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1. Definitions Of Grammar
Grammar: A set of rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining them into sentences.
A systematic study of scientific method which provides us information and guidance necessary to learn a
language.
The science of grammar teaches us a correct and effective way to speak and write a language.
Grammar deals with the formation and classification of words and sentences, and their practical significance in
daily life.
A Greek word 'grammatike' meant 'of letters' when reached France via Latin, was started to be pronounced as
'gramaire'. From French, it reached England and became a part of late Middle English. Here it was pronounced
as 'Grammar'.
Further More
1. Alphabet
1. Alphabet
A set of letters or symbols in a fixed order which is used for writing a language.
The alphabet of English is composed of Twenty - six letters.
These are divided into two categories:
2. Word
3. Phrase
A group of words without a finite verb,in particular one that forms part of a sentence.
A group of words having a spacific meaning when used together.
An incomplete sentence which does not give full meanings.
As; A friend in need, As you sow, Set off, Called for, etc.
4. Clause
A group of words which forms a sentence or part of a sentence and contains a subject and a verb of its own.
We have three kinds of clauses.
Co-ordinate Clause
All parts of a sentence, joined by 'but, or, and, etc.' that make seperate statements and have the same
importance.
Two or more independent clauses of the same order or rank, when found in a sentence, are called co-ordinate
clauses. Co-ordinate clauses support simple sentences.
2. Sentence
Definitions of Sentence
A set of words which makes a statement, a question or an order and mostly contains a subject and a verb.
Subject
The part which names the person or thing about which we are speaking.
Predicate
As;
Lahore, is the Capital of Punjab. Here, 'Lahore' is the subject and 'is the Captal of Pubjab' is predicate.
A sentence has five types with respect to meanings and three with respect to structure.
A Latin word 'sententia' was adopted by late Middle English as sentence via Old French.
Further More
1. Types Of Sentences With Respect To Meaning
For example;Get out from my room.Please lend me some money.Always trust in God.
For example;Hurrah! we have won the match.Alas! My brother has failed. Would that! I were a king. What a
big hpous!
Simple Sentence:A sentence which shows a single thought and has only one clause.
Compound Sentence:A sentence which consists of two or more co-ordinate clauses and expresses more than
one thoughts.
For example; You may go to Lahore but I shall not go.We like to take tea and they preffer cold drink.
Complex Sentence:A sentence with one main,and one or more subordinate clauses.
For example; When the rain started we went under the shade.Mother forbade so we stopped the game.
Countable Nouns
Further More
1. Proper Noun
2. Common Noun
It is the general name of a large number of things, places or persons of same kinds.
3. Abstract Noun
4. Collective Noun
It is the name of a number or collection of persons or things taken together as one whole.
5. Material Noun
6. Compound Noun
One or more than one words that express an action or being of a subject.
The Latin word 'verbum' when reached France, pronounced as 'verbe' and when adopted by late Middle English,
Further More
1. Transitive Verb
As;
I wrote an essay.
The action done by the verb 'wrote' connects the subject 'I' to the object 'essay'.
2. Intransitive Verb
Verb that expresses an action which does not pass over from the subject to an object.
Verb that does not need an object after it to complete the sense.
As;
He runs fastly.
The action done by the verb 'runs' stops with the subject 'he' and does not pass over to an object.
3. Auxiliary Verb
Verb that combines with another verb to form a question or to change the tense such as be, do, have, etc.
The verbs which are used with ordinary verbs to make tenses, passive forms, questions and negative forms
As;
I am reading a book.
4. Modal Verb
Verb that expresses possibility, obligation or ability, etc. such as must, may, can, will, shall, ought, etc.
Verbs that are used before ordinary verbs and express the meanings of permission, possibility, certainty or
necessity etc.
AS;
I may go to Karachi.
A Greek term 'Onoma epitheton' which is an attributive name, translated in Latin as 'nomen adjectivum'. In
Latin, a word 'adject' was derived from this term. And in Old French, 'adject' was pronounced as 'adjectif'. From
French, late Middle English took this word and pronounced as 'adjective'.
Further More
1. Kinds Of Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives;
Adjectives Of Quantity;
Adjectives Of Number;
Adjectives of Number show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order persons or things stand.
Demonstrative Adjectives;
Demonstrative Adjectives are used with nouns to point out which persons or things are meant.
Interrogative Adjectives;
Distributive Adjectives;
Distributive Adjectives are used with nouns to refer to persons or things, one at a time.
Possessive Adjectives;
2. Degrees Of Adjectives
Some of the adjectives are formed by adding, 'er' and 'est', to form Comparative and Superlative degrees
respectively.
When the Positive degree ends in 'e', only 'r' and 'st' are added.
As;
Some of the adjectives need 'more' and 'most' as suffixes to make Comparative and Superlative degrees.
As;
If the positive degree ends in 'y', it is changed into 'ier' to form Comparitive degree and 'est' to form
Superlative degree.
1- An adverb is a word used to add something to the meanings of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
3- A word that adds more information about time, manner, place, quantity, an adjective, a phrase or another
adverb.
Late Middle English derived the word adverb from a Latin word adverbium, which was formed by two Latin
Further More
1. Kinds Of Adverbs
Time:
Frequency:
Adverbs Of Frequency denotes how often something happens, happened or will happen.
Place:
Manner:
Adverbs Of Manner show how, in what way or in what manner something happens, happened or will happen.
Degree Or Quantity:
Adverbs Of Degree show how much, in what degree or at what level something happens, happened or will
happen.
Reason:
Interrogation:
2. Uses Of Adverbs
As;
Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Adverb
Definitions Of Pronoun
Latin words pro meant 'in place of' and nomen meant 'name' joined to form the term pronomen which was
adopted as pronom by French. In Late Middle English this term was taken as 'pronoun'.
Further More
1. Personal Pronouns
A word that refers to a person or a thing.
Pronouns used for the speaker or the addressee or the person spoken about, e.g. he, she, it, they, you, I, we,
2. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns show that the subject and the object of a sentence are same, e.g. myself, yourself,
ourselves.
3. Emphetic Pronouns
Compound Personal Pronouns used in orde to emphasis, e.g. myself, herself, yourself,themselves.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns
The pronouns used to point out the objects to which they refer.
A word used to identify the person or thing that is being referred to. For example; this, that.
5. Distributive Pronouns
A word used to refer more than one persons or things at a time, e.g. either, neither, each.
6. Relative Pronouns
A pronoun that refers to some noun used before, e.g. who, which, that, whom, whose.
7. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns refer to persons or things only in general and not in particular.
A pronoun that does not refer to any person or thing in particular, e.g. anything, everyone.
8. Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions, e.g. what, who, whose, which, whom.
9. Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns are used to show mutual relationship, e.g. each other, one another.
6. Prepositions
Definitions of prepositions
A word which shows the continuity of the action or relation between two nouns, between a noun and an
A word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show relation of the person or thing to something else.
A word used before a noun or pronoun to show time, place, direction, etc.
When a preposition is added to a word, it not only adds to its meanings but also strengths it.
A Latin word prae meant 'before' and another word ponere meant 'to place', added together to form the verb
praeponere, from which a Latin term praepositio was derived. Late Middle English borrowed this word and
pronounced as 'preposition'.
Further More
1. Kinds Of Prepositions
Simple Prepositions:
At, by, to, in, from, of, on, up, off, with, till, through, for, out.
Compound Prepositions:
About, above, across, along, amidst, among, amogst, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside,
According to, along with, away from, agreeably to, because of, by dint of, by means of, by virtue of, by way
of, by reason of, conformably to, for the sake of, in accordance with, in case of, in addition to, in behalf of, on
behalf of, in favour of, in lieu of, in place of, in order to, instead of, inspite of, in reference to, in compliance
with, in course of, in consequence of, in the event of, owing to, on account of, with reference to, with regard
Definitions Of Conjunctions
Definitions Of Interjection:
A sound or a word which shows a sudden feeling of happiness, sorrow, fear or wonder, etc.
Conjunction
Two Latin words con meant 'together' and jungere meant 'to join', combined to form a verb conjungere, from
which another Latin term conjunction was derived. This term was introduced in Late Middle English by Old
Interjection
Two Latin words inter meant 'between' and jacere meant 'to throw' added together to form the verb interjicere,
from which another Latin term interjectio was derived.Old French took this term from Latin and handed down
Further More
1. Types Of Conjunctions
There are three types of conjunctions.
Simple Conjunctions:
And, or, but, both, nor, for, also, else, though, till, before, because, that, thus, how, hence, if, until, unless,
Compound Conjunctions:
Even if, so that, as though, inasmuch as, provided that, as if, on condition that, in order that, as soon as, as
well as.
2. Interjections
Simple Interjections:
Compound Interjections:
8. Articles
The words a, an and the that come before nouns to show how these are being used.
Types Of Articles
Definite Article
Indefinite Article
A Latin word artus meaning 'joint', gave rise to another Latin word articulus meaning 'small connecting part'.
Further More
1. Definite Article
'The' is the Definite Article, as it points out some particular person or thing.
It is used before singular countable, plural countable and uncountable nouns; like, the pen, the pens, the
water.
• Unique things;
• Superlative degrees;
• An ordinal.
2. Indefinite Article
Note: A or an is the same latter with two different forms; i.e. a/an is considered as one article, not two.
The sound of a word determins the choice between these two; i.e.,
• 'A' is used before the words beginning with consonant sounds; like, a pen, a goat, a fellow, a union, a
Although union, one-day match and European begin with vowels, but give a consonant sound so 'a' comes
before these.
• 'An' is used before the words beginning with vowel sounds; like, an action, an eye, an iron, an olive, an
honour, an heir.
Although honour and heir begin with a consonant, but give a vowel sound so 'an' comes before these.
Chapter 3 : Tenses
Definitions
Tense is the verb that tells when an action or event takes place, took place or will take place.
Types Of Tenses
Latin word tempus meant 'time' was taken by Old French as tens, from where Middle English took it and
pronounced as 'tense'.
Most of the sentences belong to some tense or time. Tense or time tells us when an action holds, was held or
will hold. Therefore, it is very rare that we make any sentence out of the reach of time, i.e. tense. Thus, time is
the main ingredient that unfolds a tense. Only a few sentences can exist without a tense that are called
'Improper Sentences'.
Sentences are divided into two basic categories:
Proper Sentences are those, which have all the three basic ingredients of a sentence, i.e. subject, object and
verb.
Improper Sentences are those, which lack in one or two of the basic ingredients of a sentence, i.e. it may not
have the subject, the object or the verb or may be any two of them.
Therefore whoever intends to write a sentence, devoid of the relativity of the subject or an action or event with
Further More
1. Present Tenses
Definitions
Verbs that refer to the actions or events happening or existing now; or completed right now.
2. Past Tenses
Definitions
Verbs that refer to the actions or events happened or existed in the past; or completed in the past.
3. Future Tenses
Definitions
Verbs that refer to the actions or events going to happen or exist in future; or going to complete in
future.Verbs that refer to the actions or events that will take place or complete in the up coming time, i.e. in
future.
Normally 'shall' is used with 1st persons, i.e. 'I' & 'we'.
But if we have to put stress on a particular point, 'will' is used with 1st persons and 'shall' with all others
2. Present Tenses
Definitions
Verbs that refer to the actions or events happening or existing now; or completed right now.
Further More
1. Present Indefinite Tense
Present tense of a verb that shows an action or event lasting for a period of time that has no fixed end.
Tense of a verb that shows the routine with which an action or event takes place.
A verb that shows an action or event in the present time, without telling anything about its completeness or
incompleteness.
Negative
Interrogative
Tense of the verb that shows an action or event incomplete or continuous at present.
A verb that shows the state of an action or event in the present time.
A verb that shows an action or event happening or existing at present without interruption.
I+am+1st form+ing+obect
We, they, you, plural name+are+1st form+ing+object
Negative
I+am+not+1st form+ing+obect
Interrogative
Am+I+1st form+ing+obect?
Tense of the verb that shows an action or event finished or completed at the time of speaking.
A verb that shows the fulfillment or accomplishment of an action or event right now.
The form of a verb that expresses an action done or an event happened in a time period up to the present.
Negative
The verb which shows that an action or evrnt is going on and not completed at present moment.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense can be expressed by the following general expressions:
Negative
Interrogative
3. Past Tenses
Definitions
Verbs that refer to the actions or events happened or existed in the past; or completed in the past.
The form of a verb used to describe actions or events in the past.
Further More
1. Past Indefinite Tense
Past tense of a verb that shows an action or event lasted for a period of time that has no fixed end.
Tense of a verb that shows the routine with which an action or event took place.
A verb that shows an action or event in the past time, without telling anything about its completeness or
incompleteness.
I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+2nd form+object
Negative
I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+did not+1st form+object
Interrogative
Did+I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+1st form+object?
A verb that shows the state of an action or event in the past time.
A verb that shows an action or event happening or existing in the past without interruption.
Negative
Interrogative
A verb that shows an action or event finished or completed before a certain moment in the past.
A verb that shows the fulfillment or accomplishment of an action or event before a spacific time in the past.
The form of a verb that expresses an action done or an event happened before a particular point in the past.
I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+had+3rd form+object
Negative
I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+had+not+3rd form+object
Interrogative
Had+I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+3rd form+object?
The verb which shows that an action or evrnt is going on and not completed on a particular moment in the
past.
A verb which shows an action or event started before a particular point in the past and continued up to that
time.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense can be expressed by the following general expressions:
I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+had+been+1st form+ing+object+(since+point of
time/for+period of time)
Negative
I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+had+not+been+1st form+ing+object+(since+point of
time/for+period of time)
Interrogative
Had+I, we, they, you, he, she, it, singular & plural name+been+1st form+ing+object+(since+point of
time/for+period of time)?
4. Future Tenses
Definitions
Verbs that refer to the actions or events going to happen or exist in future; or going to complete in future.Verbs
that refer to the actions or events that will take place or complete in the up coming time, i.e. in future.
Normally 'shall' is used with 1st persons, i.e. 'I' & 'we'.
But if we have to put stress on a particular point, 'will' is used with 1st persons and 'shall' with all others.
Further More
1. Future Indefinite Tense
Tense of a verb that shows an action or event lasting for a period of future time that has no fixed end.
Tense of a verb that shows the routine with which an action or event will take place.
A verb that shows an action or event in the up coming or future time, without telling anything about its
completeness or incompleteness.
I, we+shall+1st form+object
He, she, it, they, you, plural & singular names+will+1st form+object
Negative
I, we+shall+not+1st form+object
He, she, it, they, you, plural & singular names+will+not+1st form+object
Interrogative
will+he, she, it, they, you, plural & singular names+1st form+object?
Tense of the verb that shows an action or event incomplete or continuous at a particular time in future.
A verb that shows the state of an action or event in a particular future time.
A verb that shows an action or event happening or existing in future without interruption.
A tense which describes an action or event that will be in progress at a particular time in future.
I, We+shall+be+1st form+ing+object
He, she, it, they, you, plural & singular name+will+be+1st form+ing+object
Negative
I, We+shall+not+be+1st form+ing+object
He, she, it, they, you, plural & singular name+will+not+be+1st form+ing+object
Interrogative
Will+he, she, it, they, you, plural & singular name+be+1st form+ing+object?
3. Future Perfect Tense
Tense of the verb that shows an action or event which will be finished or completed by a particular time in
future.
A verb that shows the fulfillment or accomplishment of an action or event by a spacific time in future.
The form of a verb that expresses an action done or an event happened before a particular point in the future.
I, we+shall+have+3rd form+object
He, she, it, they, you, singular & plural names+will+have+3rd form+object
Negative
I, we+shall+not+have+3rd form+object
He, she, it, they, you, singular & plural names+will+not+have+3rd form+object
Interrogative
Will+he, she, it, they, you, singular & plural names+have+3rd form+object?
