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M A T H E M A T I C S
Point-Slope form
Given a point 1 1 , 1 and slope .
=
2.
Slope-Intercept form
Given a slope and -intercept :
= +
3.
Intercept form
Given x-intercept and y-intercept :
Two-point form
Given two points 1 1 , 1 and 2 2 , 2 :
EQUATION OF A LINE
, =
4.
+ =
Where:
m is positive if the line is inclined upwards to the right.
m is negative if the line is inclined downwards to the right.
m is is zero for horizontal lines
EQUATION OF A LINE
GENERAL EQUATION OF A LINE
The general equation of a straight line is:
+ + = 0
1
1
PRINCIPLES IN
M A T H E M A T I C S
CONIC SECTIONS
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + =
PRINCIPLES IN
M A T H E M A T I C S
PARABOLA
PARABOLA is the locus of a point that moves
such that its distance from a fixed point called
the focus is always equal to its distance from a
fixed line called the directrix.
+ + + + + =
+ + + + =
From the foregoing equations:
If 2 < 4, the conic is an ellipse
If 2 = 4, the conic is a parabola
If 2 > 4, the conic is a hyperbola
Also, a conic is a circle if A=C, an ellipse if AC
but have the same sign, a parabola if either A=0
or C=0, and a hyperbola if A and C have
different signs.
CIRCLE
CIRLE is the locus of a point that moves such
that it is always equidistant from a fixed point
called the center. The constant distance is called
the radius of the circle.
r = radius
(h,k) = center
C=0
+ + + = 0
or
+ + + =
+ + + + =
or
+ + + + =
A=0
Center at (h,k)
Center at (0,0)
+ =
+ + + + =
=
; =
; =
+ + + =
or
+ + + =
To solve a parabola, either one of the following
two conditions must be known:
1. Three point along the parabola and an
axis (either vertical or horizontal),
Solution: Use the general form
2. Vertex (h,k), distance from the vertex to
focus a and axis,
Solution: Use the standard form
3. Vertex (h,k), and the location of the
focus.
Solution: use the standard form
Eccentricity
The eccentricity of a conic is the ratio of its
distance from the focus d2 and the directrix d1
For a parabola, the eccentricity is equal to 1.
PRINCIPLES IN
M A T H E M A T I C S
Latus Rectum
Latus rectum is the chord passing through the
focus and parallel to directrix or perpendicular to
the axis.
=
Standard Equation of Parabola
Vertex at (0,0)
=
opens to right
opens to left
opens upward
ELLIPSE
ELLIPSE
The locus of the point that moves such that the
sum of its distances from two fixed points called
the foci is constant. The constant sum is the
length of the major axis, 2a. It can also be
defined as the locus of the point that moves such
that the ratio of its distance from the fixed point,
called the focus and the fixed line called the
directrix, is constant and less than one (1).
Vertex at (h,k)
opens to right
opens to left
opens upward
; =
; =
Elements of Ellipse
= +
Eccentricity (first eccentricity), =
; =
; =
= < .
Second flatness, =
PRINCIPLES IN
M A T H E M A T I C S
+ + + + =
To solve an ellipse, either one of the following
conditions must be known:
1. Four points along the ellipse,
Solution: Use the general form
2. Center (h,k), semi-major axis a, and semiminor axis b
Solution: Use the standard form
HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
The locus of the point that moves such that the
difference of its distances from two fixed points
called the foci is constant. The constant
difference is the length of the transverse axis, 2a.
It can also be defined as the locus of the point
that moves such that the ratio of its distance from
the fixed point, called the focus and the fixed
line called the directrix, is constant and is greater
than one (1).
+
=
+
=
Elements of Hyperbola
Center at (h,k)
= +
Eccentricity =
= > .
Equation of asymptotes
Note: a>b
+ + + + =
PRINCIPLES IN
M A T H E M A T I C S
+ + + =
Standard Equations of Ellipse
Center at (0,0)
axis
=
Major
vertical
Center at (h,k)
+ + + =