1.

1 Stoichiometric relationships1

1.

1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter and chemical change1

2.

1.2 The mole concept12

3.

1.3 Reacting masses and volumes20

2.

2 Atomic structure37

1.

2.1 The nuclear atom37

2.

2.2 Electron configuration50

3.

3 Periodicity67

1.

3.1 Periodic table67

2.

3.2 Periodic trends75

4.

4 Chemical bonding and structure93

1.

4.1 Ionic bonding and structure93

2.

4.2 Covalent bonding97

3.

4.3 Covalent structures104

4.

4.4 Intermolecular forces122

5.

4.5 Metallic bonding133

5.

5 Energetics/thermochemistry139

1.

5.1 Measuring energy changes139

2.

5.2 Hess's law148

3.

5.3 Bond enthalpy152

6.
1.

7.

6 Chemical kinetics161
6.1 Collision theory and rates of reaction161

7 Equilibrium179

1.

7.1 Equilibrium179

8.

8 Acids and bases191

1.

8.1 Theories of acids and bases191

2.

8.2 Properties of acids and bases195

3.

8.3 The pH scale197

4.

8.4 Strong and weak acids and bases200

5.

8.5 Acid deposition204

9.

9 Redox processes209

1.

9.1 Oxidation and reduction209

2.

9.2 Electrochemical cells226

10.

10 Organic chemistry235

1.

10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry235

2.

10.2 Functional group chemistry248

11.

11 Measurement and data processing261

1.

11.1 Uncertainties and errors in measurement and results261

2.

11.2 Graphical techniques272

3.

11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds277

12.
1.

13.

12 Atomic structure (AHL)291

12.1 Electrons in atoms291

13 The periodic table the transition metals (AHL)301

1.

13.1 First-row d-block elements301

2.

13.2 Coloured complexes319

14.

14 Chemical bonding and structure (AHL)329

1.

14.1 Further aspects of covalent bonding and structure329

2.

14.2 Hybridization345

15.
1.

15 Energetics/thermochemistry (AHL)357
15.1 Energy cycles357

2.

16.

15.2 Entropy and spontaneity364

16 Chemical kinetics (AHL)375

1.

16.1 Rate expression and reaction mechanism375

2.

16.2 Activation energy384

17.
1.

18.

17 Equilibrium (AHL)389
17.1 The equilibrium law389

18 Acids and bases (AHL)395

1.

18.1 Lewis acids and and bases395

2.

18.2 Calculations involving acids and bases397

3.

18.3 pH curves403

19.
1.

20.

19 Redox processes (AHL)413

19.1 Electrochemical cells413

20 Organic chemistry (AHL)437

1.

20.1 Types of organic reactions437

2.

20.2 Synthetic routes448

3.

20.3 Stereoisomerism451

21.
1.

22.

21 Measurement and analysis (AHL)461

21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds461

A Materials471

1.

A.1 Materials science introduction471

2.

A.2 Metals and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy475

3.

A.3 Catalysts484

4.

A.4 Liquid crystals489

5.

A.5 Polymers494

6.

A.6 Nanotechnology501

7.

A.7 Environmental impact plastics509

8.

A.8 Superconducting metals and X-ray crystallography516

9.

A.9 Condensation polymers528

10.

A.10 Environmental impact heavy metals534

23.

B Biochemistry539

1.

B.1 Introduction to biochemistry539

2.

B.2 Proteins and enzymes547

3.

B.3 Lipids565

4.

B.4 Carbohydrates580

5.

B.5 Vitamins590

6.

B.6 Biochemistry and the environment597

7.

B.7 Proteins and enzymes606

8.

B.8 Nucleic acids619

9.

B.9 Biological pigments629

10.

B.10 Stereochemistry in biomolecules641

24.

C Energy653

1.

C.1 Energy sources653

2.

C.2 Fossil fuels657

3.

C.3 Nuclear fusion and fission665

4.

C.4 Solar energy674

5.

C.5 Environmental impact global warming679

6.

C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries and fuel cells687

7.