The verb which shows that an action or evrnt will be going on, at a particular point or period of time.
A verb which describes an action or event that will be in progress; over a period of time or at a point of time
in future
Future Perfect Continuous Tense can be expressed by the following general expressions:
He, she, it, they, you, plural & singular names+will+have+been+1st form+ing+object+(since+point of
time/for+period of time)
Negative
He, she, it, they, you, plural & singular names+will+not+have+been+1st form+ing+object+(since+point of
time/for+period of time)
Interrogative
Will+he, she, it, they, you, plural & singular names+have+been+1st form+ing+object+(since+point of
time/for+period of time)?
1. Introduction
Active Voice
3- Active means 'known' and voice means 'verb' thus active voice means 'a verb whose subject is known.'
Passive Voice
1- The form of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb.
3- Passive means 'unknown' and voice means 'verb' thus passive voice means 'a verb whose subject is not
known.'
Further More
1. Identifications of Active Voice
Note: In the sentences of Present Indefinite and Past Indefinite, helping verb is not used and verb follows the
subject directly.
3. Conversion
1- Subject is shifted from the beginning to the end of the sentence and object is shifted from the end to the
2- If subject is in the form of subjective case of a pronoun then its objective case is used in passive voice; i.e.,
I→Me
We→Us
You→You
He→Him
She→Her
It→It
They→Them.
2- If object is in the form of objective case of a pronoun then its subjective case is used in passive voice; i.e.,
Me→I
Us→We
You→You
Him→He
Her→She
It→It
Them→They.
In most of the tenses, active sentences can be changed into passive sentences. However following tenses can not
Further More
1. Present Indefinite Tense
Negative Negative
He, she, it and singular name → is + not + 1st form He, she, it and singular name → is + not + being + 3rd
+ ing + object form + by + object
We, they, you and plural name → are + not + 1st I → am + not + being + 3rd form + by + object
form + ing + object We, they, you and plural name → are + not + being + 3rd
I → am + not + 1st form + ing + object form + by + object
Interrogative Interrogative
Is + he, she, it and singular name → 1st form + ing + Is + he, she, it and singular name → being + 3rd form +
object + ? by + object + ?
Are + they, you and plural name → 1st form + ing + Are + we, they, you and plural name → being + 3rd form
object+? + by + object + ?
Am + I → 1st form + ing + object + ? Am + I → being + 3rd form + by + object + ?
Negative Negative
He, she, it and singular name → has + not + 3rd He, she, it and singular name → has + not + been + 3rd
form + object form + by + object
I, we, they, you and plural name → have + not + I, we, they, you and plural name → have + not + been + 3rd
3rd form + object form + by + object
Interrogative Interrogative
Has + he, she, it and singular name → 3rd form + Has + he, she, it and singular name → been + 3rd form + by
object+? + object + ?
Have + I, we, they, you and plural name → 3rd Have + we, they, you and plural name → been + 3rd form +
form + object+? by + object + ?
Negative Negative
He, she, it, I, we, they, you, plural name He, she, it, I and singular name → was + not +3rd form + by +
and object
singular name → did not + 1st form + We, they, you and plural name → were + not + 3rd form + by +
object object
Interrogative Interrogative
Did + he, she, it, I, we, they, you, plural Was + he, she, it, I and singular name → 3rd form + by + object +
name ?
and singular name → 1st form + object + ? Were + we, they, you and plural name → 3rd form + by + object +
?
Negative Negative
I, he, she, it and singular name → was + not + 1st I, he, she, it and singular name → was + not + being + 3rd
form + ing + object form + by + object
We, they, you and plural name → were + not + 1st We, they, you and plural name → were + not + being +
form + ing + object 3rd form + by + object
Interrogative Interrogative
Was + I, he, she, it and singular name → 1st form + Was + I, he, she, it and singular name → being + 3rd form
ing + object + ? + by + object + ?
Were + they, you and plural name → 1st form + ing Were + we, they, you and plural name → being + 3rd
+ object+? form + by + object + ?
Negative Negative
He, she, it, I, we, they, you, plural and singular He, she, it, I, we, they, you, plural and singular names →
names → had + not + 3rd form + object had + not + been + 3rd form + by + object
Interrogative Interrogative
Had + he, she, it, I, we, they, you, plural and Had + He, she, it, I, we, they, you singular and plural
singular names → 3rd form + object + ? names → been + 3rd form + by + object + ?
Negative Negative
I, we → shall + not + 1st form + object I, we → shall + not + be + 3rd form + by + object
They, you, he, she, it, singular and plural He, she, it, they, you, plural and
names → will not + 1st form + object singular names → will + not + be + 3rd form + by + object
Interrogative Interrogative
Shall + I, we → 1st form + object + ? Shall + I, we → be + 3rd form + by + object + ?
Will + he, she, it, they, you, plural and singular Will + he, she, it, they, you, plural and
names → 1st form + object + ? singular names → be + 3rd form + by + object + ?
Negative Negative
I, we → shall + not + have + 3rd form + I, we → shall + not + have + been + 3rd form + by + object
object He, she, it, they, you, plural and
They, you, he, she, it, singular and plural singular names → will + not + have + been + 3rd form + by +
names → will + not + have + 3rd form + object
object
Interrogative
Interrogative Shall + I, we → have + been + 3rd form + by + object + ?
Shall + I, we → have + 3rd form + object + ? Will + he, she, it, they, you, plural and
Will + he, she, it, they, you, plural and singular names → have + been + 3rd form + by + object + ?
singular
names → have + 3rd form + object + ?
General active sentences can also be changed into passive sentences. Specific rules about the conversion of
different kinds of sentences from active to passive are discussed below in detail.
Further More
1. Sentences Starting With 'Who'
If a sentence of any tense starts with 'who', voice will be changed by replacing it with 'by whom'. All other
changes will be made according to the rules mentioned in the particular tense to which that sentence belongs.
In these sentences whom works as subject. Thus contrary to other passive sentences these start with 'by' and
'subject', as;
Note: The sentences of present indefinite and past indefinite, starting with 'who', do not need do, does or did
in order to make an interrogative sentence because after using 'who', we do not need any other word to make
a sentence, interrogative.
2. Imperative Sentences
Negative Negative
Do not + 1st form + object Let + object + not + be + 3rd form
3. Optative Sentences
Negative Negative
1- Subject + can + not + 1st form + object 1- Object + can + not + be + 3rd form + by + subject
2- Subject + could + not + 1st form + object 2- Object + could + not + be + 3rd form + by + subject
Interrogative Interrogative
1- Can + subject + 1st form + object + ? 1- Can + object + be + 3rd form + by + subject + ?
2- Could + subject + 1st form + object + ? 2- Could + object + be + 3rd form + by + subject + ?
Negative Negative
1- Subject + must + not + 1st form + object 1- Object + must + not + be + 3rd form + by + subject
2- Subject + must + not + have + 3rd form + 2- Object + must + not + have + been + 3rd form + by +
object subject
6. Use Of Should
Negative Negative
1- Subject + should + not + 1st form + object 1- Object + should + not + be + 3rd form + by + subject
2- Subject + should + not + have + 3rd form + 2- Object + should + not + have + been + 3rd form + by +
object subject
A word is a meaningful group of letters and a pair shows two things of the same kind. Thus a pair of words
means:
2- Two words supposed to be confusing on account of some sort of resemblance based on meanings, spellings
and sound.
Homophones
Connotations
Homonyms
Further More
1. Homophones
Two or more words pronounced alike but have different spellings or meanings; like some and sum.
2. Connotations
Two or more words having same meanings but different pronunciations or spellings; like same and alike.
3. Homonyms
Two or more words spelt alike (may be pronounced alike as well) but have different meanings; like can
2. Homophones
Two or more words pronounced alike but have different spellings or meanings; like some and sum.
Further More
1. Pairs Of Words Starting With A
1- Abject: ر
He is an abject deceiver.
Object:
3- Accept: ل ق
Except: ﮯ اء
4- Addition: ا!
ہ
Rashid is a new addition in our company.
5- Access: ر ئ
Excess: ادتز
Adapt: / 01 ڈه/ 0
Adept: ﮨ
He is adept in bating.
7- Advice: 5 "
Effect: 7ا
9- Air: ﮨ ا
Artiste: ادا ر
The sound of the blast was audible even at a distance of five kilometres.
Ought: ﮦMے
1- Bail: " ; !
Bale: J ﭩ.
2- Ballot: ووٹ
3- Barren: 0
Baron: اب
4- Beach: :
5- Bear: رJ M
Beer: $اب
6- Beat: ر
Beet: ر0M
Borne: Iاﭨ
Break: ڑ
11- Breath: ]
He is at his last breaths.
Breathe: ] ل
Breadth: ڑائM
Bridle: مV1
Calender: J ﮍےb ﮯZ ﮍے ﮨV0 ; ل ﮨ ﮯ والcD ﮯ اd1 ﮯ ﮯ0K Yن
2- Canon: لeا
Cannon: پ
Canvass:
;S ت ﮯ
لY $
5- Cettle: ش
Kettle: S:
6- Cell: ﮍIﭨ
Sell: ب0M
He sells potatoes.
Symmetry: = 0
g ر ا8
Sight:
رﮦB
Every sight of Murree is worth seen.
Cloak: ہrM
It has become difficult for the poor to clothe themselves these days.
Course:
ب
17- Crop: :
Counsel: 5 "
Queue: ر/
The queues of the poor waiting for subsidized wheat are very pitiable.
1- Dairy: دوS اش ده اور دودهS ارت اءx " ,اور و
I am writing my diary.
3- Dear: اراپ
Deer: ﮨ ن
4- Diseased: رب
Deceased: م
6- Dependent:
(0/H ا(
ر ﮯ وا8
Dependant: H ا(
ر ﮯ وا8 ہ دو وںK
صG1
8- Dew: = $f
Due: ہWو
Disburse: دf
ص رG1
0
ﭩ/
Doze: 0IVاو
Droop: IW
Economics is a subject in which we study to utilize our scare resources to satisfy maximum needs.
Economic: شc
3- Empire: "0/?
Umpire: J F
0
ل
4- Envelope: ہQ1
5- Essay: } ;ن
Feat: =
4- Fiance: z0 ﮍ1
He is Razia's fiance.
6- Flour: &ﭨ
I am looking forward to make Pakistan one of the greatest nations of the world.
Allama Iqbal did not like to write foreword for his books.
1- Gamble: J اءWاءW/ 01
Gambol: د0?IMا
2- Gate: دروازﮦ
Gait: لM
5- Guilt:
ر
Gilt: ﮩا0
1- Hail: ہ ر1ژا
It is hailing today.
2- Hang: <ﭩ1
3- Heard: 0
Hard: "G
Herd: وڑر
4- Heel: ڑا
She always wears the shoes of high heel.
Heal: I
5- Hew: 0;? ہ ﮯ ﭨ
The forest guard arrested those who were hewing the trees.
Hue: z ر
Horde: وﮦ.
7- Hole: ﮍه.
Whole: را
The whole nation was waiting for the Prime Minister's speech.
8- Human: نgا
1- Idle: رب
Idol: "
Eligible: : اﮨ
5- Impossible: ^<;
Impassable: رx . :
1- Later: مcں
Letter: ,
Jinnah and Iqbal both were great men but latter was a great intellectual.
2- Lessen: f
May God lessen your pains.
Lesson:
3- Liar: ﭨIW
Lawyer: Sلو
Lair: رIK
6- Luxurious: YZ &8
1- Mail: Sڈا
The order of Jehaad is only for the male members of the Muslim community.
3- Minor: ;لc
Miner: ^ ن
5- Mean: f ہ
Meet: 0?
7- Medal: ہr;
Mettle: ?ہe/اتW
Naughty: ا$رت
Oar: bM
Now boats are being run by engines and not with oars.
Ore: ده تo
Pail: ﭧ1
2- Pain: درد
Pane: S ﮍI شمV1 ]ں/ ﮯ وا ﭨ< ﮍا$ ز ا? ﭨ< ﮍاچ
3- Pat: p bI
Petrol: ﭩول8
6- Plan:
ہ0
Plain: ﮨ;ار
Plane: D g
Pore: مg
8- Practice: k
Practise: S k
Faiz Ahmad Faiz was the first principal of National College Of Arts Lahore.
Principle: لeا
13- Profit: u 0
American agencies are persecuting several innocent people in Goanetana Moby's torture cells.
Quiet: ش,
1- Rain: رش
Rein: مV1
2- Right: ںدائ
Write: 0I<1
He is writing an essay.
3- Ring: J ﭨVا
She has worn a diamond ring in the little finger of her left hand.
Ring: ﭧ0I.
4- Role:
ہ/ دار
Quaid played a great role in gathering the Muslims for a common cause.
Roll: 0<ﮍه1
5- Root: ﮍW
Root: ہWو
2- Seem: 0V1
3- Seen: دI
Scene: B0
Sailor: حs
Shell: ل,
As soon as the egg shell broken, a beautiful chick came out of it.
It was by the sheer force of his personality that Jinnah managed to snatch Pakistan from the opponents.
Shear: J 0ڑ ﮯ ل ﭨ
7- Soar:
اڑ
Aeroplane will soar at 2 pm. for Rawalpindi.
Sore: ﮨ اDIد
Sole: وا
Soul: روح
Dearness has made it difficult to keep the relation of sole and body for long.
Suit: س1
Stare: رI.
Steel: دH
This is not a straight road but has several turns in the way.
Stationary: ^
Storey: لx0
Sweet: مIﭨ
Sweet people smile sweetly but don't eat too much sweets.
1- Tale: ﮩ ن
Tail: دم
2- Team: وﮦ.
Cricket and hockey teams of Pakistan have made new records of defeats.
Teem: I
3- Tenor: ﮩ مQ
4- Tire: W p I
I am feeling tired.
Tyre: ہ8ﮦ
5- Tore: ڑاI8
Tour: W 8 دورے
For four times Pakistan has gave birth to the unwanted child of military dictatorship.
2- Urban: ﮩ$
Urbane: بlﮩ
1- Vacation: ﭧIMاں
2- Vain: !
Vein: رگ
3- Voice: &واز
Voice: : c
Vice: = Z
4- Vale: واد
Veil: ب
5- Veracity: ئK
Voracity: o 1H ^ 8
Waste: uZ !
Weight: وزن
Weigh: 01
5- Weak: ورx ;
Week: ہDQﮨ
Weather: f
7- Wine: اب$
Yoke: دو بS ﮯ0I رI ں اﭩ1< ﮍ1 H; ل ﮨ ﮯ واcD ﮯ اd1 م
Yolk: زرد
3. Connotations
Two or more words having same meanings but different pronunciations or spellings; like same and alike.
Further More
1. Pairs Of Words Starting With A
1- Able: : / ZH
Demolish: ڑ د
4- Admission: ? ہ,دا
Delusion: f ? ﮩ
7- Amount: ار
Number: ادc
Quantity: ار
8- Ancient: م
Old:
ڑه
She is an old lady of seventy two years.
Astronomer: ﮨ ِ ?< ت
Pakistan can attain a respectable status in the committee of nations if we work hard.
Obtain: : e
Everyone will receive the reward of his deeds in the life hereafter.
1- Ban: 0 8 V1
Basis: ^ اد
3- Battle: ﮍائ1
War: جz
4- Beautiful:
رت,
Pretty: Y <1د
Handsome: Y <1 ل وا د, و, } ط اور ﮍے ﮍے،Y <1د/; د0 $, رت الا#
An unending war is continued among American Allies and some private military organizations.
accuse: م ار د
2- Character: دار
Deceive: ده ہ د
4- Cheerful: ش,
Happy: ش,
5- Circus: ]
I saw feats of animals in the circus.
