PRINCIPLES IN

FUNCTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLE

M A T H E M A T I C S
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Opposite, a

Reciprocal and Quotient

Adjacent, b

FUNCTION OF ANY ANGLE

csc =

1
, provided sin 0
sin

sec =

1
, provided cos 0
cos

cot =

1
, provided tan 0
tan

tan =

sin
, provided cos 0
cos

The Pythagorean Identities

sin2 + cos 2 = 1
tan2 + 1 = sec 2
cot 2 + 1 = csc 2

Sum & Difference of Two Angles

sin x + y = sinxcosy + cosxsiny
sin x y = sinxcosy cosxsiny
cos x + y = cosxcosy sinxsiny

SIGN OF FUNCTION VALUES

cos x y = cosxcosy sinxsiny

tan x + y =

tanx + tany
1 tanxtany

tan x y =

tanx tany
1 + tanxtany

Sum & Difference of Two Angles

sin 2x = 2sinxcox
cos2x = cos 2 x sin2 x
= 1 2sin2 x
= 2 cos 2 x -1
tan2x =

2tanx
1 tan2 x

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PRINCIPLES IN

M A T H E M A T I C S

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Half-Angle Identity

Sum and Difference of Function

x
sin =
2

1 cos x
2

x
cos =
2

1 + cos x
2

tan 2 =

1 cos x
sin x

sin x

= 1+cos x =

1cos 2x

sin + sin = 2 sin

cos
2
2

sin sin = 2 cos

sin
2
2

cos + cos = 2 cos

cos
2
2

cos cos = 2 sin

1+cos 2x

tan + tan =

sin +
cos cos

tan tan =

sin
cos cos

Power of Functions

2 =

1 2
2

2 =

1 + 2
2

sin
2
2

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES

1 2

= 1+ 2

a
Product of Functions

1
=
sin + + sin
2

Sine Law
a
b
c
=
=
sinA
sinB sinC

1
=
cos cos +
2
=

1
cos + + cos
2

Cosine Law
a2 = b2 + c 2 2bccosA
b2 = a2 + c 2 2accosB
c 2 = a2 + b2 2abcosC

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PRINCIPLES IN

M A T H E M A T I C S

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY

Spherical Excess
The area of a spherical triangle on the
surface of the sphere of radius R is given by
the

A spherical triangle is a figure formed on the

surface of a sphere by three great circular
arcs intersecting pairwise in three vertices.
Note that for spherical triangles, sides a, b,
and c are usually in angular units. And like
plane triangles, angles A, B, and C are also
in angular units

RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

To solve a right triangle, draw a circle

with 5 parts. The 5 parts corresponds to
the 3 sides and 2 angles of the triangle
(excluding the 90
Napiers Rules

Sum of interior angles of spherical triangle

angle. Then apply

= 90 A
= 90 B
= 90 c

The sum of the interior angles of a spherical

triangle is greater than 180 and less than 540

NAPIERS RULE
Area of spherical triangle
The area of a spherical triangle on the surface
of the sphere of radius R is given by the

SIN-COOP Rule in the Napiers circle, the

sine of any middle part is equal to
product of the cosines of its opposite
parts.
SIN-TAAD Rule in the Napiers circle, the
sine of any middle part is equal to the
product of the tangents of its adjacent
parts.

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PRINCIPLES IN

M A T H E M A T I C S

OBLIQUE TRIANGLE

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