TheLawphilProjectArellanoLawFoundation

Rules171
1997RULESOFCIVILPROCEDURE,ASAMENDED

1997RULESOFCIVILPROCEDURE,ASAMENDED
(RULES171,RULESOFCOURT)
EFFECTIVEJULY1,1997
PerResolutionoftheSupremeCourtinBarMatterNo.803AdoptedinBaguioCityonApril8,1997
RULESOFCOURT
Pursuanttotheprovisionsofsection5(5)ofArticleVIIIoftheConstitution,theSupremeCourtherebyadoptsandpromulgatesthe
followingrulesconcerningtheprotectionandenforcementofconstitutionalrights,pleading,practiceandprocedureinallcourts,the
admissiontothepracticeoflaw,theIntegratedBar,andlegalassistancetotheunderprivileged:

RULE1
GeneralProvisions
Section1.TitleoftheRules.TheseRuleshallbeknownandcitedastheRulesofCourt.(1)
Section2.Inwhatcourtsapplicable.TheseRulesshallapplyinallthecourts,exceptasotherwiseprovidedbytheSupremeCourt.
(n)
Section 3. Cases governed. These Rules shall govern the procedure to be observed in actions, civil or criminal and special
proceedings.
(a)Acivilactionisonebywhichapartysuesanotherfortheenforcementorprotectionofaright,orthepreventionorredress
ofawrong,(1a,R2)
Acivilactionmayeitherbeordinaryorspecial.Botharegovernedbytherulesforordinarycivilactions,subjecttothespecific
rulesprescribedforaspecialcivilaction.(n)
(b)AcriminalactionisonebywhichtheStateprosecutesapersonforanactoromissionpunishablebylaw.(n)
(c)Aspecialproceedingisaremedybywhichapartyseekstoestablishastatus,aright,oraparticularfact.(2a,R2)
Section4.Inwhatcasenotapplicable.TheseRulesshallnotapplytoelectioncases,landregistration,cadastral,naturalization
andinsolvencyproceedings,andothercasesnothereinprovidedfor,exceptbyanalogyorinasuppletorycharacterandwhenever
practicableandconvenient.(R143a)
Section5.Commencementofaction.Acivilactioniscommencedbythefilingoftheoriginalcomplaintincourt.Ifanadditional
defendant is impleaded in a later pleading, the action is commenced with regard to him on the dated of the filing of such later
pleading,irrespectiveofwhetherthemotionforitsadmission,ifnecessary,isdeniedbythecourt.(6a)
Section6.Construction.TheseRulesshallbeliberallyconstruedinordertopromotetheirobjectiveofsecuringajust,speedyand
inexpensivedispositionofeveryactionandproceeding.(2a)

CivilActions
OrdinaryCivilActions

RULE2
CauseofAction
Section1.Ordinarycivilactions,basisof.Everyordinarycivilactionmustbebasedonacauseofaction.(n)
Section2.Causeofaction,defined.Acauseofactionistheactoromissionbywhichapartyviolatesarightofanother.(n)

Section3.Onesuitforasinglecauseofaction.Apartymaynotinstitutemorethanonesuitforasinglecauseofaction.(3a)
Section4.Splittingasinglecauseofactioneffectof.Iftwoormoresuitsareinstitutedonthebasisofthesamecauseofaction,the
filingofoneorajudgmentuponthemeritsinanyoneisavailableasagroundforthedismissaloftheothers.(4a)
Section5.Joinderofcausesofaction.Apartymayinonepleadingassert,inthealternativeorotherwise,asmanycausesofaction
ashemayhaveagainstanopposingparty,subjecttothefollowingconditions:
(a)Thepartyjoiningthecausesofactionshallcomplywiththerulesonjoinderofparties
(b)Thejoindershallnotincludespecialcivilactionsoractionsgovernedbyspecialrules
(c)Wherethecausesofactionarebetweenthesamepartiesbutpertaintodifferentvenuesorjurisdictions,thejoindermaybe
allowedintheRegionalTrialCourtprovidedoneofthecausesofactionfallswithinthejurisdictionofsaidcourtandthevenue
liesthereinand
(d)Wheretheclaimsinallthecausesactionareprincipallyforrecoveryofmoney,theaggregateamountclaimedshallbethe
testofjurisdiction.(5a)
Section6.Misjoinderofcausesofaction.Misjoinderofcausesofactionisnotagroundfordismissalofanaction.Amisjoined
causeofactionmay,onmotionofapartyorontheinitiativeofthecourt,beseveredandproceededwithseparately.(n)

RULE3
PartiestoCivilActions
Section1.Who may be parties plaintiff and defendant. Only natural or juridical persons, or entities authorized by law may be
partiesinacivilaction.Theterm"plaintiff"mayrefertotheclaimingparty,thecounterclaimant,thecrossclaimant,orthethird(fourth,
etc.) party plaintiff. The term "defendant" may refer to the original defending party, the defendant in a counterclaim, the cross
defendant,orthethird(fourth,etc.)partydefendant.(1a)
Section2.Partiesininterest.Arealpartyininterestisthepartywhostandstobebenefitedorinjuredbythejudgmentinthesuit,or
thepartyentitledtotheavailsofthesuit.UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbylawortheseRules,everyactionmustbeprosecutedor
defendedinthenameoftherealpartyininterest.(2a)
Section3.Representativesasparties.Wheretheactionisallowedtobeprosecutedanddefendedbyarepresentativeorsomeone
actinginafiduciarycapacity,thebeneficiaryshallbeincludedinthetitleofthecaseandshallbedeemedtobetherealpropertyin
interest.Arepresentativemaybeatrusteeofanexperttrust,aguardian,anexecutororadministrator,orapartyauthorizedbylawor
theseRules.Anagentactinginhisownnameandforthebenefitofanundisclosedprincipalmaysueorbesuedwithoutjoiningthe
principalexceptwhenthecontractinvolvesthingsbelongingtotheprincipal.(3a)
Section4.Spousesasparties.Husbandandwifeshallsueorbesuedjointly,exceptasprovidedbylaw.(4a)
Section5.Minororincompetentpersons.Aminororapersonallegedtobeincompetent,maysueorbesuedwiththeassistance
ofhisfather,mother,guardian,orifhehasnone,aguardianadlitem.(5a)
Section6.Permissivejoinderofparties.Allpersonsinwhomoragainstwhomanyrighttoreliefinrespecttoorarisingoutofthe
sametransactionorseriesoftransactionsisallegedtoexist,whetherjointly,severally,orinthealternative,may,exceptasotherwise
providedintheseRules,joinasplaintiffsorbejoinedasdefendantsinonecomplaint,whereanyquestionoflaworfactcommontoall
suchplaintiffsortoallsuchdefendantsmayariseintheactionbutthecourtmaymakesuchordersasmaybejusttopreventany
plaintiffordefendantfrombeingembarrassedorputtoexpenseinconnectionwithanyproceedingsinwhichhemayhavenointerest.
(6n)
Section7.Compulsoryjoinderofindispensableparties.Partiesininterestwithoutwhomnofinaldeterminationcanbehadofan
actionshallbejoinedeitherasplaintiffsordefendants.(7)
Section8.Necessaryparty.Anecessarypartyisonewhoisnotindispensablebutwhooughttobejoinedasapartyifcomplete
reliefistobeaccordedastothosealreadyparties,orforacompletedeterminationorsettlementoftheclaimsubjectoftheaction.(8a)
Section9.Nonjoinderofnecessarypartiestobepleaded.Wheneverinanypleadinginwhichaclaimisassertedanecessary
partyisnotjoined,thepleadershallsetforthhisname,ifknown,andshallstatewhyheisomitted.Shouldthecourtfindthereasonfor
theomissionunmeritorious,itmayordertheinclusionoftheomittednecessarypartyifjurisdictionoverhispersonmaybeobtained.
Thefailuretocomplywiththeorderforhisinclusion,withoutjustifiablecause,shallbedeemedawaiveroftheclaimagainstsuch
party.
Thenoninclusionofanecessarypartydoesnotpreventthecourtfromproceedingintheaction,andthejudgmentrenderedtherein
shallbewithoutprejudicetotherightsofsuchnecessaryparty.(8a,9a)