6- Climate: واة&ب و
Weather: f
8- Common: م#/SD k
Mutual: f ﮨ
10- Competition: ? ہ
Conflict: ﮍاVIW
Contest: ? ہ
Contemptuous: ت &مQز
Price: "ق
Expenditure: چ,
Procession: ? سW
Nawaz Shrif led a procession of thousands of people for the restoration of judiciary.
Sin: ﮦ0.
2- Disability: ورlc
4- Drown: W ڈوب ﮯ
He was drowned in the sea and his corpse could not be found.
Sink: W ڈوب
Economics is a subject in which we study to utilize our scarce resources to satisfy maximum needs.
Economy: u" $
2- Economic: شc
3- Effective: 7 ا8
5- Eminent: زD;
6- Empire: "0/?
Umpire: J F
0
ل
6- Empty: ل,
Vacant: الخ
7- Essential: زمH
8- Excite:
رIا
Clever leaders excite the public to win their favour.
Incite: اg
9- Extra: ا! ف
Surplus: H ﮯ واW o
We should spend our surplus money for the betterment of the poor.
1- Famous: ﮩرk
Notable: ;اں
1- High: 0?
Tall: ;1
Dr. Afia Siddiqi has been abducted by American soldiers from Afghanistan.
3- Historical: خ ر
4- House: < ن
Home: I.
1- Ice: ع0
ف
Insensitive: ] ﮯ
1- Jealous:
Holy Prophet (SAW) introduced judicial procedure first time ever in the history.
Street: : .
Road: S ﮍ
Government should pay attention on the improvement of the slums of underdeveloped areas.
Boulevard: ںD, ہ در9 رﮯ وال ﮯ درم دوx . ﮩ ان ﮯ$ دﮦk : .
3- Lovable: "( :
ِ
Lovely:
رتپ,/ارا
1- Male: /l
She should not wear that suit because it makes her look masculine.
3- Mistake: ?
Blunder: ? ا; ہ
A momentary happiness was enjoyed by Pakistanis after elections but then nothing left.
Morale: ?ہe
Watch: د0I
2- Oral: ز ن
Verbal: ز ن
1- Pair: ڑاW
Mr. and Mrs. Rashid have proved themselves to be the most inspiring couple.
2- Person: 5G $
Personality: 5G $ت
5- Practical: :;#
Practicable: :;# :
ِ
Rich: رام
Prosperous: ( ل$,
Gloomy: ام/داداس
2- Salary: اﮦG0
Wages: دورx
Sensitive: سg
She can not see anyone in trouble because she is very sensitive.
5- Severely: "G ﮯ
Strictly: "G J ﭨ/J " < ﮯ. ر8 I/ ﮯJ ﭨS ح ﮯ9 S
Shadow: ﮦ
Ill: رب
9- Spread: J 8 H
Sprinkle: 0ﮍIM
Willing: 0 !ر
1-Angel: ہD $
The revelations of God were brought by Angel Hazrat Jibraeel(AS) to the Holy Prophet(SAW).
Angle: ﮦزاو
A triangle has three angles.
2-Ascend:
0ﮍهM/
W 8او
It is difficult for me to ascend the mountain.
Ascent: ﮍه
ئM
The cart began its gradual ascent up the hill.
3- Assent: 0
!ر
The principal gave assent to the students to enjoy three consecutive holidays.
Accent: ﮩ ہ1
She has Punjabi accent.
Beside: ب
He is sitting beside me.
Besides: وﮦs # ﮯ
Besides Aslam, everyone was present in the class.
Disease:
رب
Fever is a very common disease these days.
Decease: ت
The decease of his wife made him sad.
5. Pairs Of Words Starting With G
Glass: ہش$
A glass-wall separates my room from his.
Glass: سs .
Please give me a glass of water.
Right:
Human rights should not be violated.
Right: " در
Might should not be considered right.
Definitions Of Idiom
A group of words whose meaning differs from the meanings of individual words.
Explanation
Idioms are approved collections of words through years, rather centuries. They need no more experiments. Thus
known and approved by all nations and faiths, they remain unchanged.
Definitions Of Phrase
A group of those words which have a particular meaning, when used together.
A group of words without a fine verb, particularly one that forms part of a sentence.
Further More
1. Relation between Idioms and phrases
Idiom is a word or phrase to which all the people begin to use and it spreads in the society as a general
expression. Thus we can also conclude that idiom and phrase are coin words, but to some extent.
Idiom is a type of phrase but can not be understood from the meanings of individual words present in it.
A group of words that makes sense is a phrase, no matter whether it is a complete sentence or not. Whereas a
group of words that makes sense and also has a moral lesson or teaching in it, is an idiom.
Hence we can conclude that a phrase is an incomplete sentence and an idiom is a phrase but not exactly, i.e.
2. Idiomatic Phrases
Idiomatic phrase is a complete or incomplete sentence that makes sense and its meaning differs from the
Following hints must be kept in mind while using the idioms or phrases in sentences, or while making
sentences with the help of idiomatic phrases:
1- If an idiom is to be used in a sentence which starts with 'to', it is not a binding to use 'to' in the sentence by
all means, i.e. use it if necessary and neglect it, if not necessary. As 'to take to heart' can be used in sentences
2- 'To be' of an idiom can be changed into the required helping verb, if necessary. 'To be taken aback' can be
i- Pakistan has been taken aback by the adverse circumstances of Afghan War.
3- 'One' can be used according to subject or object, if necessary. 'Apple of one's eye' can be used with 'one' as
4- If a phrasal verb is being used in a sentence, it is not a binding that verb and preposition always come
together, i.e. at times these come together, and at times not. 'Put off' can be used together as well as with
However in some cases it is binding that verbs and prepositions can not be parted, as 'look after' can not be
1. Set A
Above board:
ﮯ
His devotion is above board.
The decision of the Supreme Court is above board.
At sea:
ن
Everybody is at sea to this political situation.
I am at sea to cover both books within one month.
At home in:
"
ﮨ ﮨ
Akbar is at home in solving problems.
Our teacher is at home in his subject.
2. Set B
A wet blanket: 60 ہ789 "ﮯ وا.
Please do not consult a wet blanket like him.
Instead of helping us, she proved to be a wet blanket.
At variance with:
"اُﭧ ﮨ
All you claimed is at variance with your condition.
Pakistan's negative development is at variance with our expectations.
3. Set C
At cross purposes:
"ﮯ ﮨQف ِراTا
Quiet often I find his family at cross purposes.
President and Supreme Court are at cross purposes on the issue of the appointments of new judges.
At one's beck and call: ). ﮯ تU ﮯ. *ﮯ7F ﮯ ا
رے.ار
We find our Political system at America's beck and call.
Our Premier seems at President's beck and call.
At an arm's length:
*.ہ ر78
$
The MD keeps the junior staff at an arm's length.
The Chief of Staff always keeps politicians at an arm's length.
4. Set D
A man of letters: D
A
Allama Iqbal was a man of letters.
Akbar had nine men of letters in his court.
At large: زاد%
The defaulters of Punjab Bank are still at large.
The victims of NRO are at large even now.
A drug on the market: ئچ سا. ﮯ ت ز >=ﮯU ﮯ. ار "ہ ﮨد"ﮯ
A rotten egg is a drug on the market.
This fashion is drug on the market now.
2. Set B
Blue blood:
. ان5"
`@ز
Akbar was a blue blooded king.
To be a man of blue blood is a divine blessing.
Back out:
"
> ے ﮯ5Aو
So called friends of Pakistan assure us of their help but back out every time.
Don't rely on his promises, he has a habit of backing out.
Bring to light:
".
ﮨj
All his short comings were brought to light ultimately.
Auditing is a system that brings everything to light.
Between the devil and the deep sea: وں م دوY ،
ت9 ارI
" =
ں.
"! ں
Due to America and Taaliban Pakistan is between the devil and the deep sea.
Pakistan is between the devil and the deep sea because of presidency and judiciary.
Bring to mind:
". اد
The doctor has forbidden me to bring to mind the previous loss.
Let us bring to mind the sweet memories of the past.
Call in question:
".
The peon was called in question after the robbery.
Inspector'sِ character was called in question in the court.
Carry the day:
م."
اب. ;8
9
Aslam carried the day by dint of his wit.
He carried the day by answering all the questions.
Come to grief:
"
م ﮨ.
"
All my plans came to grief.
Despite very strong efforts all came to grief.
2. Set B
Cut out:
". D
Let us cut out all this fuss and plan about the next day.
I have cut out all soft drinks.
Carry weight:
*.ر/
"وزن ﮨ
His arguments carried weight so the judge accepted them.
Each and every word of the Holy Quran carries weight.
Cry wolf:
"TF و>ہT
The invigilator was habitual of crying wolf.
Our officer is in the habit of crying wolf.
3. Set C
Call to account:
". ہa
u
All the officers should be called to account regularly.
All the parliamentarians should be called to account during their tenure.
Come to light:
"
ﮨ ﮨj
All his secrets came to light during discussion.
New decisions came to light during the press Conference .
Call to mind:
". اد
Please let me call to mind the whole story.
Some times it is easier to call to mind your past.
Die in harness:
"
> ت ﮨ$ ﮯ دوران.
م.
President Zia-ul-Haq died in harness.
It is better to die in harness than in disability.
Do away:
". D
Interest on loan is not yet done away in Pakistan.
Let us do away smoking right now.
2. Set B
Deal in:
".
رتV
Aslam deals in tyres.
Most of our ministers deal in sugar.
Drop a line:
*0 w c
He dropped a line to remind me the schedule.
I shall drop a line for you before going.
Dead letter: و
This law has been repealed and now it is a dead letter.
UN Resolutions on Kashmir are not dead letters at all.
3. Set C
End in smoke:
"
م ﮨ.
"
All discussions on Kashmir ended in smoke.
The five day match ended in smoke.
Egg on:
"
=.ا
Americans egged on Pakistan to support them in war against terrorism.
Mother egged on her daughter to continue her studies after graduation.
2. Set B
Fall a prey:
"
ر ﮨ0
Rashid fall a prey to drugs.
In our society children easily fall prey to bad company.
Fall flat:
" ﮨzﮯ ا
All advices fell flat on him.
All his tricks fell flat on us.
3. Set C
Go to dogs:
"
ل ﮨ9 5
Every director wanted a major share and let the college go to dogs.
Afghanistan has gone to dogs after the attack of Americans.
4. Set D
Go to the wall:
"
ﮦ ﮨaV
In the competitive environment weak financer mostly go to the wall.
Akram's competitors tried their best to let him go to the wall.
Go at long way:
" ﮨ#
z د !
ر5
Interaction between America and Pakistan will not go at long way regarding Taliban issue.
We can not go at long way to solve any matter.
Go to pieces:
*Vہ د ]
"ہ رﮨﮯا.
ن
He quitted education because failure made him go to pieces.
Akbar has gone to pieces due to loss in business.
2. Set B
3. Set C
In full swing:
"زوروں ﮨ
The study has started in full swing after vacations.
Aslam's business is in full swing these days.
4. Set D
In good time: ﮯ و]ں م7ں
We got Pakistan in good time.
Aslam completed his education in good time.
In a fix:
"
ف. ہ "ہ78
I am in a fix about choosing my subjects.
Board management is in a fix about the selection of new captain.
In a nutshell:
ظ مP ا5*Fں
She told the story in a nutshell.
Quran has described the knowledge of all times in a nutshell.
2. Set B
Kick up a row:
"ﮍI>
He kicks up a row every now and then.
Aslam is habitual of kicking up rows with his neighbours.
3. Set C
Make out:
*
I could not make out what you were saying.
She spoke so low that I could not make out any meaning.
Make headway:
*!ﮯ ﮍه%
Our company is making headway towards new products.
Life must make headway.
2. Set B
Nip something in the bud: ). اء مچ5 ا. "
رو د ں ﮦز
One should nip the evil in the bud.
Ghulam Muhammad nipped the democracy in the bud.
3. Set C
Out of date:
"ا
The medicine is out of date.
This camera is out of date now.
Put out:
"
Please put out unnecessary lights.
She put out the light while I was studying.
Put up with:
". #دا
I can not put up with your disturbance any more.
It is always difficult to put up with enemies.
Put off:
*
ﭨ
The habit to put off everything, will darken your future.
Indi is successfully putting off Kashmir Issue for years and years.
Pass away:
"ت ﮨ$
Tufail passed away in an accident last night.
After a long ailment his grandfather passed way yesterday.
Play truant:
> ل ﮯ
گ0
"
Aslam used to play truant round the year and failed in the examination.
He plays truant in fourth period daily.
3. Set C
Rule out:
".
ن رد0ا
We can not rule out a better crop next season.
Chances of your first position can not be ruled out.
Rise to something:ﮯ ]
; ﮨ"
غ.
ت ﮯ "ﭩ*ﮯ9 y] ر
Musharaf could not rise to the occasion on nine eleven.
Afghanis are determined to rise to the challenge of foreign attack.
2. Set B
Set up:
". DQ
]
I have set up my own textile factory.
We have set up a quality control system in our office.
3. Set C
Split hairs:
Vُ
ل ا. r. ر"
ل
She has a habit of splitting hairs in every matter.
Lawyers use to split hairs to reach a conclusion.
Turn over a new leaf: گے ر5" ﮩ ز. ڑF "
]ﮯ. وع
Tariq turned over a new leaf and got success.
Khalid-bin-Waleed turned a new leaf by becoming a soldier of Islam.
To loose ground:
"@ور ﮍ.
Our hockey team had lost the ground in the first half.
Argentine did not loose the ground till the last whistle.
2. Set B
To take to task:
". X"ز
Every criminal should be taken to task.
Court has decided to take corrupt ones to task.
To take heart:
". #ﮨ
Battles can only be won by taking heart.
Let us take heart to conquer this peak.
To lose heart:
" ﮨ
ر#ﮨ
There were many chances for victory but Pakistan lost heart.
A single defeat does not mean to lose heart.
To take to heart:
"
I Dl . دل
He took his failure to heart and died.
A minor loss should not be taken to heart.
3. Set C
To be all ears:
** ر ﮯl-
" !ش ﮨD=
The audience was all ears to me during my speech.
I am all ears to you, please continue.
To turn turtle:
"
> اُﭧ
After my arguments the situation turned turtle.
The match turned turtle after a century scored by Afridi.
To get away:
"
> ار ﮨ$ ﮯy]
The thief got away after collecting all the precious things.
The British got away by leaving Kashmir Issue unresolved.
To be taken aback:
"
> ر رﮦ5-
He was taken aback to see me after so many years.
We were taken aback to hear the news of bomb blast.
4. Set D
To be on one's guard:
"
ط ﮨu
Everyone should be on his guard about the strangers.
Pakistan should be on its guard about the friendship of America.
Turn down:
". رَد
My fee concession request was turned down by the principal.
The judge turned down his bail request.
Turn out:
" ﮨy>
People turned out at airport to greet their leader.
People turned out on the road to protest against load shedding.
Turn up:
*ﭩ7-
"%
She did not turn up after her refusal.
Nawaz Sharif could not turn up for seven years.
Up to date: 5>د
Pak Army is not lacking in up to date weapons.
We should keep our knowledge of science up to date.
Underhand: د5#"ا
Aslam believes in underhand tactics.
India is habitual of underhand tactics against Pakistan.
2. Set B
3. Set C
Chapter 11 : Correction
1. Introduction
Students are generally asked to correct those wrong sentences that have problems with nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Urdu and English are two different languages with quite
different modes so most of the mistakes occur due to this particular difference. Both these languages not only
represent different cultures and ideologies but also follow different theories and trends of grammar.