C.7 Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission702

8.

C.8 Photovoltaic and dye-sensitized solar cells710

25.
1.

D Medicinal chemistry717
D.1 Pharmaceutical products and drug action717

2.

D.2 Aspirin and penicillin725

3.

D.3 Opiates732

4.

D.4 pH regulation of the stomach737

5.

D.5 Anti-viral medications745

6.

D.6 Environmental impact of some medications751

7.

D.7 Taxol a chiral auxiliary case study758

8.

D.8 Nuclear medicine765

9.

D.9 Drug detection and analysis775

26.

Internal assessment785

27.

Index791

28.

Copyright and Acknowledgementsii

1.

1 Cell biology1

1.

1.1 Introduction to cells1

2.

1.2 Ultrastructure of cells16

3.

1.3 Membrane structure25

4.

1.4 Membrane transport33

5.

1.5 The origin of cells45

6.

1.6 Cell division51

2.

2 Molecular biology61

1.

2.1 Molecules to metabolism61

2.

2.2 Water68

3.

2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids73

4.

2.4 Proteins87

5.

2.5 Enzymes96

6.

2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA105

7.

2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation111

8.

2.8 Cell respiration122

9.

2.9 Photosynthesis129

3.

3 Genetics141

1.

3.1 Genes141

2.

3.2 Chromosomes149

3.

3.3 Meiosis159

4.

3.4 Inheritance168

5.

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology187

4.

4 Ecology201

1.

4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems201

2.

4.2 Energy flow213

3.

4.3 Carbon cycling220

4.

4.4 Climate change229

5.

5 Evolution and biodiversity241

1.

5.1 Evidence for evolution241

2.

5.2 Natural selection249

3.

5.3 Classification and biodiversity258

4.

5.4 Cladistics269

6.
1.

6 Human physiology279
6.1 Digestion and absorption279

2.

6.2 The blood system289

3.

6.3 Defence against infectious disease302

4.

6.4 Gas exchange310

5.

6.5 Neurones and synapses319

6.

6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction329

7.

7 Nucleic acids (AHL)343

1.

7.1 DNA Structure and replication343

2.

7.2 Transcription and gene expression355

3.

7.3 Translation362

8.

8 Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis (AHL)373

1.

8.1 Metabolism373

2.

8.2 Cell respiration380

3.

8.3 Photosynthesis389

9.

9 Plant biology (AHL)403

1.

9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants403

2.

9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants412

3.

9.3 Growth in plants422

4.

9.4 Reproduction in plants429

10.

10 Genetics and evolution (AHL)439

1.

10.1 Meiosis439

2.

10.2 Inheritance445

3.

10.3 Gene pools and speciation455

11.

11 Animal physiology (AHL)465

1.

11.1 Antibody production and vaccination465

2.

11.2 Movement476

3.

11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation485

4.

12.

11.4 Sexual reproduction499

A Neurobiology and behaviour513

1.

A.1 Neural development513

2.

A.2 The human brain518

3.

A.3 Perception of stimuli526

4.

A.4 Innate and learned behaviour533

5.

A.5 Neuropharmacology541

6.

A.6 Ethology548

13.

B Biotechnology and bioinformatics557

1.

B.1 Microbiology: organisms in industry557

2.

B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture565

3.

B.3 Environmental protection575

4.

B.4 Medicine582

5.

B.5 Bioinformatics591

14.

C Ecology and conservation603

1.

C.1 Species and communities603

2.

C.2 Communities and ecosystems613

3.

C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems625

4.

C.4 Conservation of biodiversity635

5.

C.5 Population ecology642

6.

C.6 The nitrogen and phosphorous cycles649

15.

D Human physiology659

1.

D.1 Human nutrition659

2.

D.2 Digestion671

3.

D.3 Functions of the liver678

4.

D.4 The heart684

5.

D.5 Hormones and metabolism694

6.

D.6 Transport of respiratory gases699

16.

Internal assessment708

17.

Index713

18.

Copyright and Acknowledgementsii