THE NEUTROSOPHIC STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION :

MORE PROBLEMS , MORE SOLUTIONS.

S.K.PATRO*
* DepartmentofMathematics,KhallikoteUniversity,
Email:ksantanupatro@gmail.com,Berhampur760001,India

Abstract:In this paper we explore the Neutrosophic Statistics, that

Smarandache initiated in 1998 and developed in 2014, by presenting
particular examples of the several neutrosophic statistical
distributions from book [1].Thepapershows manycasestudies,by
meansofwhichthisneutrosophicversionofstatisticaldistribution
becomesmorepronounciated.

Keywords:Neutrosophy,Binomial&Normaldistributions,
Neutrosophiclogicetc.

I.Introduction:NeutrosophywasfirstproposedbyProf.Florentin
Smarandachein1995.Itisanewbranchofphilosophy,whereonecan
studyorigin,natureandscopeofneutralities.AccordingtoProf.
Dr.Huang,thisgivesadvantagestobreakthemechanicalunderstanding
ofhumanculture.Forexample,accordingtomechanicaltheory
,existenceandnonexistencecouldntbesimultaneously,duetosome
indeterminacy.[2]
Thistheoryconsiderseverynotionoridea<A>togetherwithits
oppositeornegation<AntiA>.The<neutA>and<AntiA>ideas
togethercalledasa<nonA>.Neutrosophiclogicisageneralframework
forunificationofmanyexistinglogics,intutionsticlogic,paraconsistent

logicetc.Thefocalobjectiveofneutrosophiclogicistocharacterize
eachlogicalstatementsina3Dneutrosophicspace,whereeach
dimensionofspacerepresentsrespectivelythetruth(T),falsehood(F)
andindeterminaciesofthestatementsunderconsideration.WhereT,
I,Farestandardornonstandardrealsubsetof(0,1+)without
necessaryconnectionbetweenthem.[3]
Theclassicaldistributionisextendedneutrosophically.Thatmeansthat
thereissomeindeterminacyrelatedtotheprobabilisticexperiment.
Eachexperimentalobservationofeachtrialcanresultinanoutcomeof
eachtrialcanresultinanoutcomelabelledfailure(F)orsome
indeterminacy(I).Neutrosophicstatisticsisanextendedformof
classicalstatistics,dealingwithcrispvalues.Inthispaper,wewill
discussaboutonediscreterandomdistributionsuchasBinomial
distributionandacontinuousonebyapproachingneutrosophically.
Beforefocusingthelightonthiscontext,weshouldfamiliarwiththe
followingnotions.
NeutrosophicstatisticalnumberNhastheform
N=d+I;
Where,d:Determinatepart
I:IndeterminatepartofN.
Forexample,a=5+I;whereI[0,0.4]isequivalenttoa[5,5.4].
Soforsurea 5,whereI O,O.4 .
I.A.Preliminaries:Inthiscontext,wearegoingtodiscussaboutthe
classicaldistributions 4 .
A .Binomialdistribution,
B .Normaldistribution.
I. A. a). Binomial distribution:

I.A.a.i.Definition:ArandomvariableXissaidtofollowBinomial
distribution,ifitassumesonlynonnegativevaluesandits
probabilitymassfunctionisgivenby,
n!
p x q n x ; x = 0,1,2...and q = 1-p
x ! n x !

otherwise equal to zero .

p( X x) p( x)

I.A.a.ii. Physical conditions:WegetBinomialdistributionunderthe

followingconditions
1.Eachtrialsresultsintwoexhaustiveandmutuallydisjoint
outcomestermedassuccessandfailure.
2.Thenumberoftrialsnisfinite.
3.Thetrialsareindependentoneachother.
4.Theprobabilityofsuccesspisconstantforeachtrial.
I.A.b. Normal Distribution:
I.A.b.i.Definition:Arandomvariableissaidtohaveanormal
distributionwithparametersand 2 ,ifitsp.d.fisgivenbythe
probabilitylaw,

f (x ; ; )

1 x 2
(
)
2

1
e
2

( x)2

1
e
2

2x2

; - x and -< ,X 0.

