Theory of turbo machinery /

Turbomaskinernas teori

Introduction
Definition
Turbomachinery describes machines that transfer
energy between a rotor and a fluid, including both
turbines and compressors (source: Wiki).
Devices in which energy is transferred, either to,
or from, a continuously flowing fluid by the
dynamic action of one or more moving blade rows
(Dixon)

The words rotor and continuous separate turbomachines

from reciprocating (piston) engines

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Introduction
Why a course on turbomachines?
Close to all electric power is produced by
turbomachines
They consume large parts of energy used in many
industrial processes
They are integral parts of gas turbines used in
e.g. aircraft engines and as (shaft-) power supply
in oil and gas industry (for pumps and compressors)
as well as propulsion of ships

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Samples

Windpower
Hydropower
Turbochargers of cars and trucks
Vacuum cleaners

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Introduction
Classifications
Energy may flow to the fluid (increasing velocity
and/or pressure) or from the fluid producing shaft
power
Flowpath: Axial or radial machines (mixed flow)
Changes in density, compressible or incompressible
analyses.
Impulse or reaction machines: Does the pressure
change in the rotor, or in a set of nozzles before
the rotor?
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Samples

FIG. 1.1. Diagrammatic form of various types of turbomachine.

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Dixon, chapter 1

Diagrammatic form of various types of turbomachine.

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If you have known one you have known

all.
(TERENCE, Phormio.)

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Dimensional analyses and

performance laws
The -theorem

If a physical process satisfies physical dimension

homogeneity and involves n dimensional variables, it
can be reduced to a relation between only k variables

The reduction j = n - k equals the maximum number of

variables which do not form a among themselves.

The reduction is always less or equal to the number

of dimensions describing the variables.

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-Theorem
The machinery (adopted from Frank M. White)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

List and count the n variables involved

List the dimensions of the variables
Find j, guess j = number of dimension, if
unsuccessful; j = j - 1
Select j scaling parameters which do not form a
Add one additional variable and form a . Repeat
for the others.
Write the final dimensionless function.

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Moody chart

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Dixon, chapter 1

Measures of pressure (head

Shaft power

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Incompressible fluid analyses

Start of Dimension analyses

gH =

l l

= f1 Q, N , D, , , 1 , 2 ,...

D D

= f 2 Q, N , D, , ,

l1 l2
, ,...
D D

l l

P = f 3 Q, N , D, , , 1 , 2 ,...
D D

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Incompressible fluid analyses

Find dimension-less groups

Q ND 2 l1 l2
gH
=
= f 4
,
, , ,...
2
3

D D
(ND )
ND
Q ND 2 l1 l2
= f 5
,
, , ,...
3

D D
ND
2

l1 l2
P
Q

ND

P =
f
=
,
,
, ,...
6
3 5
3
N D

D D
ND

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Incompressible fluid analyses

For geometrically similar machines, neglecting
Reynolds-number dependence:

gH
Q
= f4
=
2
3
ND
(ND )

Q
3
ND

= f5
P =

P
Q
f
=
6
3
ND
N 3 D 5

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Incompressible fluid analyses

For a pump:
Net hydraulic power (transferred to the fluid): PN = Q gH

PN Q gH
=
=
P
P

Q
gH
3 5
P=
N
D

2
3
ND (ND )
P =

P
= /
3 5
N D

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for a turbine: =

P
PN

Performance Characteristics

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Performance characteristics

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Variable geometry turbomachines

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Variable geometry turbomachines

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Variable geometry turbomachines

Let b represent the settings of the vanes

= f1 ( , )
= f 2 ( , )

Or alternatively:
= f 3 ( , ) = f 4 ( , )

And solve for

gH
Q
,
3
2 2
ND N D

= f 5 ( , ) = f 5

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Specific speed
An alternative representation can be obtained by
eliminating the diameter

= max

= 1

=1

P = P1

Define the dimensionless groups at maximum efficiency:

Q
= 1 = constant
3
ND
gH
= 1 = constant
2 2
N D

P
= 1 = constant
N 3 D 5

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Specific speed
Eliminate D to obtain the following dimensionless
parameters:
NQ1/ 2
11/ 2
N s = 3/ 4 =
1
(gH )3 / 4
N sp =

P11 / 2

15 / 4

Dimensionless, directly proportional to N

N (P / )
=
(gH )5 / 4

1/ 2

Q1 / 2
s =
(gH )3 / 4

Power specific speed, turbines

If speed of rotation is expressed in rad/s

(P / )
sp =
(gH )5 / 4

1/ 2

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Specific speed
The relation between Ns and Nsp
N sp
Ns