Section10.Unwillingcoplaintiff.Iftheconsentofanypartywhoshouldbejoinedasplaintiffcannotbeobtained,hemaybemade
adefendantandthereasonthereforshallbestatedinthecomplaint.(10)
Section11.Misjoinderandnonjoinderofparties.Neithermisjoindernornonjoinderofpartiesisgroundfordismissalofanaction.
Partiesmaybedroppedoraddedbyorderofthecourtonmotionofanypartyoronitsowninitiativeatanystagetheactionandon
suchtermsasarejust.Anyclaimagainstamisjoinedpartymaybeseveredandproceededwithseparately.(11a)
Section12. Class suit. When the subject matter of the controversy is one of common or general interest to many persons so
numerous that it is impracticable to join all as parties, a number of them which the court finds to be sufficiently numerous and
representativeastofullyprotecttheinterestsofallconcernedmaysueordefendforthebenefitofall.Anypartyininterestshallhave
therighttointervenetoprotecthisindividualinterest.(12a)
Section13.Alternativedefendants.Wheretheplaintiffisuncertainagainstwhoofseveralpersonsheisentitledtorelief,hemay
joinanyorallofthemasdefendantsinthealternative,althougharighttoreliefagainstonemaybeinconsistentwitharightofrelief
againsttheother.(13a)
Section14.Unknownidentityornameofdefendant.Whenevertheidentityornameofadefendantisunknown,hemaybesuedas
theunknownownerheirdevisee,orbysuchotherdesignationasthecasemayrequire,whenhisidentityortruenameisdiscovered,
thepleadingmustbeamendedaccordingly.(14)
Section15.Entitywithoutjuridicalpersonalityasdefendant.Whentwoormorepersonsnotorganizedasanentitywithjuridical
personalityenterintoatransaction,theymaybesuedunderthenamebywhichtheyaregenerallyorcommonlyknown.
Intheanswerofsuchdefendant,thenameandaddressesofthepersonscomposingsaidentitymustallberevealed.(15a)
Section16.Deathofpartydutyofcounsel.Wheneverapartytoapendingactiondies,andtheclaimisnottherebyextinguished,it
shallbethedutyofhiscounseltoinformthecourtwithinthirty(30)daysaftersuchdeathofthefactthereof,andtogivethenameand
addressofhislegalrepresentativeorrepresentatives.Failureofcounseltocomplywithhisdutyshallbeagroundfordisciplinary
action.
Theheirsofthedeceasedmaybeallowedtobesubstitutedforthedeceased,withoutrequiringtheappointmentofanexecutoror
administratorandthecourtmayappointaguardianadlitemfortheminorheirs.
Thecourtshallforthwithordersaidlegalrepresentativeorrepresentativestoappearandbesubstitutedwithinaperiodofthirty(30)
daysfromnotice.
If no legal representative is named by the counsel for the deceased party, or if the one so named shall fail to appear within the
specified period, the court may order the opposing party, within a specified time to procure the appointment of an executor or
administrator for the estate of the deceased and the latter shall immediately appear for and on behalf of the deceased. The court
chargesinprocuringsuchappointment,ifdefrayedbytheopposingparty,mayberecoveredascosts.(16a,17a)
Section17.Deathorseparationofapartywhoisapublicofficer.Whenapublicofficerisapartyinanactioninhisofficialcapacity
andduringitspendencydies,resigns,orotherwiseceasestoholdoffice,theactionmaybecontinuedandmaintainedbyoragainst
hissuccessorif,withinthirty(30)daysafterthesuccessortakesofficeorsuchtimeasmaybegrantedbythecourt,itissatisfactorily
shown to the court by any party that there is a substantial need for continuing or maintaining it and that the successor adopts or
continuesorthreatenstoadoptorcontinuetoadoptorcontinuetheactionofhispredecessor.Beforeasubstitutionismade,theparty
orofficertobeaffected,unlessexpresslyassentingthereto,shallbegivenreasonablenoticeoftheapplicationthereforandaccorded
anopportunitytobeheard.(18a)
Section18.Incompetencyorincapacity.Ifapartybecomesincompetentorincapacitated,thecourt,uponmotionwithnotice,may
allowtheactiontobecontinuedbyoragainsttheincompetentorincapacitatedpersonassistedbyhislegalguardianorguardianad
litem.(19a)
Section19.Transferofinterest.Incaseofanytransferofinterest,theactionmaybecontinuedbyoragainsttheoriginalparty,
unlessthecourtuponmotiondirectsthepersontowhomtheinterestistransferredtobesubstitutedintheactionorjoinedwiththe
originalparty.(20)
Section 20. Action and contractual money claims. When the action is for recovery of money arising from contract, express or
implied,andthedefendantdiesbeforeentryoffinaljudgmentinthecourtinwhichtheactionwaspendingatthetimeofsuchdeath,it
shallnotbedismissedbutshallinsteadbeallowedtocontinueuntilentryoffinaljudgment.Afavorablejudgmentobtainedbythe
plaintiff therein shall be enforced in the manner especially provided in these Rules for prosecuting claims against the estate of a
deceasedperson.(21a)
Section21.Indigentparty.Apartymaybeauthorizedtolitigatehisaction,claimordefenseasanindigentifthecourt,uponanex
parteapplicationandhearing,issatisfiedthatthepartyisonewhohasnomoneyorpropertysufficientandavailableforfood,shelter
andbasicnecessitiesforhimselfandhisfamily.
Such authority shall include an exemption from payment of docket and other lawful fees, and of transcripts of stenographic notes
whichthecourtmayordertobefurnishedhim.Theamountofthedocketandotherlawfulfeeswhichtheindigentwasexemptedfrom
payingshallbealienonanyjudgmentrenderedinthecasefavorabletotheindigent,unlessthecourtotherwiseprovides.

Anyadversepartymaycontestthegrantofsuchauthorityatanytimebeforejudgmentisrenderedbythetrialcourt.Ifthecourtshould
determineafterhearingthatthepartydeclaredasanindigentisinfactapersonwithsufficientincomeorproperty,theproperdocket
andotherlawfulfeesshallbeassessedandcollectedbytheclerkofcourt.Ifpaymentisnotmadewithinthetimefixedbythecourt,
executionshallissueorthepaymentthereof,withoutprejudicetosuchothersanctionsasthecourtmayimpose.(22a)
Section 22. Notice to the Solicitor General. In any action involving the validity of any treaty, law, ordinance, executive order,
presidentialdecree,rulesorregulations,thecourt,initsdiscretion,mayrequiretheappearanceoftheSolicitorGeneralwhomaybe
heardinpersonorarepresentativedulydesignatedbyhim.(23a)

