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my last
lecture...yippee
Part 10
Unit One
uv-vis nmr ir
conjugation C–H functional
groups
determining structure
UV
uv-vis nmr ir
look at molecules (and
determine their
structure)...
uv-vis nmr ir
look at molecules (and
determine their
structure)...
conjugation C–H
did nmr last lecture...not
functional
going to look at uv so that
leaves ir and...
groups
determining structure
O CH3
H3C N
N
H
O N N
CH3 Mass:
caffeine
194.08
C8H10N4O2
what is infrared
spectroscopy?
infrared spectroscopy
molecule in excited
energy state E2
energy
energy
basically we shine
energy
infrared radiation on a
molecule and some of it
is...
energy
molecule in
energy state E1
infrared spectroscopy
molecule in excited
energy state E2
energy
energy
molecule in
energy state E1
what energy is absorbed
by the molecule?
atom 1 atom 2
mass 1 mass 2
bonds
bonds vibrate
(stretching and
contracting) in the
vibrate
same way...
like
springs
...a spring would...
...this means we can use
Hooke’s law on extension
and elasticity...
Hooke’s
law
...of course, I hate maths
so I’m not actually going
to show you Hooke’s law
but just tell you what it
reveals...
Hooke’s
law
energy to vibrate bond
depends
springon...
the force needed to
vibrate a bond / spring depends
on the strength of the bond /
spring and...
mass 1 mass 2
strength
energy to vibrate bond
depends
springon...
...the difference in
mass of the two ends
(or atoms)...this
means...
mass 1 mass 2
difference in mass
strong (short) bond
requires...
...so it is easy to see
multiple bonds in IR...
more energy
light (hydrogen) atom
vibrates faster
...and bonds to
hydrogen (C–H, O–H
etc)
more energy
bonds only vibrate
with fixed frequencies
and...
υ1 υ1
υ1 υ2 υ3
O
υ2
EtO CH3
υ3 υ3
υ1 υ1
υ1 υ2 υ3
O
υ2
EtO CH3
υ3 υ3 ...shine IR on molecule...
certain bonds will absorb certain
wavelengths of energy and thus by
observing which wavelengths are
missing we have a clue as to what
bonds are in the molecule...
high low
energy energy
υ1 υ1
υ1 υ2 υ3
O
υ2
EtO CH3
υ3 υ3
high low
high low
energy energy
υ1 wavenumber is the
υ 1
inverse (1/λ) of the wavelength
in cm and measures υ1 υ2 υ3
O energy...
υ2
EtO CH3
υ3 υ3
high low
www.massey.ac.nz/~gjrowlan
‘
in ‘Introduction to organic
and bioorganic molecules and
reactions’
interpreting IR spectra
energy to cause vibration
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 cm-1
O H C C C C C O
change in scale
N H C N C O C F
C H C O C Cl
bonds to triple double single
hydrogen bonds bonds four regions of
bonds
the spectrum are
important...
interpreting IR spectra
energy to cause vibration
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 cm-1
O H C C C C C O
change in scale
N H C N C O C F
C H C O C Cl
bonds to triple double single
hydrogen bonds bonds bonds
light
atoms
(H)
interpreting IR spectra
energy to cause vibration
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 cm-1
O H C C C C C O
change in scale
N H C N C O C F
C H C O C Cl
bonds to triple double single
hydrogen bonds bonds bonds
strong strong
bonds bonds
interpreting IR spectra
energy to cause vibration
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 cm-1
O H C C C C C O
change in scale
N H C N C O C F
C H C O C Cl
bonds to triple double single
actually bonds
hydrogen bonds
fingerprint region isn’t that bonds
useful...it is unique to each molecule but
almost impossible to interpret...good if
you have a computer database I guess...
1500–400cm–1
fingerprint
region
interpreting IR spectra
these two molecules have same
functional group (ketone) and
are almost identical in three
regions...
O O
1500–400cm–1
fingerprint
region
interpreting IR spectra
only really differ in fingerprint...
but I couldn’t tell you what bond
stretching caused this peak!
O O
1500–400cm–1
fingerprint
region
bad slide alert!
functional group absorptions
functional group absorptions
H H
N
NH2 benzeneamine
3480 aniline
3395 two N–H stretches visible...but
not for the reason you think
(I’m not going to tell you why
in case it confuses you!)
examples of IR spectra
H3C H
N
N–H
3443
N-methylbenzenamine
N-methylaniline
examples of IR spectra
Ph
O–H
3224 O O
H H
H H
O O
Ph Ph
phenol - H-bonding
examples of IR spectra
Ph
O–H
3224 O O
hydrogen bonding causes H
H
the peak to be very broad as the H H
strength of H-bonds varies O O
depending on factors like
distance... Ph Ph
phenol - H-bonding
examples of IR spectra
O–H
3627 H
O O
H
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
examples of IR spectra
O–H
3627 H
no H-bonding so O–H has
specific strength bond and sharp
O O
peak (there is no H-bonding as
the large tert-butyl groups
H
prevent the two molecules
getting close to each other...)
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
examples of IR spectra
O
C=C
1642
C=O
hex-5-en-2-one 1718
examples of IR spectra
C=C
C=O
1634
O 1674
note how putting the two
groups in conjugation makes the
bonds weaker (and hence have a
lower wavenumber)
(E)-hex-4-en-3-one
examples of IR spectra
C=C
C=O
1634
O 1674
why does conjugation make the
bonds weaker? Think about the
resonance forms...
(E)-hex-4-en-3-one
examples of IR spectra
O–H
3010
C=O
1712 O
H
O
butanoic acid
examples of IR spectra
N–H C=O
3356 1662 O
3184 1634
H
N
H
butanamide
examples of IR spectra
N–H C=O
3356 1662 O
3184 1634
H
N
H
butanamide
mass spectrometry
‘a mass spectroscopist is
someone who figures out what
something is by smashing it with a
hammer & looking at the pieces
JEOL (manufacturer) website
a mass spectrometer
M + – M+ + –
e 2e
a mass spectrometer
basically, what you need to know is that
a mass spectrometer fires electrons at your
compound knocking one electron off the compound
to form a radical cation that is then detected...
M + – M+ + –
e 2e
molecular mass
molecular ion
NH3 + – +NH + –
e 3 2e
because the mass
of an electron is
very very small...
NH3 + – +NH + –
e 3 2e
m/z 85
due to 13C
isotope
31
isotopes
35Cl 37Cl
chlorine exists as two
isotopes (same element
different mass due to
number of neutrons)
31
isotopes
35Cl 37Cl
Cl m/z 114
due to
37Cl
C6H535Cl Mr = M+ = 112
C6H537Cl Mr = M+2 = 114
11
isotopes
79Br 81Br
chlorine not the only element with
isotopes...bromine exists as two
isotopes in equal proportion so the
spectrum of a bromide...
isotopes
C6H5Br + e– [C6H5Br]+ + 2e–
m/z 158
due to
Br 81Br
C6H579Br Mr = M+ = 156
C6H581Br Mr = M+2 = 158
what have
....we learnt?
• to determine molecular
structure
• thebasics of infrared
spectroscopy
• the basics of mass
spectrometry
good luck!