PRINCIPLES IN

M A T H E M A T I C S

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
1. = . . ( )
2. = +
3. = +

4.

THE FACTOR THEOREM

A polynomial f (x) has a factor (x k) if and only if
f(k)= 0.

5. ( ) =
6.

7. =
1
8. =

9. 0 = 1
10. = , =

PROPERTIES OF RADICALS
1

1. =

2. =
= ( )

3. ( ) =
4.
5.

THE REMAINDER THEOREM

If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-k), the remainder is
r = f (k).

QUADRATIC FORMULA
2

For the quadratic equation Ax + Bx + C = 0

( 0

POLYNOMIALS
EXPANDING BRACKETS
By multiplying two brackets together, each term in one
bracket is multiplied by each term of the other bracket

Where B 4AC is called the discriminant

2

If B 4AC = 0, the roots are equal

2

If B 4AC > 0, the roots are real, unequal

2

If B 4AC < 0, the roots are imaginary

PROPERTIES OF ROOTS
2

( + + )( + ) = + + + + +
FACTORIZATION
Factorization is the opposite process of expanding
brackets. The usual process includes changing a long
expression without any brackets to a shorter expression
that includes brackets.
SPECIAL PRODUCTS & FACTORING
let u and v be real numbers, variables or algebraic
expressions.
Sum and difference of same terms
( + )( ) =
Square of Binomials
( + ) = + +

If the roots of the quadratic equation Ax + Bx + C = 0

are x1 and x2, then;
Sum of roots, + = -

Product of roots, x1 =

BINOMIAL THEOREM
In the expansion of ( + )

!
(+)!()!

(+) ()

( ) = +
Square of Trinomials
( + + ) = + + + + +
Cube of Binomials
( + ) = +3 +3 +
( ) = 3 +3 -

To get the middle term

Difference of cubes
+ = ( + )( + )
= ( )( + + )

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PRINCIPLES IN

M A T H E M A T I C S

BINOMIAL THEOREM, expansion of ( + )

LOGARITHMS

To begin, look at the expansion of ( + ) for several

values on n.
( + )0
( + )1
( + )2
( + )3
( + )4
( + )5

=1
=+
= 2 + 2 + 2
= 3 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3
= 4 + 4 3 + 6 2 2 + 4 3 + 4
= 5 + 5 4 + 10 3 2 + 10 2 3 + 5 4 + 5

There are several observations you can make about

these expansion.
1.
2.
3.
4.

In each expansion, there are n+ 1 term.

In each expansion, x and y have symmetric roles.
The powers of x decrease by 1 in successive terms,
whereas the powers of y increase by 1.
The sum of powers in each term is n. For instance, in
the expansion of ( + )5 , the sum of power of
each term is 5.
The coefficients increase and then decrease in
symmetric pattern.

There is a convenient way to remember the pattern for

binomial coefficients. By arranging the coefficients in a
triangular pattern, you obtain the following array which
is called the PASCALS TRIANGLE. This triangle is named
after the famous French mathematician Blaise Pascal
(1623-1662).

DEFINITION OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

For > 0, > 0 0,
= log

The function given by

() = log

read as log base a of x

Is called the Logarithmic function with base a.

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
1.
2.
3.
4.

log a 1 = 0 because 0 = 1
log = 1 because 1 =
log = and log =
If log = log then =

inverse properties
one-to-one property

1
1
1
1

1
2

THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

1
3

4+6 = 10

1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
15+6 = 21
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1
7 21 35 35
21 7 1
The first and last number in each row of Pascals Triangle
is 1. Every other number in each row is formed by
adding the two numbers immediately above the
number. Pascal noticed that the number in this triangle
are precisely the same number as the coefficient of
binomial expansions as follows

For > 0,
= ln = 1
The function given by
() = log = ln
Is called the Natural Logarithmic function.

( + )0 = 1
( + )1 = 1 + 1
( + )2 = 1 2 + 2 + 1 2
( + )3 = 1 3 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 1 3
( + )4 = 1 4 + 4 3 + 6 2 2 + 4 3 + 1 4

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

1.
2.
3.
4.

ln 1 = 0 because e0 = 1
ln e = 1 because e1 = e
ln ex = x because eln x = x inverse properties
If ln x = ln y, then x = y one-to-one property

( + )5 = 1 5 + 5 4 + 10 3 2 + 10 2 3 + 5 4 + 1 5

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M A T H E M A T I C S

PRINCIPLES IN
LOGARITHMS

ARITHMITIC PROGRESSION, AP

CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA
nth term of AP
Let , , and be positive real numbers such that 1
b 1, then log can be converted to a different base
using any of the following formulas.
Base b
log =

Base 10

log

log =

log

log10
log10

= + ( ) = + ( )
Sum of n terms of AP

Base e
log =

ln

( + ) =
[ + ( )]

ln

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION, GP

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
Let be positive real numbers such that 1, and let
be a real number. If and are positive real
numbers, the following properties are true

A sequence of numbers in which any two adjacent

terms has a common ratio.
Example: 2,8,32, 128 (common ratio = 4)
Ex. 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 (Common difference = 3)

Logarithm with Base a

1.

log ( ) = log + log

2.

log = log log

3.

log = log

= =

Natural Logarithm
1.

ln() = ln + ln

2.

ln = ln ln

3.

nth term of GP

common ratio, =
Sum of n terms of GP
=

( )

( )

>
<

ln = ln

ARITHMITIC PROGRESSION, AP

SUM OF INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION, IGP

For a geometric progression where 0 < r < 1 and n =
infinity
=

A sequence of numbers in which the difference of

any two adjacent terms is constant
Ex. 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 (Common difference = 3)
Elements:

HARMONIC PROGRESSION
A sequence of numbers in which their
reciprocals forms an Arithmetic Progression.

1 =
=
=
= , = 2 1 = 1
=

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