RULE4
VenueofActions
Section1.Venueofrealactions.Actionsaffectingtitletoorpossessionofrealproperty,orinteresttherein,shallbecommenced
andtriedinthepropercourtwhichhasjurisdictionovertheareawhereintherealpropertyinvolved,oraportionthereof,issituated.
Forcibleentryanddetaineractionsshallbecommencedandtriedinthemunicipaltrialcourtofthemunicipalityorcitywhereinthe
realpropertyinvolved,oraportionthereof,issituated.(1[a],2[a]a)
Section2.Venueofpersonalactions.Allotheractionsmaybecommencedandtriedwheretheplaintifforanyoftheprincipal
plaintiffsresides,orwherethedefendantoranyoftheprincipaldefendantsresides,orinthecaseofanonresidentdefendantwhere
hemaybefound,attheelectionoftheplaintiff.(2[b]a)
Section3.Venueofactionsagainstnonresidents.IfanyofthedefendantsdoesnotresideandisnotfoundinthePhilippines,and
theactionaffectsthepersonalstatusoftheplaintiff,oranypropertyofsaiddefendantlocatedinthePhilippines,theactionmaybe
commencedandtriedinthecourtoftheplacewheretheplaintiffresides,orwherethepropertyoranyportionthereofissituatedor
found.(2[c]a)
Section4.WhenRulenotapplicable.ThisRuleshallnotapply.
(a)Inthosecaseswhereaspecificruleorlawprovidesotherwiseor
(b)Wherethepartieshavevalidlyagreedinwritingbeforethefilingoftheactionontheexclusivevenuethereof.(3a,5a)

RULE5
UniformProcedureInTrialCourts
Section1.Uniformprocedure. The procedure in the Municipal Trial Courts shall be the same as in the Regional Trial Courts,
except(a)whereaparticularprovisionexpresslyorimpliedlyappliesonlytoeitherofsaidcourts,or(b)incivilcasesgovernedbythe
RuleonSummaryProcedure.(n)
Section2.Meaningofterms. The term "Municipal Trial Courts" as used in these Rules shall include Metropolitan Trial Courts,
MunicipalTrialCourtsinCities,MunicipalTrialCourts,andMunicipalCircuitTrialCourts.(1a)

ProcedureInRegionalTrialCourts

RULE6
KindsOfPleadings
Section1.Pleadingsdefined.Pleadingsarethewrittenstatementsoftherespectiveclaimsanddefensesofthepartiessubmitted
tothecourtforappropriatejudgment.(1a)
Section2.Pleadingsallowed.Theclaimsofapartyareassertedinacomplaint,counterclaim,crossclaim,third(fourth,etc.)party
complaint,orcomplaintinintervention.
Thedefensesofapartyareallegedintheanswertothepleadingassertingaclaimagainsthim.

Ananswermayberespondedtobyareply.(n)
Section3.Complaint.Thecomplaintisthepleadingallegingtheplaintiff'scauseorcausesofaction.Thenamesandresidencesof
theplaintiffanddefendantmustbestatedinthecomplaint.(3a)
Section4.Answer.Ananswerisapleadinginwhichadefendingpartysetsforthhisdefenses.(4a)
Section5.Defenses.Defensesmayeitherbenegativeoraffirmative.
(a)Anegativedefenseisthespecificdenialofthematerialfactorfactsallegedinthepleadingoftheclaimantessentialtohis
causeorcausesofaction.
(b)Anaffirmativedefenseisanallegationofanewmatterwhich,whilehypotheticallyadmittingthematerialallegationsinthe
pleadingoftheclaimant,wouldneverthelesspreventorbarrecoverybyhim.Theaffirmativedefensesincludefraud,statuteof
limitations, release, payment, illegality, statute of frauds, estoppel, former recovery, discharge in bankruptcy, and any other
matterbywayofconfessionandavoidance.(5a)
Section6.Counterclaim.Acounterclaimisanyclaimwhichadefendingpartymayhaveagainstanopposingparty.(6a)
Section7.Compulsorycounterclaim.Acompulsorycounterclaimisonewhich,beingcognizablebytheregularcourtsofjustice,
arisesoutoforisconnectedwiththetransactionoroccurrenceconstitutingthesubjectmatteroftheopposingparty'sclaimanddoes
notrequireforitsadjudicationthepresenceofthirdpartiesofwhomthecourtcannotacquirejurisdiction.Suchacounterclaimmustbe
withinthejurisdictionofthecourtbothastotheamountandthenaturethereof,exceptthatinanoriginalactionbeforetheRegional
TrialCourt,thecounterclaimmaybeconsideredcompulsoryregardlessoftheamount.(n)
Section8.Crossclaim.Acrossclaimisanyclaimbyonepartyagainstacopartyarisingoutofthetransactionoroccurrencethat
is the subject matter either of the original action or of a counterclaim therein. Such crossclaim may include a claim that the party
againstwhomitisassertedisormaybeliabletothecrossclaimantforallorpartofaclaimassertedintheactionagainstthecross
claimant.(7)
Section9.Countercounterclaimsandcountercrossclaims.Acounterclaimmaybeassertedagainstanoriginalcounterclaimant.
Acrossclaimmayalsobefiledagainstanoriginalcrossclaimant.(n)
Section10.Reply.Areplyisapleading,theofficeorfunctionofwhichistodeny,orallegefactsindenialoravoidanceofnew
mattersallegedbywayofdefenseintheanswerandtherebyjoinormakeissueastosuchnewmatters.Ifapartydoesnotfilesuch
reply,allthenewmattersallegedintheansweraredeemedcontroverted.
Iftheplaintiffwishestointerposeanyclaimsarisingoutofthenewmatterssoalleged,suchclaimsshallbesetforthinanamendedor
supplementalcomplaint.(11)
Section11.Third,(fourth,etc.)partycomplaint.Athird(fourth,etc.)partycomplaintisaclaimthatadefendingpartymay,with
leaveofcourt,fileagainstapersonnotapartytotheaction,calledthethird(fourth,etc.)partydefendantforcontribution,indemnity,
subrogationoranyotherrelief,inrespectofhisopponent'sclaim.(12a)
Section12.Bringingnewparties.Whenthepresenceofpartiesotherthanthosetotheoriginalactionisrequiredforthegrantingof
complete relief in the determination of a counterclaim or crossclaim, the court shall order them to be brought in as defendants, if
jurisdictionoverthemcanbeobtained.(14)
Section13.Answertothird(fourth,etc.)partycomplaint. A third (fourth, etc.) party defendant may allege in his answer his
defenses,counterclaimsorcrossclaims,includingsuchdefensesthatthethird(fourth,etc.)partyplaintiffmayhaveagainstthe
originalplaintiff'sclaim.Inpropercases,hemayalsoassertacounterclaimagainsttheoriginalplaintiffinrespectofthelatter'sclaim
againstthethirdpartyplaintiff.(n)

RULE7
PartsofaPleading
Section1.Caption.Thecaptionsetsforththenameofthecourt,thetitleoftheaction,andthedocketnumberifassigned.
The title of the action indicates the names of the parties. They shall all be named in the original complaint or petition but in
subsequentpleadings,itshallbesufficientifthenameofthefirstpartyoneachsidebestatedwithanappropriateindicationwhen
thereareotherparties.
Theirrespectiveparticipationinthecaseshallbeindicated.(1a,2a)
Section2.Thebody.Thebodyofthepleadingsetsfourthitsdesignation,theallegationsoftheparty'sclaimsordefenses,therelief
prayedfor,andthedateofthepleading.(n)

