Professional Documents
Culture Documents
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
We consider power cycles where the working fluid undergoes a phase change. The
best example of this cycle is the steam power cycle where water (steam) is the
working fluid.
2
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
The working fluid, steam (water), undergoes a thermodynamic cycle from 1-2-3-4-1.
The cycle is shown on the following T-s diagram.
3
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
T [C]
500
6000 kPa
400
300
100 kPa
200
0
0.0
100
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
s [kJ/kg-K]
th , Carnot
Wnet
Q
1 out
Qin
Qin
TL
1
TH
4
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
To increase the thermal efficiency in any power cycle, we try to increase the
maximum temperature at which heat is added.
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
The T-s diagram for the Rankine cycle is given below. Locate the processes for heat
transfer and work on the diagram.
Rankine Vapor Power Cycle
500
6000 kPa
400
3
T [C]
300
200
10 kPa
100
0
0
10
12
s [kJ/kg-K]
Example 10-1
Compute the thermal efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle for which steam leaves
the boiler as superheated vapor at 6 MPa, 350oC, and is condensed at 10 kPa.
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Pump
The pump work is obtained from the conservation of mass and energy for steady-flow
but neglecting potential and kinetic energy changes and assuming the pump is
adiabatic and reversible.
m 1 m 2 m
m 1h1 W pump m 2 h2
W pump m (h2 h1 )
7
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
W pump
m
v1 ( P2 P1 )
kJ
191.81
1
f
kg
P1 10 kPa
Sat. liquid
m3
v v f 0.00101
1
kg
w pump v1 ( P2 P1 )
m3
kJ
0.00101 (6000 10) kPa 3
kg
m kPa
kJ
6.05
kg
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
h2 wpump h1
kJ
kJ
191.81
kg
kg
kJ
197.86
kg
6.05
Boiler
To find the heat supplied in the boiler, we apply the steady-flow conservation of mass
and energy to the boiler. If we neglect the potential and kinetic energies, and note
that no work is done on the steam in the boiler, then
m 2 m 3 m
m 2 h2 Q in m 3h3
Q in m (h3 h2 )
9
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
kJ
3043.9
P3 6000 kPa 3
kg
kJ
T3 350o C
s3 6.3357
kg K
The heat transfer per unit mass is
Qin
qin
h3 h2
m
(3043.9 197.86)
2845.1
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
10
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Turbine
The turbine work is obtained from the application of the conservation of mass and
energy for steady flow. We assume the process is adiabatic and reversible and
neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
m 3 m 4 m
m h W m h
3 3
turb
4 4
Wturb m (h3 h4 )
We find the properties at state 4 from the steam tables by noting s4 = s3 = 6.3357
kJ/kg-K and asking three questions.
at P4 10kPa : s f 0.6492
kJ
kJ
; sg 8.1488
kg K
kg K
is s4 s f ?
is s f s4 sg ?
is sg s4 ?
11
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
s4 s f x4 s fg
x4
s4 s f
s fg
6.3357 0.6492
0.758
7.4996
h4 h f x4 h fg
kJ
kJ
0.758(2392.1)
kg
kg
kJ
2005.0
kg
191.81
wturb h3 h4
(3043.9 2005.0)
kJ
kg
kJ
1038.9
kg
12
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
1032.8
wnet
kg
th
kJ
qin
2845.1
kg
0.363 or 36.3%
13
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Extra Assignment
For the above example, find the heat rejected by the cycle and evaluate the thermal
efficiency from
th
wnet
q
1 out
qin
qin
14
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Reheat Cycle
As the boiler pressure is increased in the simple Rankine cycle, not only does the
thermal efficiency increase, but also the turbine exit moisture increases. The reheat
cycle allows the use of higher boiler pressures and provides a means to keep the
turbine exit moisture (x > 0.85 to 0.90) at an acceptable level.
15
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
wnet
qin
(h - h4 ) + (h5 - h6 ) - (h2 - h1 )
3
(h3 - h2 ) + (h5 - h4 )
h6 h1
1
(h3 - h2 ) + (h5 - h4 )
th
16
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Example 10-2
No Reheat
With Reheat
th
35.3%
35.9%
xturb exit
0.8159
0.9664
17
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Regenerative Cycle
To improve the cycle thermal efficiency, the average temperature at which heat is
added must be increased.
One way to do this is to allow the steam leaving the boiler to expand the steam in the
turbine to an intermediate pressure. A portion of the steam is extracted from the
turbine and sent to a regenerative heater to preheat the condensate before entering
the boiler. This approach increases the average temperature at which heat is added
in the boiler. However, this reduces the mass of steam expanding in the lowerpressure stages of the turbine, and, thus, the total work done by the turbine. The
work that is done is done more efficiently.
18
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
19
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
3000 kPa
500
5
500 kPa
T [C]
400
300
200
100
10 kPa
0
0
10
12
s [kJ/kg-K]
20
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Lets sketch the T-s diagram for this closed feedwater heater cycle.
T
21
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
22
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Lets sketch the T-s diagram for this closed feedwater heater cycle.
T
6 / m
5 be the fraction of mass extracted from the turbine for the feedwater
Let y m
heater.
m in m out
m 6 m 2 m 3 m 5
m 2 m 5 m 6 m 5 (1 y )
E in E out
m 6h6 m 2 h2 m 3h3
ym 5h6 (1 y )m 5h2 m 5h3
h h
y 3 2
h6 h2
24
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Example 10-3
An ideal regenerative steam power cycle operates so that steam enters the turbine at
3 MPa, 500oC, and exhausts at 10 kPa. A single open feedwater heater is used and
operates at 0.5 MPa. Compute the cycle thermal efficiency.
