Deoxyribonucleic

acid

1. See textbook
(a) DNA
(b) pentose sugar/deoxyribose
(c) nitrogenous bases
(d) phosphate
2. Replication or transcription
3. DNA: sugar= deoxyribose; bases=ATCG; # of strands=2
RNA: sugar=oxyribose; bases=AUCG; # of strands=1
4. Double helix
5. Sugar, phosphate
6. Complementary base pairing, Hydrogen
7. (a) double
(b) hydrogen bonds
(c) separation, pairing, bonding
(d) bases
(e) template
(f) DNA polymerase
(g) base, Thymine, Guanine, daughter
(h) identical, template
(i) conservative
(j) 3, DNA polymerase
(k) replication origin
8. (a) CAA, CAG, CAU, or CAC
(b) GCA, GCG, GCU, GCC, UCU, or UCC
(c) AGA, AGG, AGU, AGC, UCA, or UCG
9. rRNA compose ribosome
mRNA serve as a messenger to bring genetic information from nucleus to
cytoplasm
tRNA bring various amino acids to ribosome and mRNA when translation
occurs.
10. (a) protein
(b) mRNA
(c) RNA
(d) nucleus, cytoplasm, translation
(e) codon
(f) translation, amino
(g) transfer, amino acid
(h) anti-codon
(i) amino, ribosome, ribosomal
(j) AUG
(k) UAA, UAG, UGA

11.

12. (a) 5 AUG UCU CCU ACA AGU CGG GGU GAU CAC UAG 3
met-ser-pro-thr-ser-arg-gly-asp-his-stop
(b) 5 AUG CUU CCU ACA AUG UCG GGG UGA UCA CUA G 3
met-leu-pro-thr-met-ser-gly-stop
(c) 5 AUG UCU CCU ACA AGU GGG GGU GAU CAC UAG 3
met-ser-pro-thr-ser-gly-gly-asp-his-stop
(d) 5 AUG UCU CCU ACA AGU CGA GGU GAU CAC UAG 3
met-ser-por-thr-ser-arg-gly-asp-his-stop

13. b= insertion result=nonsense

c=point(substitution)=missense
d=point(substitution)=silent
14. UV (sunlight), cigarette smoke
15. Missense = can cause a change in a gene that changes the protein so that it
works better (extremely rare) and this allows living things to evolve OR only
changes one amino acid and this acid doesnt have a significant effect on how
the protein works and thus doesnt have a significant effect on the living
organism.
Silent = a change in codon only but not an amino acid; there is no effect on
the protein and thus, no effect on the living organism.
Nonsense = a change in the codon sequence that leads to multiple amino
acids being changed and ultimately has a bad effect on the function of the
protein and thus has a bad effect on the living organism. Effects could be a
small as an ignorable irritation or they could be as severe as cancer (the cell
cant control its replication process because proteins involved in this process
dont work) or even death.
16. (a) a change in the base sequence within a gene it can be an insertion,
deletion or substitution and have varying effects.
(b) A gene mutation in which an additional base is inserted into the nucleic
acid sequence of a gene usually causes a nonsense mutation
(c) A gene mutation in which a base is deleted from the nucleic acid sequence
of a gene usually causes a nonsense mutation.
(d) A gene mutation in which a base is changed within the nucleic acid
sequence of a gene - usually causes a silent or missense mutation.

17. Restriction enzymes cut DNA (from various species) producing segments of
DNA that will be rejoined.
18. It joins the DNA segments from 2 species.
19. rDNA is recombinant DNA and it is used for various medical treatments like
producing hormones for people who cant make them (eg. insulin),
genetically modifying organisms (eg. genetically modifying food to have more
protein or plants to be more pest resistant), gene therapy, cloning organisms.