(a)Paragraphs. The allegations in the body of a pleading shall be divided into paragraphs so numbered to be readily
identified, each of which shall contain a statement of a single set of circumstances so far as that can be done with
convenience.Aparagraphmaybereferredtobyitsnumberinallsucceedingpleadings.(3a)
(b)Headings.Whentwoormorecausesofactionarejoinedthestatementofthefirstshallbeprefacedbythewords"first
causeofaction,''ofthesecondby"secondcauseofaction",andsoonfortheothers.
Whenoneormoreparagraphsintheanswerareaddressedtooneofseveralcausesofactioninthecomplaint,theyshallbe
prefacedbythewords"answertothefirstcauseofaction"or"answertothesecondcauseofaction"andsoonandwhenone
ormoreparagraphsoftheanswerareaddressedtoseveralcausesofaction,theyshallbeprefacedbywordstothateffect.(4)
(c)Relief.Thepleadingshallspecifythereliefsought,butitmayaddageneralprayerforsuchfurtherorotherreliefasmay
bedeemedjustorequitable.(3a,R6)
(d)Date.Everypleadingshallbedated.(n)
Section3.Signatureandaddress.Everypleadingmustbesignedbythepartyorcounselrepresentinghim,statingineithercase
hisaddresswhichshouldnotbeapostofficebox.
Thesignatureofcounselconstitutesacertificatebyhimthathehasreadthepleadingthattothebestofhisknowledge,information,
andbeliefthereisgoodgroundtosupportitandthatitisnotinterposedfordelay.
Anunsignedpleadingproducesnolegaleffect.However,thecourtmay,initsdiscretion,allowsuchdeficiencytoberemediedifit
shallappearthatthesamewasduetomereinadvertenceandnotintendedfordelay.Counselwhodeliberatelyfilesanunsigned
pleading,orsignsapleadinginviolationofthisRule,orallegesscandalousorindecentmattertherein,orfailspromptlyreporttothe
courtachangeofhisaddress,shallbesubjecttoappropriatedisciplinaryaction.(5a)
Section4.Verification.Exceptwhenotherwisespecificallyrequiredbylaworrule,pleadingsneednotbeunderoath,verifiedor
accompaniedbyaffidavit.(5a)
Apleadingisverifiedbyanaffidavitthattheaffianthasreadthepleadingandthattheallegationsthereinaretrueandcorrectofhis
knowledgeandbelief.
Apleadingrequiredtobeverifiedwhichcontainsaverificationbasedon"informationandbelief",orupon"knowledge,information
andbelief",orlacksaproperverification,shallbetreatedasanunsignedpleading.(6a)
Section5.Certificationagainstforumshopping. The plaintiff or principal party shall certify under oath in the complaint or other
initiatorypleadingassertingaclaimforrelief,orinasworncertificationannexedtheretoandsimultaneouslyfiledtherewith:(a)thathe
hasnottheretoforecommencedanyactionorfiledanyclaiminvolvingthesameissuesinanycourt,tribunalorquasijudicialagency
and,tothebestofhisknowledge,nosuchotheractionorclaimispendingtherein(b)ifthereissuchotherpendingactionorclaim,a
completestatementofthepresentstatusthereofand(c)ifheshouldthereafterlearnthatthesameorsimilaractionorclaimhasbeen
filed or is pending, he shall report that fact within five (5) days therefrom to the court wherein his aforesaid complaint or initiatory
pleadinghasbeenfiled.
Failure to comply with the foregoing requirements shall not be curable by mere amendment of the complaint or other initiatory
pleadingbutshallbecauseforthedismissalofthecasewithoutprejudice,unlessotherwiseprovided,uponmotionandafterhearing.
Thesubmissionofafalsecertificationornoncompliancewithanyoftheundertakingsthereinshallconstituteindirectcontemptof
court, without prejudice to the corresponding administrative and criminal actions. If the acts of the party or his counsel clearly
constitutewillfulanddeliberateforumshopping,thesameshallbegroundforsummarydismissalwithprejudiceandshallconstitute
directcontempt,aswellasacauseforadministrativesanctions.(n)

RULE8
MannerofMakingAllegationsinPleadings
Section1.Ingeneral.Everypleadingshallcontaininamethodicalandlogicalform,aplain,conciseanddirectstatementofthe
ultimate facts on which the party pleading relies for his claim or defense, as the case may be, omitting the statement of mere
evidentiaryfacts.(1)
Ifadefensereliedonisbasedonlaw,thepertinentprovisionsthereofandtheirapplicabilitytohimshallbeclearlyandconcisely
stated.(n)
Section2.Alternativecausesofactionordefenses.Apartymaysetforthtwoormorestatementsofaclaimordefensealternatively
orhypothetically,eitherinonecauseofactionordefenseorinseparatecausesofactionordefenses.Whentwoormorestatements
aremadeinthealternativeandoneofthemifmadeindependentlywouldbesufficient,thepleadingisnotmadeinsufficientbythe
insufficiencyofoneormoreofthealternativestatements.(2)
Section3.Conditionsprecedent.Inanypleadingageneralavermentoftheperformanceoroccurrenceofallconditionsprecedent
shallbesufficient.(3)

Section4.Capacity. Facts showing the capacity of a party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a
representativecapacityorthelegalexistenceofanorganizedassociationofpersonthatismadeaparty,mustbeaverred.Aparty
desiringtoraiseanissueastothelegalexistenceofanypartyorthecapacityofanypartytosueorbesuedinarepresentative
capacity, shall do so by specific denial, which shall include such supporting particulars as are peculiarly within the pleader's
knowledge.(4)
Section 5. Fraud, mistake, condition of the mind. In all averments of fraud or mistake the circumstances constituting fraud or
mistake must be stated with particularity. Malice, intent, knowledge, or other condition of the mind of a person may be averred
generally.(5a)
Section6.Judgment.Inpleadingajudgmentordecisionofadomesticorforeigncourt,judicialorquasijudicialtribunal,orofa
boardorofficer,itissufficienttoaverthejudgmentordecisionwithoutsettingforthmattershowingjurisdictiontorenderit.(6)
Section7.Actionordefensebasedondocument.Wheneveranactionordefenseisbaseduponawritteninstrumentordocument,
thesubstanceofsuchinstrumentordocumentshallbesetforthinthepleading,andtheoriginaloracopythereofshallbeattachedto
thepleadingasanexhibit,whichshallbedeemedtobeapartofthepleading,orsaidcopymaywithlikeeffectbesetforthinthe
pleading.(7)
Section8.Howtocontestsuchdocuments.Whenanactionordefenseisfoundeduponawritteninstrument,copiedinorattached
tothecorrespondingpleadingasprovidedintheprecedingsection,thegenuinenessanddueexecutionoftheinstrumentshallbe
deemedadmittedunlesstheadverseparty,underoathspecificallydeniesthem,andsetsforthwhatheclaimstobethefacts,butthe
requirementofanoathdoesnotapplywhentheadversepartydoesnotappeartobeapartytotheinstrumentorwhencompliance
withanorderforaninspectionoftheoriginalinstrumentisrefused.(8a)
Section9.Officialdocumentoract.Inpleadinganofficialdocumentorofficialact,itissufficienttoaverthatthedocumentwas
issuedortheactdoneincompliancewithlaw.(9)
Section10.Specificdenial.Adefendantmustspecifyeachmaterialallegationoffactthetruthofwhichhedoesnotadmitand,
whenever practicable, shall set forth the substance of the matters upon which he relies to support his denial. Where a defendant
desirestodenyonlyapartofanaverment,heshallspecifysomuchofitasistrueandmaterialandshalldenyonlytheremainder.
Whereadefendantiswithoutknowledgeorinformationsufficienttoformabeliefastothetruthofamaterialavermentmadetothe
complaint,heshallsostate,andthisshallhavetheeffectofadenial.(10a)
Section11.Allegationsnotspecificallydenieddeemedadmitted.Materialavermentinthecomplaint,otherthanthoseastothe
amount of unliquidated damages, shall be deemed admitted when not specifically denied. Allegations of usury in a complaint to
recoverusuriousinterestaredeemedadmittedifnotdeniedunderoath.(1a,R9)
Section12.Strikingoutofpleadingormattercontainedtherein.Uponmotionmadebyapartybeforerespondingtoapleadingor,
ifnoresponsivepleadingispermittedbytheseRules,uponmotionmadebyapartywithintwenty(20)daysaftertheserviceofthe
pleadinguponhim,oruponthecourt'sowninitiativeatanytime,thecourtmayorderanypleadingtobestrickenoutorthatanysham
orfalse,redundant,immaterial,impertinent,orscandalousmatterbestrickenouttherefrom.(5,R9)

