CL310 Mass transfer II

Course instructor:
Prof. Abhijit Chatterjee Till mid-semester
Prof. KV Venkatesh After mid-semester

Lecture timings
Tuesday 1730-1900 LH101
Friday 1730-1900 LH101

Lecture format: Slides + blackboard ... Take notes in the class

Office hours for AC: Thursday afternoon 3-5 PM, CAD center Room
No. 2
Tutorials: approximately once in two weeks
Slide 1

Course policy
Quizzes 3 pre-midsem and 3-post-midsem; TOTAL 30%
For AC part: Surprise quiz, Open-notes, notes should be written on notebook
in your handwriting, no Xerox, printouts, softcopy versions allowed

Mid-sem exam 35%

End-sem exam 35%
Bonus 5% for submitting homeworks

Textbooks
Mass transfer operations, Robert E. Treybal, McGraw Hill
W.L. McCabe, J. Smith and P. Harriot, Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,
India, 1993.
A.S. Foust, Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd Edition,
Wiley, New York. 1980
C.J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit
Operations, 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall. India, 1993.
Other materials will be uploaded on moodle
3

Course contents
Till mid-sem:

Overview of Unit Operations;

Liquid-Liquid extraction;
Leaching;
Crystallization;
Membrane processes: Ultra-filtration and reverse osmosis

Unit processes and Unit operations

Chemical process is combination of unit processes and unit
operation.

Unit processes and Unit operations

Chemical process is combination of unit processes and unit
operation.
Unit process involves chemical conversions leading to synthesis of
various useful product and provide basic information regarding the
reaction temperature and pressure, extent of chemical conversions
and yield of product of reaction nature of reaction whether
endothermic or exothermic, type of catalyst used.
Unit operations involve the physical separation of the products
obtained during various unit processes.

Example: Contact process

Example of absorption process

Gas-liquid
Slide 8

Mass transfer operations

Develop strategies to modify composition of
solutions and mixtures

Operations involves such changes based on

mass transfer are called mass transfer
operations
Slide 9

Distillation

Gas-liquid

Develop strategies to modify composition of solutions and mixtures

Petroleum refinery - Distillation column

Slide 10

Unit operations

Liquid- Liquid extraction

Solvent extraction
Membrane Process: Reverse osmosis, Ultrafiltration, Dialysis, Electrodialysis, Pervaporation
Crystallization
Adsorption and desorption, Pressure Swing adsorption, Chromatography
Crushing Grinding, Pulverizing and Screening
Absorption and stripping
Distillation: Batch distillation, Flash distillation, Azeotropic, distillation, Extractive distillation,
Reactive distillation
Solid liquid extraction
Evaporation
Fluidisation
Sublimation

When do two materials mix?

Assume non-reacting species A and B
Gibbs free energy G(N, P,T)

A+B

G
G
G
dG =
dN +
dP +
dT
N P,T
P N,T
T N,P

dG = dN + VdP SdT

Slide 12

Direct contact of two immiscible phases

Achieving separation
A
A+B

Thermodynamic Phase 1

A+B

A+B

Thermodynamic Phase 2

Slide 13

Direct contact of two immiscible phases

A+B

Thermodynamic
Phase 1

Interface
A+B

Thermodynamic
Phase 2

Slide 14

Direct contact of two immiscible phases

Thermodynamic
Phase 1

A+B

GL

GS

LL

LS

Interface
G
A+B

GG

Thermodynamic
Phase
L 2

SS
Slide 15

GL

GG

GL

GS

LL

LS

(Fractional) distillation
Acetic acid+water mixture

SS

Gas absorption
Air-ammonia mixture

Desorption

A+B

Ammonia-water

Humidification
Dehumidification
A+B
Slide 16

GS

GG

GL

GS

LL

LS

(Fractional) sublimation
Drying/desorption
(Fractional) Absorption
Water-air + silica gel
Propane+propylene + Activated carbon

SS

A+B

A+B
Slide 17

LL

GG

GL

GS

LL

LS

Liquid-liquid extraction
Acetone-water mix + CCl4

SS

Fractional extraction
Acetone-acetic acid mix + water-CCl4

Critical extraction low temperature

A+B

A+B
Slide 18

LS

GG

GL

GS

LL

LS

Adsorption

Sugarcane + activated carbon

SS

Leaching
Leaching of Au from ore by cyanide solution
Cotton-seed oil from seed by hexane

A+B

Fractional crystallization
Zone refining

Czochralski process

A+B
Slide 19

Phases separated by membrane

Gaseous diffusion/effusion: Effusion rates are
dependent on molecular weights, e.g., UF6
GAS-GAS

Permeation: Membrane is not porous,

liquid/gases are incorporated into the
membrane, then they diffuse out
GAS-GAS, GAS-LIQUID, LIQUID-SOLID

See Treybal for other types of membrane separation

Slide 20

Solute recovery and fractionation

Methane + pentane + hexane
Solute recovery = Gas absorption using non-volatile hydrocarbon oil (methane
is solvent and pentane+hexane is solute)
Fractionation = use distillation to separate pentane and hexane

A
A+B+C

A
B

A+B+C

Slide 21

Methods of conducting mass transfer

operations
Unsteady-state operations concentrations change with time in the
equipment
Batch no inflow/outflow
Semi-batch one of the phases will flow

Stationary cross-flow drier

Slide 22

Methods of conducting mass transfer

operations
Steady-state operations concentrations do not change with time in
the equipment

Example of a stage
Create interphase
Diffusing species distribute themselves
Mechanically separate two phases
Slide 23

Interface mass transfer

Equilibrium distribution

Slide 25

Interface mass transfer

Slide 26

Operating line
Steady-state concurrent process

Slide 27

Local
Loconditions

Role of local conditions

Role of the slope -Rs/Es

Transfer from phase R to E

Slide 28

HOMEWORK (Submission is required in next

lecture)
Draw & derive operating line, local conditions line for

Cocurrent flow transfer from E to R

Cocurrent flow transfer from R to E
Countercurrent flow transfer from E to R
Countercurrent flow transfer from R to E