Different rules of English Grammar are given in this chapter in order to enable the students to understand some
Further More
1. Problems
Problems with agreement means verb should be used according to the gender, number and person (1st, 2nd or
Further More
1. Major Problems With Agreement
1- If the subject of a sentence is singular, verb will also be that of singular and if the subject is plural, verb
2- If two nouns or pronouns are joined together with ‘and’, they will represent plural subject and will take a
3- At times, two things are joined together with ‘and’ to form one new thing which is considered singular
noun, i.e. bread and honey join together to form ‘breakfast’. As;
4- If two words, joined together with ‘and’, point out the same person or thing, subject will be singular. And
if different persons or things are pointed out, subject will be plural, e.g.
W.S. Our principal and teacher are teaching us.
C.S. Our principal and teacher is teaching us. (Same person is principal as well as teacher.)
C.S. Our principal and our teacher are teaching us. (Principal and teacher are two different persons.)
5- Two persons or things will behave as one subject if ‘each’ and ‘every’ are used before these to limit these,
e.g.
W.S. Each man and each woman are eager to perform Hajj.
6- If we join two subjects with one of the following words, verb will be used according to the first subject.
Besides, but, except, including, with, along with, together with, in accordance with, as well as, and not, in
1- Verb will be used according to the latter subject, if two subjects are joined together with following words:
W.S. Not only my uncle but also his sons was coming.
C.S. Not only my uncle but also his sons were coming.
2- In some sentences, subject is to be written after the verb so it should be used after identifying the subject,
e.g.
3- After 'here' and 'there' verb will be used according to the subject, written after them.
what, whatever, anyone, anything, nothing, everyone, everything, either, neither, no one, each, whoever,
5- Following subjects will take singular or plural verb according to the meaning of the sentence.
1- If infinitive form of verb (to + 1st form) is used as a subject, it will take verb of singular subject, e.g.
2- If some verbal noun (1st form + ing) is used as a subject, it will take verb of singular subject, e.g.
3- If the subject of one part of a sentence is being used as the subject of the whole sentence, it will take verb
4- Adjectives with 'the' before them are considered plural subjects so verbs of plural subjects will be used
after them.
5- If singular subject is being used before "of" and plural noun / pronoun or uncountable noun is being used
after "of" then verb will be used according to the singular subject.
However if 'some' is being used before "of", and plural noun / pronoun is being used after "of" then verb will
be used according to the plural subject. Whereas if 'some' is being used before "of", and uncountable noun is
being used after "of" then verb will be used according to the singular subject.
Further More
1. Major Problems With Nouns
1- Following nouns are singular so verbs of singular subjects are used with them. However some of these
nouns can be made plural but some other word like 'piece' is to be added before them in order to show their
number:
progress, poverty, hair, poetry, permission, information, knowledge, luck, leisure, music, money, news,
patience, anger, advice, courage, damage, equipment, ignorance, homework, fun etc.
W.S. She gave me an information about the new agenda of the government.
C.S. She gave me a piece of information about the agenda of the new government.
2- If following nouns combine together to form a unit or a Compound Noun then singular verb will be used
with them. However if these nouns represent different persons then verb will be plural.
audience, fabric, board, orchestra, band, chorus, faculty, staff, series, committee, class, crew, jury, family,
etc.
3- Following nouns will be singular if these are written before singular subjects or objects, and will be plural
any, all, half, more, most, none, two-third, part, some, such, percent, etc.
4- Although following words are singular and verbs of singular subjects are used with them but these words
civics, economics, electronics, ethics, gallows, innings, linguistics, measles, mumps, mathematics, news,
W.S. Semantics are learnt by the students of literature with great interest.
not represent their subjects then the verbs of plural subjects will be used with them.
6- As the following nouns are plural so verbs of plural nouns will be used with them.
ashes, assets, athletics, breeches, drawers, embers, gymnastics, pants, pliers, scissors, tactics, tongs,
trousers, tweezers.
W.S. The gentry of the town was absent from the town.
C.S. The gentry of the town were absent from the town.
2- Following nouns are same in both forms, i.e. singular as well as plural:
deer, fish, gross, heathen, paisa, pence, salmon, sheep, species, swine.
3- Following words are considered singular individually but plural if 'of' is used after them:
5- Verbs of plural noun are used with "A number of" and verbs of singular noun are used with "The number
of".
6- Verbs of plural noun are used with "Majority of" and verbs of singular noun are used with "Majority".
Further More
1. Use Of Subjective Case
3- Subjective case is used after 'as' and 'than' for comparison, e.g.
5- At times, possessive case is also used after 'than', in order to clear the meanings of the sentence, e.g.
OR
2- However following possessive cases do not require any noun after them as they point out towards that
6- Possessive pronoun should indicate the noun or pronoun used before it according to the quantity, gender or
person, e.g.
1- If two pronouns are connected with 'and', their cases will be the same, e.g.
2- For two or three persons, the order of pronouns will be 'you, he, I' if a general or good work is discussed in
a sentence, e.g.
in a sentence, e.g.
5. Relative Pronouns
1- 'Who' (Subjective Case) should only be used for human beings, e.g.
2- 'Whom' (Objective Case) should only be used for human beings, e.g.
W.S. It was my cat with whom you were playing last night.
C.S. It was my brother with whom you were playing last night.
3- 'Whose' (Possessive case) is used only with human beings and some bigger animals.
5- Relative pronouns should be written right after the noun for which they are being used, e.g.
6. General Sentences
1- If plural noun is indicating a unit, singular pronoun will be used with it and if it indicates individuals
W.S. Our team is quarrelling among one another during its match.
C.S. Our team are quarrelling among one another during their match.
2- If 'each' and 'every' are connected with 'and', singular pronoun will be used, e.g.
W.S. Each politician and every general should perform their duty honestly.
C.S. Each politician and every general should perform his duty honestly.
3- 'Each, each other, either, neither' are used for two things and persons, and singular pronouns are used with
4- 'Every, none, one another, anyone' are used for more than two men or things and singular pronouns will be
used for these (except 'one another' which needs plural pronouns), e.g.
6- When a person or thing has been specified by a noun or pronoun in the first part of the sentence then it is
not necessary to use another pronoun for the same person or thing in the second part of the sentence.
7- Subjective case will be used if pronoun is the subject of the verb, e.g.
8- Objective case is used if pronoun is not the subject of the verb, e.g.
9- Plural pronoun and verb of plural pronoun will be used for 'many, several, a few, both, others', e.g.
W.S. Both the students tries his best to satisfy his teachers.
C.S. Both the students try their best to satisfy their teachers.
10- Reflexive pronouns (pronouns with 'self') are used with following verbs like 'enjoy, resign, avail, absent',
etc., e.g.
W.S. We enjoyed on hearing the jock.
Further More
1. Identification Of Some Adjectives
2- Adjectives with 'ed' and 'en' show that these are affected adjectives, e.g.
1- Second degree of adjective is used to compare two persons or things and 'than' is used after it, e.g.
2- However to compare two persons or things by using 'inferior, junior, prefer, prior, senior, superior', "to" is
4- 'The' is not used before second degree but if 'of' has been used for comparison then 'the' will be written
5- If both parts of a sentence start with second degrees then 'the' will be used before both of these, e.g.
6- Some particular adjectives behave as plural nouns if 'the' is added before first degrees
Translation of a sentence, a passage or an essay does not only mean to convert the words of a language into that
of another but it is to convert a message from one language into another, without any change in its meaning.
Following things about a particular language should be known in order to translate a sentence into it from any
other language:
• Tenses
• Use of Prepositions
Note: Students should consult chapter no. 3 & 4 of Grammar & Composition Part I and chapter no. 2 & 3 of
Further More
1. Paragraph A
&ج ﮯ دور مS تs V0W ںf ﮯ ﮦ۔ ادﮦ ﮨ ﮯت ﮩ " زاﮨ0 ارV $, ۔ ںﮦ &ب و ﮨ اS f ت ﮦ$
ﮯ ﮦf سﮦ & ه۔ ں، ں اور سوںH ﮯ ﮦD ر روI ﮯ ﮦ ۔ںم وD0 = ف ۔ں رش
ﮯ ﮦD ﮯ ﮯ رو0?IV8 ?Wزم ۔ںS ۔ں ﮍ ﮯ ﮦ ززرخ نS p ? تs V0W شc م قf ں اﮨ
Forests are very important nowadays. They make the climate pleasant. They reduce the intensity of the
season. They stop the dust-storms, floods, soil salinity and Water logging, cause rain, stop snow to melt early
and increase the fertility of soil. Forests play a significant role in the economic development of a country.
2. Paragraph B
" ر0 ; " ﮨ ﮯ ﮍc ^ &دمل ۔S " ;c ﮨ ﮯ اسDر " رﮨ0 p = W = ئ ۔ں ر ہW
ئ: <
تW ل
ﮨ ﮯ ف ﮨ7 اf gW ر " ۔ﮨ ﮯ
را0
ﮯ پI ﮯﮨI8 ﮯ0?M ، ﮯ
ﮨ ﮯ ں جاور
م ﮯ مDV1ﮯ ] ۔Z
W اب ﮨ, "( e ا ہز مچx ب ۔ں &
ںq گ ا1 W
ر
ﮯ ﮦDرﮨS د ان ﮯ او ز گ ں ان, ?cD تر ان ﮯ دو ےW ^ نW ﮯ و لd1 ۔ﮨ ﮯ ن ﮯ
Health is a great wealth. But man does not give it a value as long as he is healthy. When even a minor ailment
seizes him, he recognizes its importance. If any part of body is affected, entire body suffers. In the state of
health, one enjoys food, movement, and work. Lose of health deprives of every enjoyment. Those who are
every now and then sick, their life becomes a trouble to them and their other loved ones.
3. Paragraph C
0 " <(1 م ۔اا گداراcS د ں اس0 " <(1م & د داراs ہ اVW ۔ اا گS اس ﮯ اسV
f ہاﮨf ا ۔ں ﮨ ئت: e ﮍدراS W اورS ﮦ ﮨ ﮯ. ر0 دS p? ہ ﮯW رت دارو ار اس و
۔ﮨ ﮯ
Karachi is an international city. This is the biggest city of Pakistan. After independence it was made the
capital of the country. Afterwards the Islamabad was made the capital. But it did not lessen its importance.
Actually, being a big and modern sea port, country’s trade is based on it. Karachi Airport is among the
4. Paragraph D
ﮯ دا دو " ﮯ پا08 ﮯ ا5G $ S ہ مIMوS ںS ں.1 ہ ﮯ م ا وںW و8 "G نں$
اب د۔ﮨ ﮯW اس ﮯW اما ہW ب ﮨ ں ان ض دے دے اورz
J K ئ ۔ر ﮨ ں ان ﮯI8 رےت
س ہ8
. ﮯZ& ۔ں
Someone asked his wise friend that what should he do, as he was much worried about the people who often
come to see him. Their visits cause wastage of time and money both. He answered that he should lend some
money to those who are poor and borrow something from the rich. Then nobody would come to him.
5. Paragraph E
اS ہ اسS ﮯ اس ﮯ پZ W ﮍ8 " 1 ﮨ ﮯW ﮨ:< k ﮍاIM IMﮦ ض ﮨ ﮯ ہ وﮦ ۔l ا
ائD ﮦ ا8 / ? ء م9; د پD#ں اور ادا ں اS ? ء9 ا ﮯx ?ہ اeد ئ,W ں
S
ﮦ ﮯ:
ﮯ ﮦا ۔ ںدا ت پاﮨW ^ ﮯ ?;<
رIM?
ء ﮍے ﮨ ا9 ۔ں ﮯS وﮦ دو وں
Cramming is a disease. It does not let the confidence to develop in the students. They fail to learn self-
reliance. When one is addicted to it once, then it becomes difficult to get rid of it. Teachers should develop
confidence in students in the early stages, and should encourage such students who develop the ability of
criticism in them. Such students grow as good writers. They do not imitate others blindly.
6. Paragraph F
I ﮨاfZ 8 م ﮯ مs ن اD g 8 م ﮦ۔s ف اe S اسS ﮨ ﮯ ءD< ن ﮯ ۔! ; " ﮨD g 8
ں م.1 ﮦزچ ں ﮩ " سSD k ن م ۔ںںD g 8 ت ں لز ن ں ﮩ " سدر " ﮨ ﮯ ہW ان ۔ںﮦ
ﮯ ﮦDI? رc ۔ںﮦ در " ہ۔ ں ﮯe گ1 ن ﮯD g 8 ﮯ رﮦ رﮨ ﮯ ﮦI ۔ںوں ﮯ اﭩ8 ت8 وﮦ ذات
ﮯن ہقDIم ﮯا ہ ۔ ں رs
دں اا0 : g S ﮨ ﮯ ۔ا ﮨ ﮯH
ﮯ: g وz م رs ۔ا
Pakistan was founded on the basis of Islamic Ideology. Only Islam can guarantee the existence of Pakistan.
There are so many things common among Pakistanis. It is true there are many languages spoken in Pakistan.
A major proportion of their treasure of vocabulary is common. Some people say that Pakistanis belong to
many races. It's false. Pakistanis have been living together for centuries. They do not believe in casts. Islam
7. Paragraph G
ہ ا ل ﮨ; رے مs# ﮦ# $< ٹ موﮦ س ۔ں1ﮯں پاZ ائ ۔ دا ﮨD ا: cJ وﮨ ں ﮦ مS : اس ۔
ﮯZ& ? ﮯM ﮨ رH c ہ م ۔ ﮯQ g? ں ﮯIﮩ ں ﮯ اWمں ا-S ﮨ ر م ۔ااےH 1 ﭧ0;ر. دن وﮦJ Kں
وف8J ﮯ ۔رﮨ ﮯd. ? ﮯM نD g?V وﮦ اI8 ] ۔8 ن ﮯ واD g?Vﮨ ر م اH اﮩ ں ﮯ8" 1 ں و
Allama Iqbal is our national poet. He was born in Sialkot. He got his early education from there. Afterwards
he came to Lahore where he did Masters in Philosophy. For some time he remained a professor at
Government College, Lahore. Then he went to England. After returning from England, he started practice as
8. Paragraph H
ت مH دﮦW ! ورت پf داوار ﮍه ﮯ اور قں = ﮯ اﮨS ﮯf ںD م &دم ۔ﮨ ﮯ# شc ر9
8 " ﮩ8
ن ﮨ ﮯ$۔S ﮨ ﮯ &ن اسf
ت ﮯWا, &م ۔اس ﮯ روز ﮦ ﮯ اf ;
لcD روزﮦ اB Y
ِ 8 د ﮯ
S چS ﮨ ن"ق زوںf ﮨ ںM رت م ﮦ اس۔ ںe" #" ں ;< ^ ﮨ ﮯ ہ زراc0 e ںداوارمپ اور
In the present circumstances, most important requirement is to boost production and decrease prices.
Common man is too worried, economically. His earning is too short of his daily expenses. On the basis of
low income, the prices of commodities of daily use must be low. It is only possible if agricultural and
industrial production may be boosted and people work day and night.
9. Paragraph I
اا ِمp? ں د ﮨﮟ۔ اﮩں ﮯ ون.1 ﮍ ﮟ `ہI. ﮨ:<k ﮨﮟ۔f<(Dg ح }ط اور9 دH نDg 8 ا اج
! وfB ﮨﮯ۔ ان " اورW I<` ﮦ ﮯ دV تx# ر د ﮟ8 ﮯ ﮨﮟ۔ ﮨ; ر ا ج:;< ^k d (ﮦ ﮯD
ٰ?# ر ﮩ `" اc ۔ﮨ ﮯSدن ڈم ل اS اD ﮨں من بﮩ. ﮨ ﮯں ﮯ اتS۔
Pak-Forces are as strong and stout as steel. They help the people in every hour of need. They have
accomplished several assignments of UNO outside the country. Our forces are viewed with dignity round the
world. The status of their training and discipline is of very high caliber. Kakool Academy is one of the best
10. Paragraph J
ں م1< ;
نﮨ;
رےgW ںK ا د ںx
تW ۔ﮨ ﮯS ﮯK
ﮨ ﮨB
ح
ﮨ
اسs e۔ﮨ ﮯ ا
گ ^ دلIS اx ; د ا ﮨ ﮯ ہD# د ا, ﮯK ہ ﮯW د وI ر ہ روان م ۔ں ﮯ ﮦW دا ﮨ ﮦ پں
ﮨ ﮯW "ا ہ رووﮦ غ ۔, ارں م ۔ں ﮯ ﮦا ر لﮦ ا$ اﮦGا, ﮯ ﮦوﮦDI1ﮦ ﮯ ۔ںں اl وﮦ ا
In our schools students are punished physically. Apparently it aims at betterment of students. But it is
observed that the children lose confidence because of punishment. They become offensive. They take up
revolting attitude. They get entangled in mischieves for nothing. They start hating the teachers.
