Professional Documents
Culture Documents
concrete surfaces
BY
T. W. HUNT*
CONCRETE MIXES
Achieving pleasing sandblasted
surfaces begins with selection of a
satisfactory concrete mix. The best
possible appearance of the final
surface will be achieved by using
a gap-graded concrete mix of
low slump and adequate cement
content.
Gap-grading, or skip-grading as it
is sometimes called, omits some of
the intermediate sizes of coarse aggregates normally included in the
standard concrete mix. For instance, the aggregate size might be
confined to a range of 34 to 112 inches, omitting sizes between 38 and 34
inches and having only a small percentage in the 38-inch range. The
sand quantities are also low, approximately 25 to 30 percent. A mix
of this type requires a cement content of about 6 bags (564 pounds)
per cubic yard.
The mix also requires air entrainment to improve workability. The
water should be closely controlled
to produce concrete with a low
Fig. 4. Close-up of the surface of the deeply blasted column shown in Fig. 3.
COARSE AGGREGATE
The coarse aggregate used can
vary from those normally available
to selected materials such as granite or quartz when special architectural effects are required. Often local
gravel will serve as exposed aggregate when revealed by sandblasting.
On some projects it may be necessary to ship in crushed limestone,
crushed granite or other special aggregates to impart the color tone
and texture desired by the architect.
Such aggregates will usually be
more expensive than local material.
SAMPLE PANELS
It is not always possible to determine in advance how a given aggregate will look after it is sandblasted.
Consequently it is desirable to cast
and sandblast a 2- by 2-foot sample
panel. If its texture and color tone
are satisfactory to the architect, a
larger sample section should then
be cast and sandblasted for approval by the architect. This test section may be cast as a mock-up, as
part of a foundation wall, or at some
inconspicuous location. This will
confirm all construction practices
and help to ensure satisfactory results for the project.
EQUIPMENT
The equipment needed for blasting may vary
depending on the depth of cut specified. If the
surface is to be gone over lightly to remove the
surface skin, almost any sandblasting equipment will serve. When the blasting operation is to
cut deeper, the capacity of the equipment becomes a matter of considerable importance.
Air compressors should have a capacity of
about 300 cfm for each nozzle being used. Minimum air pressure at the nozzle should be 90 psi;
100 psi is preferred. The nozzle should be a venturi type with a minimum inside diameter of 3/8
inch. The hose line should have adequate
strength for the pressures being used, and the inside diameter of the hose should be no less than 1
1/2 inches to keep the sand in continuous suspension while traveling through the hose. The
man doing the blasting must be protected by a
hood supplied with filtered air.
ABRASIVES
Abrasive materials used for blasting operations
are silica sand, certain hard angular sands, blasting grit and crushed chat. The last named is a
waste material from lead mining. Sands should be
free of deleterious substances such as fine clay
particles. The grits and silica sands must be free of
foreign materials; they are generally supplied in
sealed sacks. For cleaning or light blasting of a
surface, any of the abrasives mentioned will be
adequate. When deep cutting is wanted, many
operators prefer to use an abrasive grit because
of the speed of attack and cleaner appearance of
the blasted surface.
PROCEDURES
The proper time to do the blasting is a question
of economics. The concrete matrix will be easier
to cut in the first 24 to 72 hours after casting. As
the concrete cures and gains strength, it becomes
more difficult to blast to any appreciable depth,
Fig 7. Close-up view of two wall sections after
blasting. Both sections were produced using a
gap-graded mix with Georgia granite as the
coarse aggregate. For the section on the right,
the aggregate was packed in the forms and
then pressure grouted.
Fig. 8. Sandblasting a test wall. Note removal of tape
imprints by blasting operations.
Fig. 9. Effect of untaped form joints.
Fig.10. Effect of vibrator in high-slump concrete.
Fig. 11. Sandblast pattern achieved with the use of sheet rubber templets.
PUBLICATION#C680449
Copyright 1968, The Aberdeen Group
All rights reserved