RULE9
EffectofFailuretoPlead
Section1.Defenses and objections not pleaded. Defenses and objections not pleaded either in a motion to dismiss or in the
answeraredeemedwaived.However,whenitappearsfromthepleadingsortheevidenceonrecordthatthecourthasnojurisdiction
overthesubjectmatter,thatthereisanotheractionpendingbetweenthesamepartiesforthesamecause,orthattheactionisbarred
byapriorjudgmentorbystatuteoflimitations,thecourtshalldismisstheclaim.(2a)
Section2.Compulsorycounterclaim,orcrossclaim,notsetupbarred.Acompulsorycounterclaim,oracrossclaim,notsetup
shallbebarred.(4a)
Section3.Defaultdeclarationof.Ifthedefendingpartyfailstoanswerwithinthetimeallowedtherefor,thecourtshall,uponmotion
oftheclaimingpartywithnoticetothedefendingparty,andproofofsuchfailure,declarethedefendingpartyindefault.Thereupon,
the court shall proceed to render judgment granting the claimant such relief as his pleading may warrant, unless the court in its
discretionrequirestheclaimanttosubmitevidence.Suchreceptionofevidencemaybedelegatedtotheclerkofcourt.(1a,R18)
(a)Effectoforderofdefault.Apartyindefaultshallbeentitledtonoticeofsubsequentproceedingsbutnottotakepartinthe
trial.(2a,R18)
(b)Relieffromorderofdefault.Apartydeclaredindefaultmayatanytimeafternoticethereofandbeforejudgmentfilea
motionunderoathtosetasidetheorderofdefaultuponpropershowingthathisfailuretoanswerwasduetofraud,accident,
mistakeorexcusablenegligenceandthathehasameritoriousdefense.Insuchcase,theorderofdefaultmaybesetasideon
suchtermsandconditionsasthejudgemayimposeintheinterestofjustice.(3a,R18)
(c)Effectofpartialdefault.Whenapleadingassertingaclaimstatesacommoncauseofactionagainstseveraldefending
parties,someofwhomanswerandtheothersfailtodoso,thecourtshalltrythecaseagainstallupontheanswersthusfiled

andrenderjudgmentupontheevidencepresented.(4a,R18).
(d)Extentofrelieftobeawarded.Ajudgmentrenderedagainstapartyindefaultshallnotexceedtheamountorbedifferent
inkindfromthatprayedfornorawardunliquidateddamages.(5a,R18).
(e)Wherenodefaultsallowed.Ifthedefendingpartyinanactionforannulmentordeclarationofnullityofmarriageorfor
legal separation fails to answer, the court shall order the prosecuting attorney to investigate whether or not a collusion
betweenthepartiesexists,andifthereisnocollusion,tointervenefortheStateinordertoseetoitthattheevidencesubmitted
isnotfabricated.(6a,R18)

RULE10
AmendedandSupplementalPleadings
Section1.Amendmentsingeneral.Pleadingsmaybeamendedbyaddingorstrikingoutanallegationorthenameofanyparty,or
bycorrectingamistakeinthenameofapartyoramistakenorinadequateallegationordescriptioninanyotherrespect,sothatthe
actual merits of the controversy may speedily be determined, without regard to technicalities, and in the most expeditious and
inexpensivemanner.(1)
Section 2. Amendments as a matter of right. A party may amend his pleading once as a matter of right at any time before a
responsivepleadingisservedor,inthecaseofareply,atanytimewithinten(10)daysafteritisserved.(2a)
Section3.Amendmentsbyleaveofcourt.Exceptasprovidedinthenextprecedingsection,substantialamendmentsmaybemade
onlyuponleaveofcourt.Butsuchleavemayberefusedifitappearstothecourtthatthemotionwasmadewithintenttodelay.Orders
ofthecourtuponthemattersprovidedinthissectionshallbemadeuponmotionfiledincourt,andafternoticetotheadverseparty,
andanopportunitytobeheard.(3a)
Section4.Formalamendments.Adefectinthedesignationofthepartiesandotherclearlyclericalortypographicalerrorsmaybe
summarilycorrectedbythecourtatanystageoftheaction,atitsinitiativeoronmotion,providednoprejudiceiscausedtherebytothe
adverseparty.(4a)
Section5.Amendmenttoconformtoorauthorizepresentationofevidence.Whenissuesnotraisedbythepleadingsaretriedwith
theexpressorimpliedconsentofthepartiestheyshallbetreatedinallrespectsasiftheyhadbeenraisedinthepleadings.Such
amendmentofthepleadingsasmaybenecessarytocausethemtoconformtotheevidenceandtoraisetheseissuesmaybemade
uponmotionofanypartyatanytime,evenafterjudgmentbutfailuretoamenddoesnoteffecttheresultofthetrialoftheseissues.If
evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground that it is not within the issues made by the pleadings, the court may allow the
pleadings to be amended and shall do so with liberality if the presentation of the merits of the action and the ends of substantial
justicewillbesubservedthereby.Thecourtmaygrantacontinuancetoenabletheamendmenttobemade.(5a)
Section6.Supplementalpleadings.Uponmotionofapartythecourtmay,uponreasonablenoticeanduponsuchtermsasare
just,permithimtoserveasupplementalpleadingsettingforthtransactions,occurrencesoreventswhichhavehappenedsincethe
dateofthepleadingsoughttobesupplemented.Theadversepartymaypleadtheretowithinten(10)daysfromnoticeoftheorder
admittingthesupplementalpleading.(6a)
Section7.Filingofamendedpleadings. When any pleading is amended, a new copy of the entire pleading, incorporating the
amendments,whichshallbeindicatedbyappropriatemarks,shallbefiled.(7a)
Section8.Effectofamendedpleadings.Anamendedpleadingsupersedesthepleadingthatitamends.However,admissionsin
supersededpleadingsmaybereceivedinevidenceagainstthepleader,andclaimsordefensesallegedthereinnotincorporatedin
theamendedpleadingshallbedeemedwaived.(n)

RULE11
WhentoFileResponsivePleadings
Section1.Answertothecomplaint.Thedefendantshallfilehisanswertothecomplaintwithinfifteen(15)daysafterserviceof
summons,unlessadifferentperiodisfixedbythecourt.(la)
Section2.Answerofadefendantforeignprivatejuridicalentity.Wherethedefendantisaforeignprivatejuridicalentityandservice
ofsummonsismadeonthegovernmentofficialdesignatedbylawtoreceivethesame,theanswershallbefiledwithinthirty(30)days
afterreceiptofsummonsbysuchentity.(2a)
Section3.Answertoamendedcomplaint.Whentheplaintifffilesanamendedcomplaintasamatterofright,thedefendantshall
answerthesamewithinfifteen(15)daysafterbeingservedwithacopythereof.