N (P / )
=
(gH )5 / 4

1/ 2

(gH )3 / 4
NQ 1 / 2

P
=
gQH

1/ 2

From the definition of the hydraulic efficiency, we

obtain
N sp
Ns
N sp
Ns

sp
s
sp
s

For a pump and a turbine respectively

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Specific speed

(from Japixe-Baines)

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Specific speed

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Specific speed

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Specific speed

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Pumps in pipe systems

The pump head (uppfordringshjden):
p2 p1
c22 c12
+ H stat +
+ h f
H=
g
2g

where
H = Head
p2 p1 = static pressure difference
H stat = hight difference

c22 c12 = squared velocity differencies

h f = friction losses

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Deplacement pumps
A piston moves for and back in a cylinder
Valves ensure the right direction of the flow

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Cavitation
Formation of bubbles in
liquid, if pressure decreases
so that temperature is above
boiling point
In practice, cavitation onset
is influenced by dissolved
gases and presence of boiling
nuclei.
As pressure increases, the
bubbles collapse and generate
strong pressure waves.
If the collapse occurs near
walls, the pressure waves
will cause cavitation erosion

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Cavitation
Fairly low pressures are
required to cause
cavitation in water
Increased temperatures
will of cause trigger
cavitation at higher
pressures

Boiling point of water

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Compressible gas flow relations

For compressible fluids with large pressure changes,
large velocity differences occur over the stages.
It is convenient to combine the enthalpy, h, with the
kinetic energy of the fluid to the stagnation
enthalpy:
h0 = h + c 2 2

If the fluid is brought to rest through a reversible

process with no heat transfer (adiabatic) the state
change is called isentropic

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Compressible gas flow relations

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Compressible gas flow relations

For a perfect gas:

h = C pT

C p = R ( 1)
And the stagnation temperature can be defined by:

c2
T0 = T +
2C p

T0
c2
M2
= 1 + ( 1)
= 1 + ( 1)
2RT
2
T
Where M is the Mach Number:

M = c a =c

RT

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Compressible gas flow relations

Gibbss relation

Tds = dh

dp

Isentropic (ds = 0) retardation to zero velocity

dh = C p dT =

dp =

dp
RT
p

so that

dp C p dT
dT
=
=
p
R T
1 T

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RT

Compressible gas flow relations

Integration yields

ln p = ln constant +

ln T

or

p0 T0
=
p T

1 2
= 1 +
M
2

Using the gas law:

= p (RT )

or

0 = ( p0 p )(T T0 )

We obtain:

0 T0
=
T

1
1

1 2
= 1 +
M
2

1
1

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Compressible fluid analyses

Performance parameters for compressible flow
(3 relations among 8 variables)

h0 s , , P = f ( , N , D, m , 01 , a01 , )
Dimensional analyses
(3 relations among 5 variables)

m
01ND 2 ND
P
h0 s
, ,
,
,
,
= f
2 2
3 5
3
01N D

N D
a01
01 ND
Note: ND is proportional to blade velocity,
thus:

01ND2

Reynolds Number

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ND
a01

Blade Mach Number

Compressible fluid analyses

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Compressible fluid analyses

Consider temperature ratio for isentropic pressure change from p01 to p02

T02 s p02

=
T01 p01

For a perfect gas, the enthalpy change becomes

h0 s = C pT01 ( p02 p01 )

Substitute

h0 s
2
a01

( 1)

C p = R ( 1)

and divide by

2
a01
= RT01

p ( 1)
p
1 R
=
1 = f 02
T01 02
RT01 1 p01

p01

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Compressible fluid analyses

Similarly for the flow coefficient:

m RT01
m
m RT01
=
=
01a01D 2 p01 RT01 D 2 p01 D 2

And for the power coefficient, using

P =

m 01 (ND )D 2

m C p T0
C p T0 T0
P

=
=
2
2
3 5
2
01N D
T01
01D (ND )(ND ) (ND )

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Compressible fluid analyses

Substituting these relations into the result from dimensional
analyses:
2
m RT01

T0

ND
ND
P02
= f 2
, ,
,
, 01
,
D P

P01
T01
RT01
01

For a specific machine, handling one gas, , R and D can be

omitted. If further the Reynolds number dependence is neglected,
the following simplification results:

m T01 N
T
P02
, , 0 = f
,
,

P01
T01
T01
P01
However, this relation is not dimensionless

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Compressor and expander maps

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Instationarity of flow

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