11. Paragraph K
ﮯ مد0I مں اں مSں م " م ^ ر ﮨ ں لS نD g 8 ر رے ا ر8 | رIM ﮨ ئ خ
م ۔ﮨ ﮯJ ﮍا ﮨ ں ﭨI ﮩ ں &جW اسںS ; ا0 ?; ن رﮨg ء ﮩ " ﮯ1940 رچ23 ہVW ﮍا فS ?ہ ﮯe
ﮯ ﮯ لZ ﮨu ;W م۔ ےs وﮦS ز گz 0 ﮯV اp ? ﮯ08 ﮯ اور اI < ﮯM & ? ﮯg ز ﮯ
ﮯI ﮯD ﮨM &زاد ا1947 = ﮯ ز۔8 ﮯ00 نD g 8 شء, ﮯ ﮨ ئ ادﮦI ہ اس و " م ۔M.را
ﭨ< ﮍے ﮯ زن ﮯ ات زمثحSJ ل ادﮦ ہJ I8 ^ مI ش, " ۔ں ﮩ
Apparently I am a minaret but in fact, whole history of Pakistan is veiled in me. Many Muslim leaders
gathered to take a great decision on March 23, 1940, where I am situated today. They were fed up of slavery
and wanted to set their country free from the grip of the English. When Pakistan came into being in 1947, I
was pleased at the most. Although at that time my value was not more than a piece of land but still I was
much pleased.
12. paragraph L
و لٹQ فe ژن ہ: c ح ?< ہJ ذرا مf اﮨSہ ﮨ ﮯ# ۔S ںا< ر ہ ت ﮯ ئا د اس
D< ﮦ م۔f c رول ادا ﮨ ﮯم ر و قf ام م۔ ں اﮨ# ن ۔ادﮦ ل ﮨ ﮯں ﮩ " زﮦD g 8
ام پو لٹ. و8 ﮯIM ﮯ اIM ﮯ ﮦژن ﮯ ﮩ " اd ﮯ ڈرا ں و دو ے ٹ اس ﮯ ڈرا ﮯ ] ۔ںش
ہf ۔ ں ﮯx ں.و8 ﮩ ل اس ﮯS ﮯ0 D ۔! ورت ﮨ ﮯ د ﮩ
Television is not only a means of entertainment but also a means of education. None can deny its benefits. It
plays a significant role in national progress and development. It is very popular in public. Pakistan Television
has presented very good programs. The standard of its plays is not less than that of any other's. Anyhow its
S ش, ﮯ ! &پdM ﮯ ﮦذراD< = خ ﮯ رﮦW ود &پ ﮯ ﮨ ں عں؟0 ^ kW &پ ردV رﮨ ﮨW ا
ئW رx . < ﮯ ﮯbM س ﮯ8 ں ﮯ.1 ] ﮯ ہ ا ۔ںاور ﮯd ﮨM ں ﮩ را ^&پ.1 ان ۔ں ﮯ
Just think! How can you remain happy when eid festival is being celebrated in your house but you skip away
by the helpless? You should be a shield for such people. The more pleasures you share with them, your
14. Paragraph N
رض1 ;] ا$ ہ/? ﮦS Y ;D1 ٹب ﮍ ن اJ ۔f D1 ش ا ﮯ ﮩ " پ اI ۔ارS Y ;D1 ر وﮦ ا
د مHادﮦ ذﮦں = ﮯ زاوJ ZH اور0 : # ' ئرض ۔نI = ﮉرے ﮦ ﮯ0?I ذﮨ ^ ' <; ﮯ اور0
ﮯI ﮦ ۔b ﮯ اورD. I ﮯ ﮯ0I<1 ﮯ0 ﮍه8 ?ں ﮯ جوﮦr k ﮯ ا ہI اﮯM رض ۔V ب ج, ﮦV1
" I<1 " ﮍه8 J اور ﮨ مI<` د, ﮟ `ہB ِر08 ﮯ اY;D1۔ اI ق ﮯ$ ہ اورW
Razia Sultana was the eldest daughter of Shamas-ud-Din Altamash. Altamash loved her very much. She was
the most intelligent, wise, and able among all the children of Altamash. All Razia's brothers were dull, useless
and playful. They used to skip away from studies and war-fare activities. But Razia used to pay full attention
to studies and used to do everything with attention and zeal. When Altamash noticed this quality in her
15. Paragraph O
^ م9 1و = اx W s ﮩ8
^ ۔ﮨ ﮯ دار9 1 اا = اS ذاتW ہ ﮨ ﮯlW
دات مQ 8
داتQ
ﮩ ۔ ﮨ ﮯ ن د$ ﮯp ? &زادS ﮯ ہ ا ﮨd ﮨM 0M ﮩ? ﮯ8 ے م ﮯ لام ﮯ
ﮨ ﮯ0 ﮦZ
و ز گ م ۔ںا ہx W f ﮯ م دار
دو ا اﮨc $ ارں د ﮯ ﮨD
ا0 اور ا
ف
۔ﮨ ﮯ
The first part of national character is patriotism. Patriotism is such a passion, which sacrifices personal
interests. Patriotism is such a passion that sacrifices personal interests to national interests. As a citizen of an
independent country, one should think before doing everything whether it is beneficent for nation or not. The
second important phase of national character is to be honest and just in every aspect of national life.
16. Paragraph P
&دماS S J ﮯZ . نوﮦ اس ﮯ دوده م ۔8 ںI sﮯ س ۔Z .S بH زد م. اس ۔ں & ڈوب
ﮩp 1 z; گن ﮨ بتJ ہ اس ﮯ ب ۔اﭨf ن ۔ﭨ ﮯ ﮯ ﮩ اے پ8 دوده م وﮦf ﮨW ﮯs ں
A man had a cow. He used to mix water in its milk. The cow drowned in a flood. Its master sat in great
gloom. His son said, "O! Father, do not be sad. The water, we used to mix in the milk, gathered to cause a
17. Paragraph Q
^V1 ﮯ اورlW ]W ﮯd1
ن ﮯ
م ﮯDg
8 ?
ء ﮯ9 ﮯ ہI ﮯD
ﮨM
۔ &پI G 8 انW f?# =
ِ 1
9 م ﮯ08 اfB# ِ اZ
S اس ﮯ مI اS اسJ ^ ﮯV1 ﮯ اورl W f c ر و قY $ ﮯd1 (< م ﮯD ۔ںاور ا
ء م1948 ? ء ﮯ ا رچ9 ںv# S ﮯ اﮩ ں ﮯZ ب ﮯ ﮨ/, ; ع ﮯDW ﮯم ا08 ن اD g 8"ا
f ﮨW ﮨ ﮯG 8 ?
ء9: . ہ ا$ ں مQ eS رے ا ے ں رﮨ ﮯ اور م8 8
تc?
ء ﮨ;
را ۔9
ﮦ:D g;
ر ﮦ ۔ںc ﮯ:D g
ﮨ " ۔ںوﮦM ! وf B ں
ﮨ ﮯ
ہ وﮦ و " ﮯ چ ان ﮯ م01
: ةp ۔"ں
Quaid-i-Azam was proud of young students of his nation. He wanted that the students should struggle with
the same enthusiasm and devotion build, develop and strengthen it as they had done for the creation of
Pakistan. In March 1948, addressing a great gathering of students, he said, "Pakistan is proud on its students
who have always been in front lines and come upto the expectations of the nation. Students are our future.
They are the builders of the coming times. Nation demands from them to be disciplined so that they may be
18. Paragraph R
p`ﮯ ﮨ;ﮟ اd1ﮯ ﮯ0?< ت ﮯs<k ﮨﮯ۔ ان ; مSH M اور9 $ ";^ ﮩ$ُہ دs ﮦ ﮨﮟ۔ ?" ا.& اس ﮯG = fﮨﮟ۔ ﮨ
اور د5 ?GS ار رﮨD ۔! ورت ﮨ ﮯ اf ﮨW ﮯ < ل <ﮯاور اذ ں ﮦf1 # ۔ت ﮯf ﮯﮨ08ں ا
Pakistan has been surrounded by many national and international problems nowadays. Our enemies are bent
on hitting us a violent blow. All of us are well aware of it. The enemy of Islamic Nation is very cunning and
deceitful. To come out of these problems we need a sincere and honest leader, who could take us out of this
state of calamity and torture. We need to take a lesson from our glorious past.
19. Paragraph S
ب08 اS ب ﮦ ^ل ۔م ز ن ﮨ ﮯ08 فe ت ں لں ہم ﮦW ں ۔e ن ﮯ دو ےD g 8
ںم08 ﮯ ﮨں۔Dﮯ ہ رﮨ1ﮯ وا01
08 ﮩ
ںW
ﮨg` اp? Z
` ﮨ$
ُوﮦ دs#
ﮨﮯ۔ اس ﮯW I; اور1 I
ﮩرk ﮩ
ں
ر دُ
ﮟS1
08
ﮨﮟ۔W I<1 ﮟv(1 اf ﮨ رp` ﮨﮯ۔ دوں ز
ﮟ اD?W D? اردو ﮯp "ﮩ
۔ںﮦ
Punjabi is an ancient language, but it is not spoken in Punjab only. It is spoken and understood in other
provinces of Pakistan also. Besides this there may hardly be a country in the world where Punjabi speaking
people don't live. Punjabi is very similar to Urdu. Both the languages are written in the same script. Folk-tales
20. Paragraph T
وp? c ں ﮯ1 JK ﮩں ﮯ0W ﮨﮯf اﮨZ ;0 رُ^ ﮨ ﮨﮯ۔ وﮦ ان ا اد رﮨQ اورfے = ﮯ اﮨ$ c دD اp`ا
Zا م ﮯ اlٰﮩ1 ﮯ }ط ﮨﮯ۔d? "ﮯ و1 دوں &ﮯ وا0 ے$ c ح ﮯ وﮦ9 ﮯﮨﮯ ﮨﮟ ۔ اس01 I0
ﮟ۔Z W ت ﮩ ﮯH Dﮯ اور اﮯ ﮩZ W ط ﮯD اZ ﮩD د ر اD!ورت اس اَ ﮨﮯ ہ ا
A teacher is the most important and useful member of the society. He guides those who have to take the
responsibilities of the nation and country after few years. In this way, he paves deep the basis of the society
for the time to come. So the need of time is that the appointment of teacher must be made with utmost care
21. Paragraph U
:# ;( f B# اZ ن قD g 8 ح = ﮯ ﮍا ر ہ0W۔ام ﮨ ﮯp ا5G $ ﮩ? ت ﮯ8
ﮯI۔p ﮩ اWوW : g?g ز گI e , " م۔0( p ID ﮯ ز ابوﮦ اI ﮯDI; ۔ ہS م
ادتزS ﮯﮦ ﮯ وﮦ بوج. ﮍ8 ۔ رJ رﮦ دڈا ﭩوں ﮯ اk رےل ۔اں &رامk ں ﮯ ا< ﮯI ^ ا
ﮯ ﮯ ا<
ر د: ;#8 ۔اS
م, ادتز ﮦ
اp ۔ ت
= ^ ا
The creation of Pakistan is the greatest achievement of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. His personality
had many facets. Continuous struggle was his specialty. He believed that unflagging hard-work is a key to
success. He fell ill due to excessive work. Doctors advised him to take rest. But he refused to act upon their
22. Paragraph V
f ﮨ. اp$ ت ﮨﮯ ۔ ﮯfB# p` اf?# ۔ اﮩں ﮯ ﮩ
ہZHف د9 f?# ل
ِ
ہW ?
ء9 ہk; ﮯ ﮨfB# ِ اZ
ﮯ ﮦD ﮨMf ں ﮨ: c ہ دںW : ;< 8 ﮨ گم١٣ ر ۔0W مs ? ء ﮯ ا9 ور ﮯk8 1 ﮦ
ب ﮯ ﮨ ئ/, ہ اے &پ ﮯ1 / نD g 8 ﮯf "ﮨ، زماSS ﮯ: e ﮯن ﭨ< ﮍاd1
ہS اںf ?< ہ ﮨI ااS سp ں &ز1 eم ﮯ اs اf ﮩ ں ﮨW ﮯI ﮯD ﮨM ﮦ. ۔"ں ہ
Quaid-i-Azam always made the students attentive about knowledge. He said that knowledge is a great power.
Undoubtedly if we want to make progress, we have to pay full attention on education. While addressing the
students of Islamiya College Peshawer, he said," We had not demanded Pakistan in order to get a piece of
land instead we wanted such a laboratory where we can test the principles of Islam.
23. Paragraph W
ﷺد } ر سI k# ﮩ ہ1 ^ د ں م ۔ ﮯ واWS &ف (; ورF ZH" بD رﮨ ﮯ "ﷺJ <1 ابW
اp ?;1 ^ اg( ں ﮯI ا، ﮯI"ان د ں م، I<1 , S بم مول ۔رے دل زش ﮨ ﮯD W ور ﮯ
ﮯ ح ﷺ&پJ <1 ?cD ت ﮯH رﮨ
ﮨ ںں دم ﮨ ﮯ اس اJ د ۔s W ۔ااس ﮯ دلS اں
ا
ف اس
ت دc دل
ب ﮨ گاورJ S ارادﮦf;
ﷺا ہ &(} تا اورS س8 د رتJ <1
بD
ﮯZ
W ;
م روپ ۔. چ اور ما, ں ﮦJ ﮯرs
ؤںW ﮨZH ﮯ ﮯ0V
Sﮦ ں م ا"ق ۔
ہ اس. ﮯZ
W <
را8 ﮩ ہp g ﮯ &
(; ر08 اW ﷺن ا;
! و8 ر ﮨ ﮯ
م
۔"ا گ
Sir Syed had an infinite adoration for the Holy Prophet(SAW). While he was writing answer to the "Life of
reading the book which William Maur has written about Holy Prophet's life. It has burnt my heart. My heart
faded away to see its violations and partialities and I made a firm decision to write biography of the Holy
Prophet(SAW). It does not metter wheather the whole money may spend and I may become a bagger as on
the Day Of Judgement, it will be called that present that humble bagger who died in the name of his Master
Muhammad(SAW).
24. Paragraph X
] ﮟQ x ل. ﮨ ﮯW ?# ;( f ۔ ﮨ.ہ & د` ت ﮨ ﮨW &زاد ﮩِﮟ ?<ہ در:;< =?/ ہ راجI 0 ﮩW ه.
S نs # ہ & دا"ماW ہں در: Z < ﮨ ں ں &زادم ۔ںاتM ار دےp? g 08 ا: ں اس و "م۔
مp ? مs ﮯ08 اp ] 8
ن ﮟ ں واDو0 ﮯ ﮨ;ﮟ ﮨf .
ؤں اW ﮯ ہ1 ح &زاد
ِ ﮯ ﮨ;اﮦ رو08 ہ اp =W
.
ؤںW ﮩﮟ
Gandhi Ge's point was that freedom does not mean complete freedom but it will be of colonial status.