The important properties of water for this cycle are shown below.
States with selected properties
State
P
kPa
T
C
h
kJ/kg
P
kPa
Tsat
C
vf
3
m /kg
hf
kJ/kg
10
10
45.81
0.00101
191.8
500
500
151.83
0.00109
640.1
500
3000
3000
3000
500 3457.2
7.2359
500
2942.6
7.2359
10
2292.7
7.2359
233.85 0.00122
1008.3
25
w pump 1 v1 ( P2 P1 )
m3
kJ
0.00101 (500 10) kPa 3
kg
m kPa
kJ
0.5
kg
Now, h2 is found from
h2 w pump 1 h1
kJ
kJ
1918
.
kg
kg
kJ
192.3
kg
0.5
26
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
The fraction of mass extracted from the turbine for the open feedwater heater is
obtained from the energy balance on the open feedwater heater, as shown above.
kJ
h h
kg
y 3 2
0.163
kJ
h6 h2 (2942.6 192.3)
kg
(640.1 192.3)
This means that for each kg of steam entering the turbine, 0.163 kg is extracted for
the feedwater heater.
The work for pump 2 is calculated from
w pump 2 v3 ( P4 P3 )
m3
kJ
0.00109
(3000 500) kPa 3
kg
m kPa
kJ
2.7
kg
27
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Now, h4 is found from the energy balance for pump 2 for a unit of mass flowing
through the pump.
Eout Ein
h4 wpump 2 h3
kJ
kJ
640.1
kg
kg
kJ
642.8
kg
2.7
Ein Eout
m5 h5 Wturb m6 h6 m7 h7
Wturb m5 [h5 yh6 (1 y )h7 ]
wturb
Wturb
h5 yh6 (1 y )h7
m5
kJ
kg
kJ
28
kg
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
m 4 m 5
m 4 h4 Q in m 5h5
Q in m 5 (h5 h4 )
Q in
qin
h5 h4
m 5
29
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
The heat transfer per unit mass entering the turbine at the high pressure, state 5, is
qin h5 h4
(3457.2 642.8)
kJ
kJ
2814.4
kg
kg
kJ
w
kg
th net
qin 2814.4 kJ
kg
0.375 or 37.5%
1055.5
If these data were used for a Rankine cycle with no regeneration, then th = 35.6
percent. Thus, the one open feedwater heater operating at 0.5 MPa increased the
thermal efficiency by 5.3 percent. However, note that the mass flowing through the
lower-pressure turbine stages has been reduced by the amount extracted for the
feedwater and the net work output for the regenerative cycle is about 10 percent
lower than the standard Rankine cycle based on a unit of mass entering the turbine at
the highest pressure.
30
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Below is a plot of cycle thermal efficiency versus the open feedwater heater pressure.
The feedwater heater pressure that makes the cycle thermal efficiency a maximum is
about 400 kPa.
th vs OFWH Pressure
0.376
0.374
0.372
th
0.370
0.368
0.366
0.364
0.362
0.360
0
450
900
1350
Pofw h [kPa]
1800
2250
31
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Below is a plot of cycle net work per unit mass flow at state 5 and the fraction of mass
y extracted for the feedwater heater versus the open feedwater heater pressure.
Clearly the net cycle work decreases and the fraction of mass extracted increases
with increasing extraction pressure. Why does the fraction of mass extracted
increase with increasing extraction pressure?
0.25
0.23
1150
0.20
0.18
0.15
1050
0.13
1000
w net kJ/kg
1100
0.10
0.08
950
0.05
900
0
450
900
1350
1800
0.03
2250
Pofw h [kPa]
32
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Example 10-4
An ideal regenerative steam power cycle operates so that steam enters the turbine at
3 MPa, 500oC, and exhausts at 10 kPa. Two closed feedwater heaters are to be
used. Select starting values for the feedwater heater extraction pressures.
Steam
T [C]
400
300
3000 kPa
233.9 C
815 kPa
T 62.68 C
200
T 62.68 C
100
T 62.68 C
45.85 C
45.8
136.2 kPa
10 kPa
0
0
s [kJ/kg-K]
10
12
33
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
T
3
4a
P4
4s
turb
wactual
h3 h4 a
wisentropic h3 h4 s
The actual enthalpy at the turbine exit (needed for the energy analysis of the next
component) is
34
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
P2
2s
P1
pump
wisentropic
wactual
h2 s h1
h2 a h1
The actual enthalpy at the pump exit (needed for the energy analysis of the next
component) is
h2 a h1
pump
(h2 s h1 )
Condenser losses--relatively small losses that result from cooling the condensate
below the saturation temperature in the condenser.
35
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
37
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
Cogeneration Plant
A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Consider an ideal
cogeneration steam plant. Steam enters the turbine from the boiler at 7 MPa,
500 C and a mass flow rate of 30 kg/s. One-fourth of the steam is extracted from
the turbine at 600-kPa pressure for process heating. The remainder of the steam
continues to expand and exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa. The steam
extracted for the process heater is condensed in the heater and mixed with the
feedwater at 600 kPa. The mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure of 7 MPa.
Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine
a) the heat transfer from the process heater per unit mass leaving the boiler
Qdot,process = 15,774 kW.
b) the net power produced by the cycle. Wdot,net = 32,848 kW.
c) the utilization factor of the plant Qdot,in = 92,753 kW, Utilization factor = 52.4%.
38
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
39
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University
40
notes from the virtual class of ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA, M.E. Department, Central Philippine University