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Anatomy & Physiology II

Midterm Study Guide
Unit 1: Introduction to Disease (Chapter 1)
Syndrome
Disorder
Diagnosis
Electrocardiography
X-rays
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Ultrasound
Positron emission tomography
Remission
Exacerbation
Relapse
Complication
Sequela
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Idiopathic
Physical Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
Vital Signs
Prognosis
Acute
Terminal
Chronic
Chief causes of disease
Heredity
Congenital
Degenerative
Autoimmune
Neoplastic
Metabolic
Traumatic
Nutritional
Risk factors
Treatment

Unit 2: Immunity and Infectious Disease

(Chapter 2 & 3)
Immunity
Antigen
Nonspecific/Innate Immunity
Barrier
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Complement system
Interferons
Fever
Inflammatory Response
Specific/Adaptive Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Antibody
B cells
Memory B cells
T lymphocytes
Major histocompatibility complex
Helper T cells
Killer (cytotoxic) T cells
Pathogens
Contagious diseases
Endemic
Pandemic
Outbreak
Notifiable diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Reemerging Infectious Diseases
Reservoir
Horizontal transfer
Indirect transmission
Fomites
Vertical transmission
Nosocomial infections
Isolation
Quarantine
Viruses (description, examples, treatments)
Bacteria (description, examples, treatments)
Antibiotic resistance
Protozoa (description, examples, treatments)
Fungi (description, examples, treatments)
Helminths (description, examples, treatments)
Prions (description, examples)
Vaccine-Preventable Childhood Infectious
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR),
Whopping cough, Chickenpox

Unit 3: Cancer (Chapter 4)

Cancer
Metastasis
Epidemiology of Cancer in the United States
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
Examples of cancers that are not solid tumors
Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Apoptosis
Touch sensor genes
Triggers for mutations in cells
Mutated oncogene analogy
Mutated tumor suppressor gene analogy
Proto-oncogene
Three categories of cancer genes
Function of DNA polymerase
General Signs & Symptoms of Cancer
Methods of Diagnosing Cancer
Blood test tumor markers
Mammogram
CT scan vs. MRI for cancer
Ultrasonography screen for cancer
Purpose of grading and staging cancer
Grades of cancer (1-4)
Staging of cancer (T, N, M)
TX, T0, Tis, T1-4
NX, N0, N1-N3
MX, M0, M1
radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies
Risk Factors for developing Cancer
Cancer screening (18-39, 50+, male vs. female)
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
Colorectal cancer

Unit 4: Heredity & Disease (Chapter 5)

Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Function of DNA
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes
XY
XX
Gametes
Somatic Cells
Genes
Alleles
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Carrier
Dominant
Recessive
Co-Dominant
Genome
Heredity
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Huntingtons Disease
Polydactyly
Achondroplasia
Marfan Syndrome
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Tay-Sachs
Albinism
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Carrier
Duchennes muscular dystrophy
Color blindness
Hemophilia
Fragile X syndrome
Familial Diseases
Multifactorial trait
Examples of Familial diseases
Abnormal Chromosome Diseases
Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome
Sex Anomalies
Turners syndrome
Klinefelters Syndrome
Hermaphroditism
Genetic Counseling
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Gene Therapy
Congenital Disorders
Examples of Congenital Disorders

Essential Questions
Unit 1: Introduction to Disease
1. What terminology is used to describe human diseases?

2. What are the major causes of disease?

3. What are common risk factors for disease?

4. How can health promotion reduce the burden of disease?

Unit 2: Immunity and Infectious Disease

1. What is the anatomy and physiology of the immune system?

2. What are the differences between nonspecific and specific immunity?

3. What is an autoimmune disease?

4. What is infectious disease?

5. How are infectious diseases treated?

Unit 3: Cancer
1. What is cancer?

2. What are the differences between benign and malignant tumors?

3. What are the risk factors for cancer?

4. How is cancer diagnosed and treated?

Unit 4: Heredity & Disease

1. What is DNA?

2. How are hereditary diseases transmitted?

3. How can a karyotype be used to diagnose some hereditary diseases?

4. How can gene therapy be used to treat genetic diseases?