However Muhammad Ali Johar announced "I don't believe in colonial status. I have declared that my school
of thought is complete freedom. I will not go to my slave land until I shall not be able to take the soul of
freedom with me. If you don't give us freedom in India, you will have to give me the place for grave."
25. Paragraph Y
;ل ا
ِ s
۔ﮨI J
ار
ﮩ" ﮨ0
ں اور ز, ?# Q
H ﮯ ﮟsM p`( ں ﮟ ;
`" ﮟV0W ا?] اور ?
ن9
S (S SS ﮯu ;W ﮦ0M ﮯd1 مf ر اور ا <ﮯ اﮩ, ﮯش پوں پ دونڈں اI اﮩ ں ﮯ ۔ش
۔. 1 ! " ;! ہ ز ِر8ار روx`] دو ﮨ8١٩١ ار روپء مx ں دس ﮨ8 س دو ں ! ﮨ ﮦ زر ! ; " اور
ﮯd.۔
Molana Zafar Ali Khan and Zameendar played a vital role in launching a movement in favour of Turky
during the Wars of Tripoli and Balqan. The paper and its editor both were in front line in the movement
raising funds for the movement of Hilal-i-Ahmer. In 1913, he went to Constantinople to present contribution
of the Muslims of India to Turkish Prime Minister. On this, the government held the security of Zameendar as
a punishment for it in 1913. In 1914, ten thousand security and press both were seized.
26. Paragraph Z
ا " مسS ح0W ﭩg | ںgK1 وع ﮨ ئ د$ " ن م اس وD g?V = وﮦ اW ﮯI س ۔ںV ﮩرk وﮨ ں
ئI ; دادا0 ﮍا رو ج رﮨ1 بGD ام اc1 ۔ ﮯ داراS ح ان0WﮯZ " ﮨ7 ^ ^ ر7 D ﮯd1۔
] 8 ن واD و0س م ﮨV ح0W 8ﮯZ ﮨ: $ س ۔ںf? g ; " ﮩ? اا8 ;د' ںW' W fB# ِ اZ
ائ8 ﮯ اور &پ ان ﮯI رe] م ۔ﭨ ٹ سوV ح ج0W ﭩg ںS ?ﮯI . ال ﮯD#ا
J 0 g8 " اور روادار روش ﮩ0 g8 او، ﮩ ﮯq ح ا0W ﭩg ﮯ۔d. & 7 ?; ں م"ر وﮦ ان ﮯ ز`ِِاg ں
Mr. Jinnah started taking interest in politics when he was in England. There famous leader of Congress Dada
Bhai Noro Ge contested the election of the House Of Commons. Jinnah proved to be an impressive worker
for him. On return to India Jinnah joined Congress. 'Stagnation' which was a salient feature of Muslim
politics, was against to the fighting spirit of the Quaid-i-Azam. So, he naturally leaned towards Congress. In
1906, Dada Bhai Noro Ge was the President of Congress and Quaid became his private secretary. In
Congress, Mr. Jinnah liked G. K. Goklay's moderation and impartiality, very much and got influence from
him. Mr. Jinnah used to say, "I want to become the Goklay of Muslims."
Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show relation of the person or thing to something
else.
Simple Prepositions: At, by, to, in, from, of, on, up, off, with, till, through, for, out.
Compound Prepositions:About, above, across, along, amidst, among, amogst, around, before, behind, below,
Phrase Prepositions (Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition.): According to, along with,
away from, agreeably to, because of, by dint of, by means of, by virtue of, by way of, by reason of, conformably
to, for the sake of, in accordance with, in case of, in addition to, in behalf of, on behalf of, in favour of, in lieu
of, in place of, in order to, instead of, inspite of, in reference to, in compliance with, in course of, in
consequence of, in the event of, owing to, on account of, with reference to, with regard to, with a view to, with
an eye to.
Following prepositions come after some of the words that start with A.
Further More
1. Set A
Accustomed to:
د#
ﮨ
2. Set B
Adequate to:ﮨ ف
Adjacent to: (?
Adorn with:
3. Set C
4. Set D
He is amateur at comprehension.
5. Set E
I apologized to my mother.
6. Set F
7. Set G
Attach to: p? g0 ﮯ
8. Set H
Avail of:
"
ﮦ اﭨ5Q
$
Aware of:
" ﮨa
Applicable to:
" ! ﮨ
Appetite for:
*. رXاﮨ
Back out:
"
> ے ﮯ5Aو
You can not back out as the agreement has been signed now.
To back out, is against Islam.
Bear up:
*.ہ ر78 9
Don’t worry and bear up all the hardships with patience.
Bear up this heat a while we will soon get shower.
Bear upon:
7
D
His arguments did not bear upon the judge.
Ahmad wished to bear upon the Principal but could not.
Bear out:
ق
The result bore out his claims.
The last kick bore out the victory.
2. Set B
Bent on:^ 8
ﮨ
ا8
ت
He was bent on selling this house.
She was bent on taking the revenge.
3. Set C
Bound for:]
Q =
W
Akbar was bound for the function hall.
She was bound for the zoo.
4. Set D
Break with:
". ﮍاI>
I gave him no chance to break with me.
Instead you break with others, better reconcile.
Break down:اب,
W ا
م ﮨ
Akbar's car broke down by the coast.
The jack broke down when the driver was under the car.
5. Set E
Burst into:
" رو. ٹ ٹ
She burst into tears.
The result forced her to burst into tears.
Call at: ]
W I. ﮯ
I called at his house last Monday.
You called at my house the other day.
2. Set B
3. Set C
Come about:
"
>وا]`ہ ﮨ
How did the accident come about?
A new drama has come about the stage.
Come by:
". ;8
9ً
]
PVا
You came by the invitation card quite unexpectedly.
I came by the victory.
Come of:
"_ ه7` "=; ﮯ
He comes of a respectful family.
Majority of Indians come of Mongols.
Come off:
م.
"اب ﮨ
They finally came off after a long time.
It is difficult to come off the goal.
Come out:
"%
مAq*
The special issue was expected to come out before Eid.
Our new design has come out.
Comment on:
". ﮦcaV
I shall not comment on the issue of power politics.
Please comment on the Kashmir issue.
4. Set D
Complain about:
0
". ت
No use to complain about shortage of power.
He always complains about public security.
Composed of:
"; ﮨ-
Our family is composed of seven members only.
Normally every hand is composed of five fingers.
Confer with:
". رﮦ-
I like to confer with others.
The advocate requested the court to confer with the party.
Confess to:
". افAﮯ
*ﮯ ا.
He has confessed to the police.
I always confess my mistakes to God.
5. Set E
Confidence in:
"
د ﮨAا
She had no confidence in herself.
The sales girl had confidence in us so she told the truth.
Confident of:
"
د ﮨAا
The driver was confident of his skill.
Sitara was confident of her success.
Confined to:
"ود ﮨ5u V
Akbar was confined to zeero due to deflation of dollar.
Akbar was confined to failure due to long absence.
Conform to:
*. ر#<
Y ﮯ
Your ambitions conform to your struggle.
All the conditions conform to the agreement.
Congratulate on:
ر
د دa
"
My mother congratulated me on my safe return.
The engineer congratulated him on the approval of his plan.
Consist of:
** . ; ﮯ
This team consists of sixteen players.
The faculty of our college consisted of eighteen professors.
Conspire against:
". ف
زشT ﮯ.
One should not conspire against his own country.
Your name is not among those who conspired against the principal.
6. Set F
Contend with:
". 5و>ﮩ5>
One can not contend with the whole society.
Always be contended with the fate.
Contribute to:
". Dاﮨ$-ﮦ د5*F
"
All contributed to this success.
You should contribute to make our show a success?
Convince of:
]
". ;Q
It is difficult to convince the public of shortage of power.
We should convince the children of their short comings.
Cooperate with:
". `
ونV ﮯ
The relatives of the patient should cooperate with the paramedical staff.
The parents should cooperate with the teachers.
Cope with:
" . ہ7
< ﮯ#ﮨ
We should cope with the international community.
Our team failed to cope with the pressure of the opposition.
Correspond to:
*. ر#<
Y ﮯ
In an equilateral triangle each angle corresponds to opposite side.
Fuel prices in Pakistan must correspond to international rates.
Count on:
".
رcu" ا
I count on my own skills.
Pakistan counts on its atomic capability.
Cry out:
"
ر0 زور ﮯ
The passengers cried out for help.
The infant cried out for mother.
Cure for:
". جTA
It is difficult to cure a liar.
Doctors are trying to cure the my father for many days.
Deal in:
".
رو
ر.
Aslam deals in jewellery.
America deals in arms.
Depend on:
".
رcu" ا
Our power system depends chiefly on water.
Our power system can depend on coal energy also.
Deprive of:
". ومu ﮯ
The passengers were deprived of their precious belongings.
The visitor was deprived of his mobile.
Derive from:
". }ﮯ ا
Most of the laws in the British Constitution are derived from Islam.
Basic human rights are derived from the last sermon of the Holy Prophet(PBUH).
2. Set B
Differ from:
". فTا
The fake note differs hardly from the real one.
Every face differs from the other.
Distinguish from:
". =سu ق$
It is difficult to distinguish the fake from the original.
To distinguish from wrong to right is a difficult job.
Eager for:
"
ق ﮨ-
Iam eager for Pak India Cricket Series.
You seem eager for a hearty meal now.
Efficient in:
" ﮨ5`= ]
; اور
She is very efficient in maintaining the house.
Afridi is efficient in getting fifty, but not beyond.
Eligible for:
"
اﮨ; ﮨ.
I am eligible for the post of camera man.
You are eligible for this assignment.
Entitled to:
"_ ﮨu=
.
Akbar was entitled to every favour from my side.
We are entitled to protest for our rights.
2. Set B
Excel in: ﮯ >
"
ﮯ
ز
Iran has excelled in nuclear field on the rest of world.
I have excelled in the business of plastic products.
Envious of:
". 5=9 ﮯ
They are envious of her progress.
India is envious of Pakistan's nuclear power.
Fall off:
"
> ﮨD.
The fall off oil prices in the world is being observed these days.
Dollar fell off due to Dubai World's crises.
Famous for:
"ﮩر ﮨ-
Newton is famous for his laws of motion.
Faiz is famous for his beautiful poetry.
2. Set B
Fond of:
"_ ﮨQ
.
My son is fond of ice-cream.
She is fond of travelling.
Gaze at:
"!ر
The cat was gazing at the rat.
The judge gazed at the murderer and sentenced death.
Get down:
"Vا
Soon the passengers got down the plane.
I get down the roof at 6 am daily.
Get in:
"دا; ﮨ
Akbar got in the business just by chance.
The candidates got in the hall after showing their slips.
Glad at:
"ش ﮨ
The father was glad at his flight to New York.
Akbar was glad at leaving to Pakistan.
Go about:
*ﭩa" ہ ﮯ
ص ح7U=
I shall go about in a different way.
It may be a long way yet I shall go about.
Grasp at:
" ﮍ0
He grasped my neck with his right hand.
The shooter grasped at his gun in no time.
Greedy for:
"
ﮨ.
.
The crow was greedy for meat.
The fox was greedy for the grapes.
Grateful to:
"!@ار ﮨ0
I am grateful to you for your help.
He was grateful to his friends for their visit.
Guilty of:
"روار ﮨc]
She was found guilty of backbiting.
He is guilty of his wqife's murder.
Hand over:
". اﮯ9
Please hand over all the files to me.
I have handed over my CV to the manager.
Hang over:
" ﮨ5*0$
His conscience hung over drawing close to the grave.
World Cup hung over everyone about security risks.
Heir to:
"وارث ه
Her daughter is the only heir to his property.
An adopted daughter can not be a heir to the deceased.
Hint at:
". ا
رﮦ
Present situation is hinting at mid-term elections.
Government hints at the need of power generation.
Hold out:
*.ﮍے ر0
She held out her books in her right hand.
She hold out the camera for photography.
Ignorant of:
" ﮨJ]"
وا
I am an ignorant of traffic laws.
You should not be an ignorant of Islamic laws.
Inform of:
". y7Y
The police was informed of the accident.
I informed of the actual facts to the judge.
Impose on:
". 5Q
A
The duty was imposed on all imported items.
The fine was imposed on the late comers.
Impart to:
"
o* ﮩV
The teacher imparted the lesson to the students.
Islam imparts to us the concept of right and wrong.
Indebted to:
" ﮨ5* =
ن9ا
I am indebted to her timely help.
The student was indebted to the teacher's extra time.
Involved in: ث ه"
م7 ں
Akbar was not involved in this theft.
His brother was involved in this business.
2. Set B
Indifferent to:
"ﮯ ﮯ واﮦ ﮨ
Man can be indifferent to nature.
He is indifferent to all sorts of advices.
Indulge in:
"ث ﮨ7
He was indulged in smuggling.
You were indulged in learning.
Innocent of:
"ﮯ !*
ﮦ ه
I am ignorant of the company laws.
The government is not innocent of suguar crisis.
Insist on:
".ار8ا
I always insist on getting education.
The child insisted on having ice-cream.
Introduce to:
"ا. `
رف
Afzal was not introduced to public ever before.
The children were not introduced to Chemistry.
Kind to:
"ﮩ
ن ﮨ
My teacher is kind to me.
Almighty is kind to every one.
Knock down:
"
I بb زور ﮯ
Power does not mean to knock down everyone.
India was knocked down by Sri Lanka in third One-day.
3. Set C
Long for:
" ﮨ5*رزو%
She is longing for immigration to Canada.
I am longing for another opportunity.
Looking forward:
".5*=- هنq*ا
I am looking forward to see you.
She was looking forward for her degree.
Make out:
* ; ﮯ0-
I can not make out any meaning of this sentence.
You can make out my question if you try.
Mix up with:
*7 D
ﮨ
Sugar was mixed up with milk.
She avoids to be mixed up with us.
2. Set B
Necessary for: ورb
Water is necessary for power generation.
Oxygen is necessary for life.
3. Set C
Object to:
". اضA ا
I objected to his baseless apprehension.
The mother objected to my behaviour.
Overcome with:
"ب ه7 >}
ت ﮯ
She had been overcome with sorrow on his father's death.
He was overcame with joy and burst into tears.
Obedience to:
". #A
ا
Did you show the same obedience to his mother?
He has great obedience to his elders.
Part from:
"
> ا ﮨ5> ﮯ
A rose parted from the branch loses fragrance.
We must not part from the centre.
Part with:
"
> ﮨhا
I can not part with my belongings.
My son can not part with music.
Pray for:
".
Aﮯ دU ﮯ.
The whole nation prays for the best future of Pakistan.
I always pray for my son's success.
2. Set B
Preside over:
". ارت58
The chairman will preside over the meeting.
The MD will preside over today's session.
Proficient in:
"
ﮨ ﮨ
My teacher is proficient in his subject.
Our gardener is proficient in his profession.
Prominent in:
"
"اں ﮨ
He is prominent in resolving problems.
She was prominent in Fine Arts.
Proud of:
" ﮨ$
He is proud of his skills.
Mrs. Akbar is proud of her dress.
Pull down: د#=0
"
". ا =
ر-
"!ا
Australia pulled down Pakistan from the tournament.
CM ordered to pull down all illegal plazas.
3. Set C
Put aside:
*. ر.
o D] رeo.
We have to put something aside for future.
Ali uses to put aside nothing for the rest of his life.
Put on:
**ﮩ
She put on quite a different dress yesterday.
Do not put on the coat before you knot the tie.
Put up with:
". #دا-
". !@ارﮦ
I can not put up with your rude behaviour.
Poor rabbits cannot put up with the roaming of the hungry wolves.
Plunge into:h"TF
"
I ہlا
I plunged into mud in the dark.
To plunge into a dispute without knowing facts, is a great mistake.
Quick at: ).