Whereitsfilingisnotamatterofright,thedefendantshallanswertheamendedcomplaintwithinten(l0)daysfromnoticeoftheorder
admittingthesame.Ananswerearlierfiledmayserveastheanswertotheamendedcomplaintifnonewanswerisfiled.
ThisRuleshallapplytotheanswertoanamendedcounterclaim,amendedcrossclaim,amendedthird(fourth,etc.)partycomplaint,
andamendedcomplaintinintervention.(3a)
Section 4. Answer to counterclaim or crossclaim. A counterclaim or crossclaim must be answered within ten (10) days from
service.(4)
Section5.Answertothird(fourth,etc.)partycomplaint.Thetimetoanswerathird(fourth,etc.)partycomplaintshallbegoverned
bythesameruleastheanswertothecomplaint.(5a)
Section6.Reply.Areplymaybefiledwithinten(10)daysfromserviceofthepleadingrespondedto.(6)
Section7.Answertosupplementalcomplain.Asupplementalcomplaintmaybeansweredwithinten(10)daysfromnoticeofthe
orderadmittingthesame,unlessadifferentperiodisfixedbythecourt.Theanswertothecomplaintshallserveastheanswertothe
supplementalcomplaintifnoneworsupplementalanswerisfiled.(n)
Section8.Existingcounterclaimorcrossclaim.Acompulsorycounterclaimoracrossclaimthatadefendingpartyhasatthetime
hefileshisanswershallbecontainedtherein.(8a,R6)
Section9.Counterclaimorcrossclaimarisingafteranswer.Acounterclaimoracrossclaimwhicheithermaturedorwasacquired
by a party after serving his pleading may, with the permission of the court, be presented as a counterclaim or a crossclaim by
supplementalpleadingbeforejudgment.(9,R6)
Section10.Omittedcounterclaimorcrossclaim.Whenapleaderfailstosetupacounterclaimoracrossclaimthroughoversight,
inadvertence,orexcusableneglect,orwhenjusticerequires,hemay,byleaveofcourt,setupthecounterclaimorcrossclaimby
amendmentbeforejudgment.(3,R9)
Section11.Extensionoftimetoplead.Uponmotionandonsuchtermsasmaybejust,thecourtmayextendthetimetoplead
providedintheseRules.
Thecourtmayalso,uponliketerms,allowananswerorotherpleadingtobefiledafterthetimefixedbytheseRules.(7)

RULE12
BillofParticulars
Section1.Whenappliedforpurpose.Beforerespondingtoapleading,apartymaymoveforadefinitestatementorforabillof
particulars of any matter which is not averted with sufficient definiteness or particularity to enable him properly to prepare his
responsivepleading.Ifthepleadingisareply,themotionmustbefiledwithinten(10)daysfromservicethereof.Suchmotionshall
pointoutthedefectscomplainedof,theparagraphswhereintheyarecontained,andthedetailsdesired.(1a)
Section2.Actionbythecourt.Uponthefilingofthemotion,theclerkofcourtmustimmediatelybringittotheattentionofthecourt
whichmayeitherdenyorgrantitoutright,orallowthepartiestheopportunitytobeheard.(n)
Section3.Compliancewithorder.Ifthemotionisgranted,eitherinwholeorinpart,thecompliancetherewithmustbeeffected
withinten(10)daysfromnoticeoftheorder,unlessadifferentperiodisfixedbythecourt.Thebillofparticularsoramoredefinite
statementorderedbythecourtmaybefiledeitherinaseparateorinanamendedpleading,servingacopythereofontheadverse
party.(n)
Section4.Effectofnoncompliance.Iftheorderisnotobeyed,orincaseofinsufficientcompliancetherewith,thecourtmayorder
thestrikingoutofthepleadingortheportionsthereoftowhichtheorderwasdirectedormakesuchotherorderasitdeemsjust.(1[c]a)
Section5.Stayofperiodtofileresponsivepleading.Afterserviceofthebillofparticularsorofamoredefinitepleading,orafter
noticeofdenialofhismotion,themovingpartymayfilehisresponsivepleadingwithintheperiodtowhichhewasentitledatthetime
offilinghismotion,whichshallnotbelessthanfive(5)daysinanyevent.(1[b]a)
Section6.Billapartofpleading.Abillofparticularsbecomespartofthepleadingforwhichitisintended.(1[a]a)

RULE13
FilingandServiceofPleadings,JudgmentsandOtherPapers
Section1.Coverage.ThisRuleshallgovernthefilingofallpleadingsandotherpapers,aswellastheservicethereof,except
thoseforwhichadifferentmodeofserviceisprescribed.(n)

Section2.Filingandservice,defined.Filingistheactofpresentingthepleadingorotherpapertotheclerkofcourt.
Serviceistheactofprovidingapartywithacopyofthepleadingorpaperconcerned.Ifanypartyhasappearedbycounsel,service
uponhimshallbemadeuponhiscounseloroneofthem,unlessserviceuponthepartyhimselfisorderedbythecourt.Whereone
counselappearsforseveralparties,heshallonlybeentitledtoonecopyofanypaperserveduponhimbytheoppositeside.(2a)
Section3.Manneroffiling.Thefilingofpleadings,appearances,motions,notices,orders,judgmentsandallotherpapersshallbe
made by presenting the original copies thereof, plainly indicated as such, personally to the clerk of court or by sending them by
registeredmail.Inthefirstcase,theclerkofcourtshallendorseonthepleadingthedateandhouroffiling.Inthesecondcase,the
dateofthemailingofmotions,pleadings,oranyotherpapersorpaymentsordeposits,asshownbythepostofficestamponthe
envelopeortheregistryreceipt,shallbeconsideredasthedateoftheirfiling,payment,ordepositincourt.Theenvelopeshallbe
attachedtotherecordofthecase.(1a)
Section4.Papersrequiredtobefiledandserved.Everyjudgment,resolution,order,pleadingsubsequenttothecomplaint,written
motion,notice,appearance,demand,offerofjudgmentorsimilarpapersshallbefiledwiththecourt,andservedupontheparties
affected.(2a)
Section5.Modesofservice. Service of pleadings motions, notices, orders, judgments and other papers shall be made either
personallyorbymail.(3a)
Section6.Personalservice.Serviceofthepapersmaybemadebydeliveringpersonallyacopytothepartyorhiscounsel,orby
leavingitinhisofficewithhisclerkorwithapersonhavingchargethereof.Ifnopersonisfoundinhisoffice,orhisofficeisnotknown,
or he has no office, then by leaving the copy, between the hours of eight in the morning and six in the evening, at the party's or
counsel'sresidence,ifknown,withapersonofsufficientageanddiscretionthenresidingtherein.(4a)
Section7.Servicebymail.Servicebyregisteredmailshallbemadebydepositingthecopyinthepostofficeinasealedenvelope,
plainlyaddressedtothepartyorhiscounselathisoffice,ifknown,otherwiseathisresidence,ifknown,withpostagefullyprepaid,
and with instructions to the postmaster to return the mail to the sender after ten (10) days if undelivered. If no registry service is
availableinthelocalityofeitherthesendersortheaddressee,servicemaybedonebyordinarymail.(5aBarMatterNo.803,17
February1998)
Section8.Substituted service. If service of pleadings, motions, notices, resolutions, orders and other papers cannot be made
underthetwoprecedingsections,theofficeandplaceofresidenceofthepartyorhiscounselbeingunknown,servicemaybemade
bydeliveringthecopytotheclerkofcourt,withproofoffailureofbothpersonalserviceandservicebymail.Theserviceiscompleteat
thetimeofsuchdelivery.(6a)
Section 9. Service of judgments, final orders, or resolutions. Judgments, final orders or resolutions shall be served either
personallyorbyregisteredmail.Whenapartysummonedbypublicationhasfailedtoappearintheaction,judgments,finalordersor
resolutionsagainsthimshallbeserveduponhimalsobypublicationattheexpenseoftheprevailingparty.(7a)
Section10.Completenessofservice.Personalserviceiscompleteuponactualdelivery.Servicebyordinarymailiscompleteupon
theexpirationoften(10)daysaftermailing,unlessthecourtotherwiseprovides.Servicebyregisteredmailiscompleteuponactual
receiptbytheaddressee,orafterfive(5)daysfromthedatehereceivedthefirstnoticeofthepostmaster,whicheverdateisearlier.
(8a)
Section11.Prioritiesinmodesofserviceandfiling.Wheneverpracticable,theserviceandfilingofpleadingsandotherpapers
shallbedonepersonally.Exceptwithrespecttopapersemanatingfromthecourt,aresorttoothermodesmustbeaccompaniedbya
writtenexplanationwhytheserviceorfilingwasnotdonepersonally.AviolationofthisRulemaybecausetoconsiderthepaperas
notfiled.(n)
Section12.Proofoffiling.Thefilingofapleadingorpapershallbeprovedbyitsexistenceintherecordofthecase.Ifitisnotinthe
record,butisclaimedtohavebeenfiledpersonally,thefilingshallbeprovedbythewrittenorstampedacknowledgmentofitsfilingby
theclerkofcourtonacopyofthesameiffiledbyregisteredmail,bytheregistryreceiptandbytheaffidavitofthepersonwhodidthe
mailing,containingafullstatementofthedateandplaceofdepositingthemailinthepostofficeinasealedenvelopeaddressedto
thecourt,withpostagefullyprepaid,andwithinstructionstothepostmastertoreturnthemailtothesenderafterten(10)daysifnot
delivered.(n)
Section13.ProofofService.Proofofpersonalserviceshallconsistofawrittenadmissionofthepartyserved,ortheofficialreturn
oftheserver,ortheaffidavitofthepartyserving,containingafullstatementofthedate,placeandmannerofservice.Iftheserviceis
byordinarymail,proofthereofshallconsistofanaffidavitofthepersonmailingoffactsshowingcompliancewithsection7ofthis
Rule.Ifserviceismadebyregisteredmail,proofshallbemadebysuchaffidavitandtheregistryreceiptissuedbythemailingoffice.
Theregistryreturncardshallbefiledimmediatelyuponitsreceiptbythesender,orinlieuthereoftheunclaimedlettertogetherwith
thecertifiedorsworncopyofthenoticegivenbythepostmastertotheaddressee.(10a)
Section14.Noticeoflispendens. In an action affecting the title or the right of possession of real property, the plaintiff and the
defendant,whenaffirmativereliefisclaimedinhisanswer,mayrecordintheofficeoftheregistryofdeedsoftheprovinceinwhichthe
propertyissituatednoticeofthependencyoftheaction.Saidnoticeshallcontainthenamesofthepartiesandtheobjectoftheaction
ordefense,andadescriptionofthepropertyinthatprovinceaffectedthereby.Onlyfromthetimeoffilingsuchnoticeforrecordshalla
purchaser,orencumbrancerofthepropertyaffectedthereby,bedeemedtohaveconstructivenoticeofthependencyoftheaction,
andonlyofitspendencyagainstthepartiesdesignatedbytheirrealnames.