A.I.b.ii.ChiefcharecteristicsofNormalDistributionandnormal
probabilitycurve:
Thenormalprobabilitycurveisgivenbytheequation

f (x)

(x

)2

2 X2

; - < x <

I.A.b.iii.Properties:
1.Thepointofinflexionofthecurveare:

x X X , f(x) =

X 2

e1/2

2.Thecurveissymmetricalandbellshapedaboutthelinex=.
3.Mean,Median,Modeofdistributioncoincide.
4.Xaxisisanasymptotetothecurve.
5.Quartiles,Q=0.6745
Q=+0.6745.
6.Q.D:M.D:S.D::::::::1thatimpliesQ.D:M.D:S.D
::10:12:15.

II.NeutrosophicStatisticalDistribution:
II.i.NeutrosophicBinomialDistribution:Theneutrosophicbinomial
randomvariablexisthendefinedasthenumberofsuccesswhen
weperformtheexperimentn 1times.Theneutrosophic
probabilitydistributionofxisalsocalledneutrosophicbinomial
probabilitydistribution.
II.i.a.Definitions:
1. NeutrosophicBinomialRandomVariable:Itisdefinedasthe
numberofsuccesswhenweperformtheexperimentn 1
times,andisdenotedasx.

2. NeutrosophicBinomialProbabilityDistribution:The
neutrosophicprobabilitydistributionofxiscalledn.p.d.
3. Indeterminacy:Itisnotconfinedtoexperimentalresults
eithersuccessorfailures .
4. IndeterminacyThreshld:Itisthenumberoftrialswhose
outcomeisindeterminate.Where
th 0,1,2n

LetP S Thechanceofaparticulartrialresultsina
success.
P F Thechanceofaparticulartrialresultsina
failure,forbothSandfdifferentfromindeterminacy.
P I Thechanceofaparticulartrialresultsinan
indeterminacy.
Forexample:forx 0,1,2,.,n ,N.P

TX,IX,FX with

TX:Chancesofxsuccessand nx failuresandindeterminacy
butsuchthattheno.ofindeterminacyislessthanorequalto
indeterminacythreshold.
FX:Chancesofysuccess,withy xand ny failuresand
indeterminacyislessthantheindeterminacythreshold.
IX:Chancesofzindeterminacy,wherezisstrictlygreaterthan
theeindeterminacythreshold.
TX FX IX P S P I P F .
Forcompleteprobability,P S P I P F 1;
Forincompleteprobability,0 P S P I P F 1;
Forparaconsistentprobability,1 P S P I P F 3.
Now,

th
n!
k!
x
Tx
[P(S )
P( I ) K P ( F )n xk
x ! n x !
k 0 ( n x )! k n x !
th
n!
( n x )!
x
P(S )
P ( I )k P( F )n xk

x ! n x !
k 0 ( n x k )!

th
n!
P ( I ) k .P ( F ) n x k
x
= P ( S ) .
x!
k !( n x k )!
k 0

th
n!
P(S)k .P(F)n yk
y
Fx Ty
P(S)
y0
y0, y x y!
k 0 k !(n y k )!
n

nz
n!
(n z)!
z
Ix
P(I ) .
P(S)k .P(F)nzk
zth1 z ! n z !
k 0 (n z)! n z k !

nz
n!
P(S)k .P(F)nzk
z
= P(I ) .
z th1 z !
k 0 k !(n z k )!
n

Where,Tx,Ix,Fx,P S ,P I ,P F havetheirusualmeaning.Now
wearegoingtodiscussseveralcases.
II.i.b.1.Casestudies:
1. TwofriendsAsishandRajesaregoingtothrow5coins
simultaneously.Thereare60%ofchancetogetheadand30%
ofchancetogettail.IndependentontheviewofAsish,Rajes
saidthattheprobabilityoftheresultthatareneitherHeadnor
Tailis20%.Thenfindtheprobabilityofgetting3Headswhen
indeterminacythresholdis2.
Solution:

2
5!
k!
3
Tx
[( 0 .6 )
( 0 .2 ) k ( 0 .3 ) 2 k ]
3 ! 5 3 !
k 0 2 ! k 2 !