م م.
*.ں دس ر
She is quick at answering the questions.
I am not quick at understanding the facts.
Quarrel with:
". ﮍاI> ﮯ
It is easy to quarrel with others but difficult to resolve the issues.
He always quarrels with me.
Rebel against:
".
وت
Hindu Rajas always rebelled against the Mugals.
To rebel against the state law is treason.
Refrain from:
". از9ا
One can refrain from bad company.
A good citizen refrains from violations.
Rejoice at:
"ش ﮨ
The people rejoiced at crowning the Prince.
All the relations rejoiced at this marriage.
Regard for:
"ام ﮨ9"
ا. ا
I have a great regard for my teachers.
Who does not regard others, remains regardless.
Relieve of:
".
رغ$
The President relieved of Chairman PTCL.
The prisoners of very short sentence were relieved of.
2. Set B
Rely on:
".
دA ا
I absolutely rely on my father.
Do not rely on others' help.
Remind of/about:
"اد د
Please remind me about this matter next morning.
She politely reminds me of my mistakes.
Repent on:
"
o
I repent on my mistakes.
It is good to repent on sins.
Rescue from:
"
o ﮯ
We were rescued from dangers by them.
The drowned man was rescued from the river by Navy.
Retreat from:
*!
)وا-
" ﮯJ]
Indian Army had to retreat from the line of control.
She had to retreat from her claim.
Rule over:
". #09
The Muslims ruled over Europe for eight hundred years.
The British ruled over subcontinent for two hundred years.
Search for:
". شTV
What are you searching for?
She searched for her teacher in the whole school.
See out:
"
> ڑ "ﮯF V دروازے
My mother went to see them out.
The peon came to see the visitor out.
See to: *
خ.ال ر
I shall see to their problems myself.
She will see to every convenience for her guests.
See off:
*ﮩ. اداع
We went to see off our brother at the airport.
My mother went to the gate to see off the guests.
Seek out:
". شTV eV
ﮯ. @مA
He was seeking out a book for CSS.
She sought out more than one solutions of her problem.
Send for:
"ا7
Saqib sent for his friends.
The MD sent for the accountant.
Set in:
".
زl%
The rainy period will set in after June.
The examination fever has set in.
2. Set B
Set out:
"روا"ہ ﮨ
He will set out at dawn.
Ants set out in search of food early in the morning.
Slave of:
** مTl
We are slaves of our desires.
Pakistan has become a slave of America.
Shocked at:
*o*ہ ﮩ58
Everybody is shocked at the constant failures of Pakistan Cricket Team.
The judiciary was shocked at the promotion of Mr. Hameed Dogar as CJP.
Shoot at:
". Q
$
He shot at the flying crane.
I can shoot at the running tiger.
Short of:
" ﮨD.
He is short of sympathy for me.
We are short of sugar nowadays.
Shout at:).
"TF
Don't shout at me.
One should not shout at the needy.
Stand by:
".
رq"ا- دeV
"
Please stand by the next orders.
I shall stand by you in every thick and thin.
3. Set C
Start on:
".
زl%
.
م.
The newly appointed judges have started on their duties.
We shall start on our work soon.
Start up:
". وع
He left the job to start up his own business.
The fresh campaign will start up next Monday.
Strive for:
". X. #
If you strive for good result, you will be successful.
She strove for the position of principal.
Suspicious of:
" ﮨ
Why are you suspicious of victory?
To be suspicious of success means defeat before time.
2. Set B
Want of: f
He is in want of a big house.
We are not in want of hurry.
2. Set B
Chapter 6 : Letters
1. Introduction
Letter is a mode of written conversation or conversation by post. Letters are written to express views.
Further More
1. Kinds Of Letters
Formal Letters: These are the official letters that focus on a particular subjet and no other details or
Informal Letters: These are the letters to family and friends which include the unnecessary details apart
2. Parts Of A Letter
Each letter has three parts; the beginning, the main matter and the ending.
Beginning
Personal address
Date
Main Matter
Greeting sentences
Main theme
Summing up sentences
Ending
Signature
Name
Note: An official letter has a title of the subject matter also, but does not have the 'greeting sentences'.
2. Formal Letters
These are the official or business letters that focus on a particular subjet and no other details or irrelevant things
are included.
Further More
1. Letter To A Newspaper; For Donation For The Poor Students
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 7, 2010.
The Editor,
The Post,
Lahore.
Dear Sir,
It is to inform the public about a book bank and a joint fund for the poor students of Govt. Post
Graduate College For Boys Bahawal Nagar. Account No. 0000486786 of The National Bank, Main Branch,
Bahawal Nagar, has been opened to welcome the donations of the public. Whereas the book bank housed in
the college building, with gratitude receives books on all subjects; not only course books but general ones as
well.
The books and money donated by people to this joint fund and book bank, will be provided to the poor
students of Intermediate, Graduate and Post Graduate levels, of this college in order to make them able to
and to see the arrangements made by us to make it sure that the bank and fund should work properly.
Yours truly,
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 7, 2010.
The Editor,
The News,
Lahore.
Dear Sir,
It is an earnest desire of every citizen that some new larger and better libraries should be constructed
in our city or old ones shoul be equiped with thousands of new books on all subjects. As our city has a larg
amount of younger population, like school going children and collegiates, so the need for libraries has realy
To achieve this goal, six small libraries of the city can be merged into two or three bigger libraries; by adding
a number of books on advance disciplines, in the each unit.
More than one reading rooms, photocopying facilities, CDs and computers should also be provided in the
libraries.
Members should be allowed to sit in the reading rooms, as long as they wish. Libraries should remain open
on the holidays so that students can take advantage of these. Like big cities, libraries should also be opened in
small villages and towns. The education of the village folks, is the greatest need of time and libraries are the
Yours truly,
X.Y.Z.
3. Informal Letters
The letters which include the unnecessary details apart from the main theme, and are written to family and
friends.
Further More
1. Letter To Uncle, Thanking For The Birthday Gift.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 7, 2010.
My Dear Uncle,
Your parcel has been received today. I opened it with utmost curiosity. Once again, your love
has broken all records. Your sincerity and choice both are praise-worthy.
I was already thinking that now I must have a watch. So, you have filled my desire. I do not know, how did
Time telling gift reminds the value of time. Your choice and love are matchless. I was without a watch till
I wore it twice and it added to my personality. Then I put it on the table and started writing these lines of
Every tick of it will remind me of your love and affection.I am proud to be your nephew every second.
Regards,
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 7, 2009.
My dear Mother,
I received your letter yesterday. My great Mama, you should not be as much worried about my
health. I had an attack of cold last week. As usual, I had a bad throat also. As per advice of the doctor, I
stopped to drink cold water. After two days of having medicine, I have recovered now and working as usual.
Ali’s mother also came to see me, in the hostel. She gave me a good deal of advice, as well. Now, I am
perfectly all rigt and as active as before. So please, stop worrying about my health. No doubt, my early
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 9, 2010.
My dear Mother,
I received your letter last week. I was busy in my monthly tests so, I could not reply it. Thus
you can not call it a negligence of mine. My full devotion was towards my tests.
Just one hour ago, I have collected my test report. Thank God, as usual I have got more than ninety percent
marks. My teachers were also very happy. But they do not know that I have a mother like you, who always
prays for my benevolence.
My thanks for the whole life, cannot be equivalent to your prays and I am sure that your affection and prays
will continue for ever. And thus, my victory will remain out of the reach of the devils. As long as the sun
X.Y.Z.
4. Letter To Father; To Inform Him About The Result And To Request Him To Send Some Money
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
My Dear Father,
I hope that you will read this letter of mine in the best of your health. It will once again add to
your mood and health that I have passed the 9th class examination with 722 marks, out of 850 getting A
grade.
Next year, I shall appear in the Secondary School Examination, Insha Allah. Our new session has set in. I feel
my duties to the best of my concern. I am not only a young boy now. I want a bright future without crutches.
Your prays and my devotion will always be supporting to my cause a lot. My devotion will not be able to
other basic necessities as well. Therefore, I need rupees three thousand immediately. Please send this amount
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 2, 2010.
My Dear Brother,
Yesterday, I got your progress report from your college. I am glad, like everyone in the house,
about your standing first in the class. I appreciate your sincerity towards the studies. Since, I want to add that
Naturally, your class fellows will also try to copy your schedule of studies and the duration of time, you
divide over the whole day. Some of them may plan to compete you in the next test. Some of your colleagues
may be prejudiced, and some envious. Therefore, you will have to face them both. I am your well-wisher. Not
only I desire or think, but also pray for your victory every time. But you are the sole manufacturer of the
excellent blend of your time and study, within your reach and choice. To maintain this, excellence should be
your goal and objective now. Do relax but sufficiently enough to maintain efficiency.
May God Almighty bless you a success even better in future.
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
My dear Father,
Yesterday, when I entered my hostel room, a letter from young Ahmad was waiting for me by
the door. I have come to know from his letter that mother was taken to the hospital two days back. Since that
time, I am restless. It is difficult for me to concentrate my lessons. I cannot attend to my lectures. Her face
always remains before me, in every direction. She was already very weak after a long ailment.
Please take care of her health and consult some adequately qualified specialist in this regard also. If my blood
is required, please do not hesitate for a single second to wait for it.
In every prayer, my prays have now been confined to her recovery. May God Almighty bless her with vigour
and health!
Only an immediate reply can give me some relief.
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 3, 2010.
My Dear Friend,
Ahsan made me a call yesterday, saying that you have cleared Matriculation Examination in
flying colours. I rushed to the computer to see the result. I had your roll number, as well. Therefore, it was not
difficult at all to see your result. It was not a wonder for me to find you clutching fifth position, whereas we
were expecting even a higher position, like first, second or third. You had burnt your midnight oil, and left no
stone unturned to achieve the position. It is really a fabulous success. Your father, mother, sisters and
brothers would be flying high in the air. Your marvelous success must have raised the heads of your parents
and teachers with pride. Everybody will be congratulating you even unwantedly.
I would suggest you to move forward with the same zeal and zest. My parents are also congratulating you and
your parents.
I intend to arrange a party for you in near future, then we shall invite you and your family. Please let me
Yours sincerely,
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 5, 2010.
Dear Friend,
I have just received your letter. When I was opening the envelop, I felt an unknown fear. I could
not understand it. When I read it, it put me in a deep well where I could not escape any way. I could not read
the whole of it because it got wet with my tears. It is not a legend, but a reality.
When I met your mother last year, she was quite fit. But nature has its own ways. Man cannot reach them.
Can man conquer nature? Impossible. Sooner or later, everyone has to die. Grave is the eternal destination of
everyone.
Now instead of taking this loss to heart, it's better to be contented to nature’s decisions. There is no escape or
I pray to the Almighty to bless eternal peace to the departed soul and relief to sobbing hearts, left behind.
Yours sincerely,
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 6, 2010.
My Dear Friend,
Our schools are closing from tomorrow. I have come to know that your schools are closing
from June 07, 2010. I would like you to come to me during the vacation. My father and mother are willing
You know well that Lahore is a big city. It has a historical background also. There are historical buildings
worth seeing and a big zoo. A big city has its own charm and beauty. There are many parks and swimming
pools also. There are shrines of famous and well known Saints; Data Darbar is among very prominent ones.
You must have seen the photo-graphs of Shahi Mosque. When you visit it personally, you will feel the
difference. Your visit to Lahore will remain in your memory for long time. To keep the memorable moments,
we shall use the camera also. These photo-graphs will become a part of our past.
Please reply urgently and tell about the date of your arrival, as well as the train in which you are arriving so
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 9, 2010.
My Dear Friend,
I received your letter one week ago. I could not reply you earlier because my tests were in
progress. I am just coming after taking the last paper of Urdu. Unfortunately, my Grammar Book and the help
book of English have been lost during this time. I have asked the local stationers for these books but they
said, these books are not available nowadays so it will take some time to bring them. I am in need of them so
Therefore, you are requested to send these books to me. As soon as I get these books, I shall return them to
Regards,
Yours sincerely,
X.Y.Z.
11. Letter To Father; To Tell Him The Reasons Of Your Failure
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
My Dear Father,
In your last letter you, quite expetedly and rightly, have asked me why I am failed so badly in
the exams of Intermediate. As you know about my illness which prevailed over the two very important and
close to examination months of January and Faburary, paved the way to my failure. My constant headache,
During these two months, I could neither attend the college regularly nor could I learn the whole course.
Another reason of my failure was the untimely transfer of our techer of Chemistry. After his departure, the
college administration could not provide us new teacher immediately and we had to learn Chemistry by
ourselves for two months. So, even after spending the time of other subjects on Chemistry, I not only failed to
understand it but also wasted away the time of other subjects over it.
Anyhow, no one can defeat the fait. Man is for work and God is for reward. So, after burrying the past
behind, I have started to work with new zeal. Now I am studying hard and hope to pass the examination with
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
My Dear Father,
I am writing this letter in order to satisfy your question regarding my first impression of college
life. Contrary to the school life, here we are free to move around and discuss all sorts of matters, not only
with students but also with teachers. Rules are there, but not so strict as they were in the school. The most
fantastic thing of college is that there is no home-work. The freedom of college life makes the students more
responsible. Here it is upto them whether they work hard and make their lives or mar it by de-utilizing its
freedom. All the teachers are not only very qualified and co-operative but are keen to impart education and
College life not only equips the students with knowledge but also with confidence. I think, it is a laboratory
However, regardless of all this freedom of thoughts and actions, it is our duty to concentrate our subjects and
develop a high moral character. And Insha Allah, you will find me determined.
X.Y.Z.
13. Letter To Friend; To Tell Him About The Profession You Would Like To Adopt
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
My Dear Friend,
I received your letter yesterday. You have asked me about the profession, I would like to adopt.
Life of today has become very risky; traffic accidents, bomb blasts, fires, short circuits, civil wars, terrorist
activities, floods, earthquakes and many other negative effects of directionless development of human society
have really made the medical profession a great benefactor of the human society. So, if anyone want to
comfort the suffering humanity and lessen the pains of those who are suffering and ailing, he should adopt the
medical profession. That is why I have decided to become a doctor. I have taken pre-medical subjects in
Intermediate and have started to apply maximum effort in order to make my dream real.
Yours sincerely,
X.Y.Z.
14. Letter To Friend; About A Bomb Blast You Witnessed
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 3, 2010.
My Dear Friend,
I am writing this letter to you in order to comfort my own self and to lessen my own sorrow by
sharing some sad memories with you. To tell you the truth, I am so sad nowadays that it really, has become
unbearable for me to absorb the whole sorrow, alone. I can not tell you how much frightened I feel even now,
when I think about that bomb blast which I witnessed a week before.
I was going for a picnic with my parents in a car along The Mall. As we approached the High Court, we heard
a loud explosion. The explosion shook up the whole surroundings. The smoke was being seen rising from
some of the buildings. But the windowpanes of many had been broken down. Cries of the people, wailing
children and the sobbing women were making the atmosphere gloomy to the last extent.
The whole traffic was at a standstill. A pool of blood could be seen even from a long distance. The parts of
the dead bodies of many unfortunate persons could also be seen spread all around. Those who were hurt,
Ambulances, fire-brigades and rescue workers started reaching there, in no time. Eight people died at the spot
and dozens of them were injured so critically that there was only a least hope of their recovery. In addition to
innocent people.
Yours sincerely,
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 7, 2009.