Thenoticeoflispendenshereinabovementionedmaybecancelledonlyuponorderofthecourt,afterpropershowingthatthenotice
isforthepurposeofmolestingtheadverseparty,orthatitisnotnecessarytoprotecttherightsoftherightsofthepartywhocausedit
toberecorded.(24a,R14)

RULE14
Summons
Section1.Clerktoissuesummons.Uponthefilingofthecomplaintandthepaymentoftherequisitelegalfees,theclerkofcourt
shallforthwithissuethecorrespondingsummonstothedefendants.(1a)
Section2.Contents.Thesummonsshallbedirectedtothedefendant,signedbytheclerkofcourtundersealandcontain(a)the
nameofthecourtandthenamesofthepartiestotheaction(b)adirectionthatthedefendantanswerwithinthetimefixedbythese
Rules(c)anoticethatunlessthedefendantsoanswersplaintiffwilltakejudgmentbydefaultandmaybegrantedthereliefapplied
for.
Acopyofthecomplaintandorderforappointmentofguardianadlitemifany,shallbeattachedtotheoriginalandeachcopyofthe
summons.(3a)
Section3.Bywhomserved.Thesummonsmaybeservedbythesheriff,hisdeputy,orotherpropercourtofficer,orforjustifiable
reasonsbyanysuitablepersonauthorizedbythecourtissuingthesummons.(5a)
Section4.Return.Whentheservicehasbeencompleted,theservershall,withinfive(5)daystherefrom,serveacopyofthereturn,
personallyorbyregisteredmail,totheplaintiff'scounsel,andshallreturnthesummonstotheclerk,whoissuedit,accompaniedby
proofofservice.(6a)
Section5.Issuanceofaliassummons.Ifasummonsisreturnedwithoutbeingservedonanyorallofthedefendants,theserver
shall also serve a copy of the return on the plaintiff's counsel, stating the reasons for the failure of service, within five (5) days
therefrom.Insuchacase,orifthesummonshasbeenlost,theclerk,ondemandoftheplaintiff,mayissueanaliassummons.(4a)
Section6.Serviceinpersonondefendant.Wheneverpracticable,thesummonsshallbeservedbyhandlingacopythereoftothe
defendantinperson,or,ifherefusestoreceiveandsignforit,bytenderingittohim.(7a)
Section7.Substitutedservice.If,forjustifiablecauses,thedefendantcannotbeservedwithinareasonabletimeasprovidedinthe
precedingsection,servicemaybeeffected(a)byleavingcopiesofthesummonsatthedefendant'sresidencewithsomepersonof
suitableageanddiscretionthenresidingtherein,or(b)byleavingthecopiesatdefendant'sofficeorregularplaceofbusinesswith
somecompetentpersoninchargethereof.(8a)
Section8.Serviceuponentitywithoutjuridicalpersonality.Whenpersonsassociatedinanentitywithoutjuridicalpersonalityare
suedunderthenamebywhichtheyaregenerallyorcommonlyknown,servicemaybeeffecteduponallthedefendantsbyserving
uponanyoneofthem,oruponthepersoninchargeoftheofficeorplaceofbusinessmaintainedinsuchname.Butsuchserviceshall
notbindindividuallyanypersonwhoseconnectionwiththeentityhas,uponduenotice,beenseveredbeforetheactionwasbrought.
(9a)
Section9.Serviceuponprisoners.Whenthedefendantisaprisonerconfinedinajailorinstitution,serviceshallbeeffectedupon
himbytheofficerhavingthemanagementofsuchjailorinstitutionwhoisdeemeddeputizedasaspecialsheriffforsaidpurpose.
(12a)
Section10.Serviceuponminorsandincompetents.Whenthedefendantisaminor,insaneorotherwiseanincompetent,service
shallbemadeuponhimpersonallyandonhislegalguardianifhehasone,orifnonehisguardianadlitemwhoseappointmentshall
beappliedforbytheplaintiff.Inthecaseofaminor,servicemayalsobemadeonhisfatherormother.(l0a,11a)
Section 11. Service upon domestic private juridical entity. When the defendant is a corporation, partnership or association
organizedunderthelawsofthePhilippineswithajuridicalpersonality,servicemaybemadeonthepresident,managingpartner,
generalmanager,corporatesecretary,treasurer,orinhousecounsel.(13a)
Section 12. Service upon foreign private juridical entities. When the defendant is a foreign private juridical entity which has
transactedbusinessinthePhilippines,servicemaybemadeonitsresidentagentdesignatedinaccordancewithlawforthatpurpose,
or,iftherebenosuchagent,onthegovernmentofficialdesignatedbylawtothateffect,oronanyofitsofficersoragentswithinthe
Philippines.(14a)
Section13.Serviceuponpubliccorporations.WhenthedefendantistheRepublicofthePhilippines,servicemaybeeffectedon
theSolicitorGeneralincaseofaprovince,cityormunicipality,orlikepubliccorporations,servicemaybeeffectedonitsexecutive
head,oronsuchotherofficerorofficersasthelaworthecourtmaydirect.(15)
Section14.Serviceupondefendantwhoseidentityorwhereaboutsareunknown.Inanyactionwherethedefendantisdesignated
asanunknownowner,orthelike,orwheneverhiswhereaboutsareunknownandcannotbeascertainedbydiligentinquiry,service
may,byleaveofcourt,beeffecteduponhimbypublicationinanewspaperofgeneralcirculationandinsuchplacesandforsuchtime
asthecourtmayorder.(16a)