5!
2!
[( 0 .6 ) 3 {
( 0 .2 ) 2 } ]
3 ! 5 3 !
2!

= 1 0 [(0 .6 ) 3 { ( 0 .2 ) 2 } ] 0 .0 8 6 4
Ix

z th 1

I3 =

n z
n!
P ( S ) k .P ( F ) n z k
P ( I ) z .
z!
k !( n z k ) !
k 0
5

z3
5

z3

5!
( 0 .2 ) z
3!

k 0

( 0 .6 ) k ( 0 .3 ) 2 k
k !( 2 k ) !

5!
( 0 .3 ) 2
( 0 .6 ) 2
( 0 .2 ) z {
( 0 .6 )( 0 .3 )
}
3!
2!
2!

5!
( 0 .3 ) 2
( 0 .6 ) 2
z
(
0
.
2
)
{

(
0
.
6
)
(
0
.
3
)

2!
2!
z3 3 !
= { 0 .3 2 4 + 0 .0 7 2 + 0 .1 0 0 8 } = 0 .4 9 6
5

Fx = (P (S )+ P (I)+ P (F )) n T x F x
F3 ( 0 .6 0 .3 0 .2 ) 5 0 .0 8 6 4 0 .4 9 6
= 1 .0 2 8 1 1

2. Fivecoinsarethrownsimultaneously,theprobabilityof
successis1/3andtheindeterminacy thesurfaceisveryrough
,sothecoinsmaystandup is1/3.Thenfindtheprobability
ofgetting3Headswhentheindeterminacythresholdis2.
Solution:

L e t x b e n o . o f c h a n c e s o f g e t t i n g h e a d s i n 5 t r i a ls .
Tx

th
n!
P ( I )k P ( F )n xk
P (S )x
x!
k !( n x k ) !
k0

T3

2
5!
( 0 .3 3 ) k ( 0 .3 3 ) 2 k
( 0 .3 3 ) 3
3!
k !( 2 k ) !
k0

5!
( 0 .3 3 ) 2
( 0 .3 3 ) 2
( 0 .3 3 ) 2
( 0 .3 3 ) 3 {
}
3!
2!
2!
= 4 0 .( 0 .3 3 ) 5 0 .1 5 6 5 4
=

Ix

z th 1

I3

z3

nz
n!
P (S )k P (F )nzk
P ( I ) z .
z!
k !( 2 k ) !
k0
2
5!
( 0 .3 3 ) k ( 0 .3 3 ) 2 k
( 0 .3 3 ) 3 .
k !( 2 k ) !
3!
k 0

= ( 0 .3 3 ) 5 [ 4 0 ( 7 .5 ) ( 0 .3 3 ) 1] 0 .1 7 0 1 4
F x ( P ( S ) P ( I ) P ( F )) n T x I x
F 3 ( 0 .3 3 0 .3 3 0 .3 3 ) 5 T x I x

s o , ( T x , I x , F x ) ( 0 .1 5 6 5 4 , 0 .1 7 0 1 4 , 0 .6 7 3 3 2 )

3. TwofriendsLizaandLaxmiplayagameinwhichtheirchance
ofwinningis2:3.Thechancesofdismissinggameis30%.
ThenfindtheprobabilityofLizaschancesofwinningatleast3
gamesoutof5gamesplayedwhentheindeterminacy
thresholdis2.
solution:

x is the no. of chances of winning the game

Let th = 2
th
n!
P(I )k .P(F )nxk
X
TX P(S ) .
x!
k 0 k !(n x k )!
th
5!
(0.3)k (0.6)2k
3
T3 (0.4) .
3!
k !(2 k )!
k 0