My dear Mother,
I received your letter yesterday, in which you have asked about my hostel life. Although I
have a very busy schedule here but due to the presence of so many classmates and friends about, whole time
I use to rise early in the morning and rush to the hostel mosque for Fajar prayers. Then I get back to hostel,
take bath, wear uniform and after having a light brakefast from the hostel canteen, I rush to college, with my
satchel on my shoulder. Here I take periods from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. and retun to hostel tires enough. After
changing uniform, I move to mess and have such a handsome lunch which lulls me enough that I find myself
only able to sleep. So on reaching my room I lie on my bed and become unconscious of my surroundings. I
get up in the afternoon, offer Asar prayers, take my evening tea along my roommate and classmates and then
all of us start a long, amusing, interesting and fruitful session of combine study with a sweet and hearty blend
of jokes, chunks, parodies, chuckles and healthy exchange of views and debates on different issues that range
from politics to cricket, religion to literature and science to current affairs. This session lasts till so late at
Thus sweet mother my days and nights are passing in a very healthy, educational and motivational
environment. You need not at all to get worry about me, by the grace of Good I am quite happy here, under
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 5, 2010.
Dear Friend,
Your last letter made me happy by informing that you have passed your Matriculation
examination with cradit. As for as your question of choosing subjects in Intermediate is concerned, I think
this question must be asked from none other than your heart. A student can learn properly, only when he has
However, present trends and demand of a particular subject in the public or private sector, also have their
own significance.
I know that you are a born Mathematician. You have been taking good marks in Maths since childhood. you
are very sharp in Mathematical operations. Mathematics and Physics are very close to each other. A
handsome part of Physics has a Mathematical base. Due to the modern advancement in the industrial sector,
As third subject, I think Chemistry will be the best option because by selecting it, you will be eligible to take
so my dear this is what I thought but final decision will certainly of yours. May Allah award you with His
matchless guidance.
Yours sincerely,
X.Y.Z.
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
January 3, 2010.
My Dear Friend,
I hope this letter will find you in the best of health and spirits. Today I am writing you for a
very special matter. My brother’s marriage is taking place on the 25th of this month. It will be a great honour
for me and my family to have your presence in the ceremony. We are to take the Barat to Okara in the
Saturday evening. After the holy ceremony of Nikah and other related conventional practices, the party will,
Insha Allah return at mid night. But don’t worry because the next day will be a Sunday and all of us will be
I shall dispatch the formal invitation card to you, three days later, as these are in printing process so far. Due
to our special relation, I find it necessary to inform you earlier so that you may finish the required
preparations in time.
I am sure that you will enjoy here a lot, and we shall enjoy your company, a lot. Many other old friends are
also coming to attend the ceremony. You will be happy to find a pleasant break in the arduous daily routine.
Try to reach at least two days before the ceremony. Inform me about the exact date of your arrival so that I
Yours sincerely,
X.Y.Z.
1. Applications
Application is a formal statement to ask for someone’s permission for a particular purpose like a job, a grant of
Further More
1. Application For Leave On Account Of Illness
The Principal,
City A.B.C.
Sir,
Most respectfully, I very humbly request that I have been suffering from fever since last night. I went to
the doctor, he said that fever will diminish after 4 hours. The whole night passed but the fever is still
constant.
Therefore, I am unable to leave the bed. Kindly grant me leave for one day.
X.Y.Z.
The Principal,
City A.B.C.
Sir,
With due reverence, I state that I have an urgent piece of work at home. Therefore, I am unable to come to
Yours Obediently,
X.Y.Z.
The Principal,
Sir,
Most respectfully, it is submitted that I have to go to Karachi to attend a marriage of my cousin. It will
Therefore, you are requested kindly to grant me leave for three days. I shall be highly obliged for the gracious
Yours Obediently,
X.Y.Z.
The Principal,
City A.B.C.
Sir,
With due respect, it is submitted that I have been fined Rs. 200, for being absent from the college for nine
days.
I am the only son of my father and I have two of my sisters and mother at home. My father is in Saudi Arabia
and my mother got ill so much that she was taken to hospital. I, being the only male member of my family
I am sorry, I could not send my application to you. Anyhow, now my mother is getting well and I am back to
college. I am submitting the copies of the hospital papers which are the proof of my factual absence.
Kindly remit my fine. I shall be highly obliged for the special favour in this regard.
Yours Obediently,
X.Y.Z.
The Principal
City A B C.
Sir,
With due reverence, I submit that I have joined this college as first year science student. I have got 844
marks out of 950 in Matriculation. In every subject I got A plus grade. My father’s earning is too poor to feed
six children.
Therefore, I request your gracious-self to give me full fee concession. I am sure that a man of your repute
shall consider and encourage a student who wants to bring the college a repute by achieving a position at the
Board level. Your favour will encourage me to continue my education with the same zeal and zest.
I shall be highly thankful to you for a very sympathetic favour in this regard.
Yours obediently,
City A.B.C.
Sir,
I have just passed my B.Com. examination from Baha-u-Din Zikriya University, Multan. Now I intend to
Therefore, I need a domicile certificate, as this is the requirement of the admission. Since, my father was a
Government employee, he was transferred to Multan. Therefore, we remained with him and got admission
there. My father was retired in 1992. He died in 1999; his death certificate is also attached herewith. I got my
CNIC from Multan, whereas I was born in Lahore. My birth certificate, Matriculation Certificate and all other
necessary documents, duly attested by the first class magistrate, are attached herewith. All the necessities and
formalities are fulfilled accordingly.
Kindly issue me a domicile certificate, as soon as possible, so that I can submit my admission form in The
University on time.
I shall be highly obliged for this kind act at your gracious end.
Yours Obediently,
X.Y.Z.
1. Stories
Story is a piece of writing based on both factual as well as fictional narration of events.
A report, a gossip, a fairy-tale, a fiction, an anecdote or a rumour can also be called a story.
A description of events and people that the writer or speaker has invented in order to entertain people.
• Defined Stories
• Undefined Stories
Further More
1. Defined Stories
These are limited, clear and precised stories, with some definite message, lesson or moral lesson, between
the lines. That is why, these are also called close ended stories or "Stories Based On Moral Lessons."
2. Undefined Stories
These are imprecised, unlimited and unclear stories, without any message or lesson, between the lines.
2. Defined Stories
These are limited, clear and precised stories, with some definite message, lesson or moral lesson, between the
lines. That is why, these are also called close ended stories or "Stories Based On Moral Lessons."
Further More
1. Do Good And Have Good
Once there was a lion. Since he was very proud of being the king. Undoubtedly, he was strong enough to over
power anyone around him. Therefore, he used to look down upon the other animals.
One fine day, the lion was enjoying mild sun bath. His long and silky hair looked so beautiful. Enjoying the
cool breeze and mild sun, the lion got asleep. A mouse happened to pass by and saw the lion taking a nap.
The mouse could not help dancing on the body of the lion.
Soon the lion awoke. On finding the mouse jumping over his body, the lion got enraged with dignity of being
the king and caught the mouse, who was in the paws of the king, in no time. Now the mouse could appeal the
lion only to spare him but when the lion denied to release him at any cost, the mouse challenged the lion if he
spares him today, he would help him in the hour of calamity. The lion laughed, made fun of him, took pity on
him and released him.
It had not been too long a time that one day a hunter caught the same lion in a net. Now the king felt helpless.
By chance, the mouse appeared there and saw the lion traped in the net. Now it was the time to repay the
forgiveness of the lion. He came close to the net and started to cut its ropes. Soon, the lion was free. He
2. Greed Is Curse
Once three friends committed to try their luck in a neighbouring country. They travelled on foot. The distance
was too long. Soon they got tired, and took rest in a cave. There they saw something shining near by. They
started digging it. Soon they knew that it was a heap of gold. They were very pleased.
Now they started thinking how to get food because they were hungry. Soon they decided that one of them
Therefore, one of them went to the city to get the food. The huge wealth made them rivals of one another.
The two in the cave planned, as soon as the third comes back, they will kill him and both will divide the gold
At the same time, the third one started thinking how to get the whole gold alone. He planned that he will take
his share of food in the city and mix poison in the food of his friends. When they take the food, they will die
The treasure remained as it was but heir greed finished their lives.
3. Might Is Right
Once a wolf was very tired, hungry and thirsty. He came to a stream to quench his thirst. He drank water to
his fill. As he was tired, he wanted to take a nap in the cool breeze near the stream. Soon he felt the smell of a
kid. He woke up, and walked up stream. There he found a kid drinking water. The flesh of the kid increased
his appetite. It was intolerable for him to spare another moment to enjoy the flesh.
He came close to the kid and roared, "How dare you to mud my water?" The poor kid told that the water was
coming to him from the wolf so how could he mud his water? Now the wolf had no reply.
Mad with hunger, the wolf again roared, "You had done so six months before, as well". The kid replied that
before six months, he was not even born. Once again, the wolf was made speechless. Mad with hunger, the
wolf roared once again, "If it were not you, it would have been your mother." Saying so, the wolf jumped at
Once there lived a stag in a forest. The stag was not only stupid but also proud. He used to go to the stream
daily to enjoy fresh water to drink. As a daily routine, he used to see his horns in the reflection of clear water,
and felt proud of them. The stag took his horns as a part of his beauty and grandeur. He used to curse his
thin legs. He always complained to God, why He had made his legs such ugly. This displeased the Nature.
One day, a hunter entered the forest. The stag was drinking water as usual. The hunter started to chase him.
When the stag heard the noise of the hoofsof the horse, he looked back and started running. He took long
jumps and left the hunter far behind. At a time when the stag was passing through the thick branches, his
horns tangled among them. He tried his best to get rid of them but fruitless. At last, the hunter reached there.
The legs which looked ugly, took him to a great distance to safety. The horns which he was proud of, made
Once there was a wood-cutter, he was very poor. He had a quality, that he was honest. Once he was cutting a
tree by the side of a river. Suddenly, his axe slipped from his hand and sank into the river. He did not know
what to do now. He was very sad. He used to earn his living with the help of that axe. He prayed to God. O’
Just then an angel appeared in the garb of a man before him. The angel asked him, what had happened? The
wood-cutter told the angel that his axe had fallen in the river, now he had no means of earning. The angel
dived into the river and after a pause he appeared with a golden axe. The angel asked if it was his axe. The
wood-cutter refused. Then the angel once again dived into the river and brought another axe of silver. The
angel, as usual asked the wood-cutter if this was his axe. The wood-cutter refused as usual. The angel dived
for the third time, into the river and brought an iron axe. Now the wood-cutter was quite happy and satisfied.
The angel was much pleased to see the honesty of the wood-cutter. He gave both the gold and the silver axes
Once there was a lion in a forest. Whenever, he was hungry, he used to come out of the cave and roared
loudly. Then the poor animals used to come to him and he made them his meal.
There were two jackals in the forest. They were very cunning.
One day, a jackal went to the other and said, "I have a plan to save ourselves." The other jackal was very
pleased to know that. He, very impatiently asked about the plan. The first said "You simply follow me and
see how I do this." So they went to the lion and said, "There is a big lion in another part of the forest. He
claims that he is bigger and more powerful than you so all of us should accept him as our king." The lion
roared and said, "Take me to that lion I shall see how does he dare to claim?"
Thus both the jackals took him to a distant well and told that the other lion was therein. The lion looked into
the well, saw his reflection in the water and mistook it as another lion. He started to roar but it was intolerable
for him to let another lion roar against him. So he grew outrageous and without caring how deep the well
Once there lived a hare and a tortoise by the side of a pool. They were fast friends. The hare enjoyed green
and fresh grass, and the tortoise used to enjoy water. Both lived happily.
The hare was proud of his swiftness. Therefore, he always rebuked the tortoise of his slow spead. Every
One day, when both of them were taking rest after lunch under a tree, the hare boasted that he was very swift
to compete any one. The tortoise kept quiet even then. All of a sudden, the hare said, "Let us have a race till
that distant well," saying so, he pointed towards a far off well. The tortoise agreed. They fixed the day and the
date.
On the decided day, the race started in time. Since the hare used to run fast so he took a dashing start and
disappeared soon. Whereas the tortoise started to creep steadily with not even half of the speed, as compared
to that of the hare. On the way, the hare thought for a while, "How the tortoise can reach me? I have run
almost half the distance by now so I should take some rest under a tree for a short while and then restart."
Then his rest continued till late in the evening. But the tortoise continued moving non-stop. The sun was well
shinning when the tortoise reached the Alexander Well.
When the hare reached the Alexander Well, he saw tortoise already sleeping there and felt much ashamed.
King Robert Bruce ruled Scotland for many years. During his regime, many battles were fought between
One day the king had to run away from the battle field to save his life. Luckily he found a cave to take
All of a sudden he saw a spider, which had fallen from its web. The spider tried several times to reach the
web but slipped every time. Bruce was very keen to see when and how the spider will reach her web.
The spider did not lose heart, and continued her attempts even after falling many times. Bruce kept on
When the sun was going to set, and dark had started to prevail, Bruce thought that the poor spider must be
tired now and will stop her fruitless efforts soon; in the mean time he saw that the spider had managed to
At this he said to himself, "How coward I am? The spider did not lose heart even after countless defeats then
why should I?" This event gave him a fresh enthusiasm. Next day new Bruce awoke, full of action and
courage. He came out of the cave, gathered his forces and attacked the English Army. This time the
victorious Bruce had taken all revenges of past defeats. He crushed the enemies and won the victory for
Scotland.
There was a farmer who had grown too old. He had three sons, young enough but doing nothing. They used
Once, the farmer fell so ill that the doctors were helpless to cure him. On feeling his death near, the farmer
One day he called for his sons. When they came, the farmer asked one to fetch some sticks from the forest
and bind them tightly in a bundle. The boy obeyed him immediately. Then the father asked his sons to try to
break the bundle one by one. Everyone tried his best but failed.
At last, the farmer asked them to untie the bundle and break one stick each. It was quite easy for them and
On this, the farmer said, "My dear sons! If you remain united, no one can defeat you but if you got separated
like the sticks, you will collapse." The lesson of the old father inspired his sons so much that right from that
Moral:
Union is strength.
Or
Once upon a timt here was a crow. He was very thirsty. He searched for water everywhere. But due to intense
hot weather, all the canals, lakes, pools and wells had gone dry and there was nothing for him to drink.
During his long and destinationless flight, he reached a garden and saw a pitcher of water placed on a
mound. The crow became happy and moved towards the pither. But when he reached there and peeped in
tthe pitcher, he got much worried to see that there was a very little water in it. He sat there and started
All of a sudden, he saw a small heap of pebbles and conceived an idea. He went to the heap, seized a pabble
in his beak, flown towards the pitcher and dropped it in the pitcher. tThe water moved up but slightly. This
gave courage to the crow and he continued this practice for hours and hours untill the water reached very
close to the brim. The crow became happy to see it, drank water to his relish and flew away.
Once there was a very cunning bat. Whenever, there came an election between the birds and the animals, she
she is a bird. When the animals seemed winning, she supported them saying, she feeds her babies through
Once before the elections, the animals realized that the bat is playing double game with them. So they
decided to quit her from their camp, if she comes to favour them.
When the election came, the animals won. As usual, the bat came to congratulate them on their success. But
the animals drew her away saying that she was a liar. The bat was very disappointed. Then she went to the
birds. But the birds also turned a deaf ear to her and pushed her away because they, too, had come to know
that she had been claiming to be an animal. Thus the bat left alone because of her selfishness.
Once a hunter had a very loyal hound. The hound was so dear to the hunter that it was considered as a family
member. Whenever the hunter went to hunt the prey in the forest, the hound remained with him for help. The
hunter had a son of six years. The mother of the child had died. The hound used to take care of the child,
every moment.
One day, the hunter went to the forest but forgot to take the hound with him. He had only a few bullets in the
pocket. On his way, he thought that the bullets are too short today. Therefore, he returned to collect more
When the hunter reached home, he saw his hound’s mouth and paws were red with blood. He could not think
anything except that the dog had killed his son. The hunter flared up and shot the dog at once.
When the son heard the shot, he came out of the house and told his father that there came a devouring wolf
but the hound killed it and saved his life. The hunter was ashamed of what he had done. He had killed his that