 / ]s
ST 12
[ 35 / ]s
ST 22
[ 15 / ]s
ST 3
[902 / ]s
ST 13
[ 37 / ]s
ST 23
[16 / ]s
ST 4
[- /+ /- /+/]s
ST 14
[ 40 / ]s
ST 24
[ 17 / ]s
ST 5
[ / 02]s
ST 15
[ 45 / ]s
ST 25
[ 18 / ]s
ST 6
[ /902 ]s
ST 16
[ 50 / ]s
ST 26
[ 19 / ]s
ST 7
[ 20 / ]s
ST 17
[ 60 / ]s
ST 27
[ 21 / ]s
ST 8
[ 25 / ]s
ST 18
[ 70 / ]s
ST 28
[ 22 / ]s
ST 9
[ 27 / ]s
ST 19
[ 80 / ]s
ST 29
[ 23 / ]s
ST 10
[ 30 / ]s
ST 20
[ 5 / ]s
ST 30
[24 / ]s
ST 8
0.3
ST 10
ST 12
ST 14
13
20
40
60
80
100
ST 15
ST 16
-0.3
ST 17
ST 18
-0.6
ST 19
Carbon
-0.9
[Degrees]
ST 3
(E H Harkati, A Bezazi, F Scarpa, K Alderson, A Alderson. Phys. Stat Solidi B, 244(3), 883 (2007) )
(Bezazi A., Boukharouba W., Scarpa F, 2009. Physica Status Solid B 246(9), 2102)
(Bezazi A., Boukharouba W., Scarpa F, 2009. Physica Status Solid B 246(9), 2102)
Other possible
mechanisms?
Uniaxial mechanical
properties depending on %
of vacant atoms
(Sammalkorpi M et al. 2004. Phys. Rev. B 70, 245416)
Mean Youngs modulus ratio and standard deviation Youngs modulus ratio for
armchair (n,n). = 2 % NRV; = 1.5 % NRV; = 1 % NRV; = 0.5 % NRV
(6,0) rz = -0.41
Evidence on NPR in defective CNTs found in NI-CNT systems
(Smolyanitsky A, Twari V K, 2011. Nanotechnology 22 085703)
Conclusions
Auxetics and NPR can be engineered at different scales
Use of auxetic materials and structures needs lateral
thinking multidisciplinary research
There is scope for R&D activities at different TRLs
from blue sky to manufacturing of commercial
prototypes
Conclusions