=20(0.405)4 0.53808
n z
n!
P(S )k P(F )nzk
Z
I x P(I ) .
z th1 z !
k 0 k !(n z k )!
n

n z

5 z k

5!
(0.4) (0.6)
I3 (0.3)z .
Z 3 z !
k 0 k !(5 z k )!
=20(0.3)3 (0.5) 5(0.3)4 (0.42)
=0.28701

and F3 2.88785, this is a paraconsistent probability which is 3 .

4. Inaprecisionbombingattackthereisa50%chancethatany
onebombwillstrikethetarget.Twodirecthitsarerequiredto
destroythetarget.Ifthechanceoffailureofmissionis30%,
thenfindhowmanybombsarerequiredtogivea99%chance
withth 2.
Solution:

L e t x is th e n o . o f c h a n c e s o f h ittin g b o m b
Tx

th
n!
P ( I )k P ( F )n xk
P ( S ) x .
x!
k !( n x k ) !
k 0

T3

2
5!
( 0 .3 ) k ( 0 .3 ) 2 k
( 0 . 5 ) 3 .
3!
k !( 2 k ) !
k 0

= 4 0 (0 .5 ) 5 0 .0 9 7 2
Ix

z th 1

n z
n!
P (S )k P ( F )nzk
Z
P ( I ) .
z!
k !( n z k ) !
k 0

n z
5!
( 0 .5 ) k ( 0 .3 ) 5 z k
z
(
0
.
3
)
.

k !( 5 z k ) !
z3 z !
k 0
= 0 .1 7 2 8 + 0 .0 0 7 8 9 7 5 = 0 .1 8 0 6 9

I3

t h e r e f o r e F3 ( P ( S ) P ( F ) P ( I ) ) 5 T 3 I 3
= (1 .1 ) 5 0 .2 7 7 8 9 1 .3 3 2 6 2
s o (T x 3 , F x 3 , I x 3 ) ( 0 .0 9 7 2 , 1 .3 3 2 6 , 0 .1 8 0 6 ) .
I t is a n e x a m p le o f p a r a c o n s is te n t p r o b a b ility .

5. Itisdecidedthatacricketplayer,Jagadiswarhastoappear4
timesforaphysicaltest.Ifthepossibilityofpassingthetestis
2/3;andonerefereeguessthatthechanceofdismissofgame
is30%,thenwhatistheprobabilityofthattheplayerpasses
thetestatleast3times,providedth 2?
Solution:

L e t x is n o . o f c h a n c e s th a t th e p la y e r p a s s e s th e te s t
th
n!
P ( I )k P ( F )n xk
x
Tx
P ( S ) .
x!
k !( n x k ) !
k 0

T3

2
4!
( 0 .3 ) k ( 0 .3 3 ) 1 k
( 0 .6 6 ) 3 .
3!
k !(1 k ) !
k 0

= 8 ( 0 .6 6 ) 3 ( 0 .3 3 ) 0 .7 5 8 9

Ix

z th 1

I3

z3

nz
n!
P (S )k P (F )nzk
P ( I ) z .
z!
k !( n z k ) !
k 0

4 ( 0 .3 3 ) z . { ( 0 .6 6 ) k ( 0 .3 3 ) 1 k } / { k !(1 k ) !}
k 0

= ( 0 .3 3 ) [3 .9 6 0 .3 3 ] 0 .1 5 4 1 6
3

th e r e fo r e F3 ( 0 .6 6 0 .3 3 0 .3 ) 4 T 3 I 3
= 2 .7 6 9 2 2 0 .9 1 3 0 6 1 .8 5 6 1 6
S O (T 3 , I 3 , F 3 ) ( 0 .7 5 8 9 , 0 .1 5 4 1,1 .8 5 6 1) .

II.i.b.2.Exercises:
1.InaB.Sccourse,supposethatastudenthastopassaminimumof
4testsoutof8conductedtestsduringtheyeartoget
promotedtonextacademicyear.Onestudent,Sarmisthasays
thathischanceofwinningis80%,anotherstudent,Baisakhi
saysthathischanceofwinningis0.3.Thenfindthe
probabilityofthepromotionofSarmistha,whenthe
indeterminacy eitherillegalpapercorrectionorsystemerror
is20%,providedth 2.
2. Ifacaragencysells40%ofitsinventoryofacertainforeigncars
equippedwithairbags,theasst.managersaysthatthecars
whichareneitherequippedwithairbagsnorageneraloneis
30%,thenfindtheprobabilitydistributionofthe2carswith
airbagsamongthenext4carssoldwithth 2?
3. Aquestionpapercontain5questionsandacandidatewillbe
declaredtohavepassedtheexam.Ifhe/sheansweredatleastone

questioncorrectly,consideringtheuncertainityas33% maybe
improperpapercorrectionorsystemerroretc. .Whatisthe
probabilitythatthecandidatepassestheexamination?
II.ii.Neutrosophic Normal Distribution:
NeutrosophicnormaldistributionofacontinuousvariableXisa
classicalnormaldistributionofX,butsuchthatitsmeanorits
standarddeviationorvariance 2 orbothareimprecise.For
example,ororbothcanbesetwithtwoormoreelements.The
mostcommonsuchdistributionarewhen,orbothareintervals.
X

~ N

(X
2

N
2
N

)2

: N o r m a l d is trib u tio n m a y b e n e u tro s o p h ic

: X m a y b e n e u tro s o p h ic

FIG1:CREDITTOFLORENTINSMARANDACHEINNEUTROSOPHICSTATISTICS


II.ii.a.Casestudies:
1. Inacollegeexaminationofaparticularyear,60%oftheStudent
failedwhenthemeanofmarkswas50%andthestandard
deviationis5%withuncertainityI[0,0.4].Thecollegedecidedto
relaxtheconditionofpassingbyloweringthepassingmarksto
showitsresultas80%passed,findtheminimummarkstobe
keptforpassingwhenmarksaredistributednormally.
Solution:Let=50,=5withindeterminacyI[0,0.4],so=5+
[0,0.4]=[5,5.4].therefore, =50 [5,5.4]=[505.4,50+5]=[44.6
,55].Thus,66.04%ofvaluesliesin[44.6,55].
0.8 P ( X N a N )
=1-P(X N N )

=1-P(
P(Z N
Z O .2

X N N

N 50

N N
50
) 1 P(Z N N
)
N
[5, 5.4]

) 0.2, clearly

a N 50
0, Let so , P ( Z N Z 0.2 ) 0.8
[5, 5.4]

[5, 5.4]
50
( N
) 48.45% approx .
[5, 5.4]

2. IfthemonthlymachinerepairandmaintenancecostXina
certainfactoryisknowntobeneutrosophicallynormalwith
mean1000andstandarddeviation10000,findthefollowings
, 2,whenI 0,0.3 .
solution: Let 10000, 1000 0,0.3 ,then
10000 1000,1000.03 .Thus66.06%ofvaluesliesin
9000.03,11000 .And
2 10000 2 1000,1000.03 7999.97,12000 .Thus
75.04%ofvaluesliesin 7999.97,12000 .
II.ii.b.Exercises:

1.

AmachinefillsboxesweightingBkgwithAkgofsalt,whereA
andBareneutrosophicallynormalwithmean200kgand10kg
respectivelyandstandarddeviationof2kgand1kg
respectively,whatpercentageoffilledboxesweighting
between110kgan120kgaretobeexpectedwhenI 0,0.5 .

2.

Theaveragelifeofabulbis2000hoursandthestandard
deviationis400hours.If X N isthelifeperiodofabulbwhichis
distributednormallyinaneutrosophicplane.Findtheprobability
thatarandomlypickedbulbwilllasts 600hrs.,consideringthe
distributionisneutrosophicallynormalwithindeterminacy
I[0,0.2].

Tillnow,wehavediscussedvarioustypesofpracticalcasesinstatistical
approach.Nowwereviewthegeneralformulaforfusioningclassical
subjectiveprobabilityprovidedby2sources.
Theprincipleofredistributingtheconflictingchancesforex.tandIare
sameasinPCR5rulefortheDSmTusedininformationfusionif2
sourcesofinformation S1 and S2 givethesubjectiveprobabilityPandP
aboutttocombiningbyPCR5rule,[5]

P1(E)2 P2(X) P2(E)2 P1(X)

(P1 P2)E P1(E)P2(E) [

]
xExE P
1(E) P2 (X) P2 (E) P2 (X)

Ithelpstothegeneralizationofclassicalprobabilitytheory,fuzzyset,
fuzzylogictotheirrespectivedomains.Theyareusefulinartificial
intelligence,neutrosophicdynamicsystem,quantummechanics.[6]
Thistheorycanbeusedfortopicalcommunicationstudy.[7]Itmay
alsobeappliedtoneutrosophiccognitivemapstudy.[8]

Thuswehavepresentedourdiscussionwithcertainessentialareaof
neutrosophyinasynchronizedmanner.Nowwearegoingtoexplore
someopenchallengesasfollows.
Whicharedesignedforinquiringminds.
Open Problems:
1. CanthisNeutrosophicStatisticsappliedtoIndustrial
Manegementstudy?
2. CanweapplyitwiththestudyofDigitalSignalProcessing?
3. CanwemergetheRepresentationtheory 9 with
Neutrosophyforanewtheory?
4. Istheuncertaintheory,Ktheory 10 solvetherecent
intriguingstatisticalproblemsbythepowerofthis
Neutrosophiclogic?
5. Canweconstructaspecialmasterspacebythefusionof
manifoldconcepts 11 ,softtopology 12 ,Ergodictheory
13 ,withNeutrosophicdistribution?
6. IsitpossiblefortheconstructionofNeutrosophicmanifold?
7. Isitpossibleforthecostructionofneutrosophicalgebraic
geometry 14 ?

III.Conclusion:
Theactualmottoofthisshortpaperistopresentthetheoryof
Neutrosophicprobabilitydistributioninamorelucidandclearcut
way.Theauthorpresentsvarioussolvedandunsolvedproblems,
whichareexistedinreferencetoNeutrosophic3Dspace.Various
practicalsituationsaredescribedandweretriedtosolveby
Neutrosophiclogic.Thespectraofthistheorymaybeappliedto

Quantumphysics 15 andMtheory 16 .Itmaybesaidthatit

canalsobeappliedtoHumanpsychologyaswellasBehavioral
study.Ihopethatthemoreextendedversion withlargeno.ofcase
studies withtheareaofapplicationofthistheorywillseethelight
ofthedayinrecentfuture.Herewelimitedourdiscussionof
problemanalysistosomeextentduetolimitedscopeof
presentation.Andlastlybutimportantthatifsome
unmatched/contradictedideawilloccurinthispaper,thenitis
surelyunintentional.FinallyIhopethattheabstractidea,whichare
alreadyraisedinmybrainwillchangeitsskeletonintoapaperin
comingfuture.

Ackwonoldgement:Iowespecialdebtofgratitudeofmy
professorsDr.Dillipsenapati,Dr.P.C.Pradhan,Dr.S.NKund,Meenati
pandafortheirvaluablesuggestions.AndfinallyIthankfultomy
wholefamilyfortheirfulltermcooperation.

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