Section15.Extraterritorialservice.WhenthedefendantdoesnotresideandisnotfoundinthePhilippines,andtheactionaffects
thepersonalstatusoftheplaintifforrelatesto,orthesubjectofwhichis,propertywithinthePhilippines,inwhichthedefendanthasor
claimsalienorinterest,actualorcontingent,orinwhichthereliefdemandedconsists,whollyorinpart,inexcludingthedefendant
fromanyinteresttherein,orthepropertyofthedefendanthasbeenattachedwithinthePhilippines,servicemay,byleaveofcourt,be
effectedoutofthePhilippinesbypersonalserviceasundersection6orbypublicationinanewspaperofgeneralcirculationinsuch
places and for such time as the court may order, in which case a copy of the summons and order of the court shall be sent by
registeredmailtothelastknownaddressofthedefendant,orinanyothermannerthecourtmaydeemsufficient.Anyordergranting
suchleaveshallspecifyareasonabletime,whichshallnotbelessthansixty(60)daysafternotice,withinwhichthedefendantmust
answer.(17a)
Section 16. Residents temporarily out of the Philippines. When any action is commenced against a defendant who ordinarily
resideswithinthePhilippines,butwhoistemporarilyoutofit,servicemay,byleaveofcourt,bealsoeffectedoutofthePhilippines,as
undertheprecedingsection.(18a)
Section17.Leaveofcourt.AnyapplicationtothecourtunderthisRuleforleavetoeffectserviceinanymannerforwhichleaveof
courtisnecessaryshallbemadebymotioninwriting,supportedbyaffidavitoftheplaintifforsomepersononhisbehalf,settingforth
thegroundsfortheapplication.(19)
Section18.Proofofservice. The proof of service of a summons shall be made in writing by the server and shall set forth the
manner,place,anddateofserviceshallspecifyanypaperswhichhavebeenservedwiththeprocessandthenameoftheperson
whoreceivedthesameandshallbesworntowhenmadebyapersonotherthanasherifforhisdeputy.(20)
Section19.Proofofservicebypublication.Iftheservicehasbeenmadebypublication,servicemaybeprovedbytheaffidavitof
theprinter,hisforemanorprincipalclerk,oroftheeditor,businessoradvertisingmanager,towhichaffidavitacopyofthepublication
shall be attached and by an affidavit showing the deposit of a copy of the summons and order for publication in the post office,
postageprepaid,directedtothedefendantbyregisteredmailtohislastknownaddress.(21)
Section20.Voluntaryappearance.Thedefendant'svoluntaryappearanceintheactionshallbeequivalenttoserviceofsummons.
Theinclusioninamotiontodismissofothergroundsasidefromlackofjurisdictionoverthepersonofthedefendantshallnotbe
deemedavoluntaryappearance.(23a)

RULE15
Motions
Section1.Motiondefined.Amotionisanapplicationforreliefotherthanbyapleading.(1a)
Section2.Motionsmustbeinwritings.Allmotionsshallbeinwritingexceptthosemadeinopencourtorinthecourseofahearing
ortrial.(2a)
Section3.Contents.Amotionshallstatethereliefsoughttobeobtainedandthegroundsuponwhichitisbased,andifrequiredby
theseRulesornecessarytoprovefactsallegedtherein,shallbeaccompaniedbysupportingaffidavitsandotherpapers.(3a)
Section4.Hearingofmotion.Exceptformotionswhichthecourtmayactuponwithoutprejudicingtherightsoftheadverseparty,
everywrittenmotionshallbesetforhearingbytheapplicant.
Everywrittenmotionrequiredtobeheardandthenoticeofthehearingthereofshallbeservedinsuchamannerastoensureits
receiptbytheotherpartyatleastthree(3)daysbeforethedateofhearing,unlessthecourtforgoodcausesetsthehearingonshorter
notice.(4a)
Section5.Noticeofhearing.Thenoticeofhearingshallbeaddressedtoallpartiesconcerned,andshallspecifythetimeanddate
ofthehearingwhichmustnotbelaterthanten(10)daysafterthefilingofthemotion.(5a)
Section6.Proofofservicenecessary.Nowrittenmotionsetforhearingshallbeacteduponbythecourtwithoutproofofservice
thereof.(6a)
Section 7. Motion day. Except for motions requiring immediate action, all motions shall be scheduled for hearing on Friday
afternoons,orifFridayisanonworkingday,intheafternoonofthenextworkingday.(7a)
Section8.Omnibusmotion.Subjecttotheprovisionsofsection1ofRule9,amotionattackingapleading,order,judgment,or
proceedingshallincludeallobjectionsthenavailable,andallobjectionsnotsoincludedshallbedeemedwaived.(8a)
Section9.Motionforleave.Amotionforleavetofileapleadingormotionshallbeaccompaniedbythepleadingormotionsought
tobeadmitted.(n)
Section 10. Form. The Rules applicable to pleadings shall apply to written motions so far as concerns caption, designation,
signature,andothermattersofform.(9a)

RULE16
MotiontoDismiss
Section1.Grounds.Withinthetimeforbutbeforefilingtheanswertothecomplaintorpleadingassertingaclaim,amotionto
dismissmaybemadeonanyofthefollowinggrounds:
(a)Thatthecourthasnojurisdictionoverthepersonofthedefendingparty
(b)Thatthecourthasnojurisdictionoverthesubjectmatteroftheclaim
(c)Thatvenueisimproperlylaid
(d)Thattheplaintiffhasnolegalcapacitytosue
(e)Thatthereisanotheractionpendingbetweenthesamepartiesforthesamecause
(f)Thatthecauseofactionisbarredbyapriorjudgmentorbythestatuteoflimitations
(g)Thatthepleadingassertingtheclaimstatesnocauseofaction
(h)Thattheclaimordemandsetforthintheplaintiff'spleadinghasbeenpaid,waived,abandoned,orotherwiseextinguished
(i)Thattheclaimonwhichtheactionisfoundedisenforceableundertheprovisionsofthestatuteoffraudsand
(j)Thataconditionprecedentforfilingtheclaimhasnotbeencompliedwith.(1a)
Section2.Hearingofmotion.Atthehearingofthemotion,thepartiesshallsubmittheirargumentsonthequestionsoflawand
their evidence on the questions of fact involved except those not available at that time. Should the case go to trial, the evidence
presentedduringthehearingshallautomaticallybepartoftheevidenceofthepartypresentingthesame.(n)
Section 3. Resolution of Motion. After the hearing, the court may dismiss the action or claim, deny the motion, or order the
amendmentofthepleading.
Thecourtshallnotdefertheresolutionofthemotionforthereasonthatthegroundrelieduponisnotindubitable.
Ineverycase,theresolutionshallstateclearlyanddistinctlythereasonstherefor.(3a)
Section4.Timetoplead.Ifthemotionisdenied,themovantshallfilehisanswerwithinthebalanceoftheperiodprescribedby
Rule11towhichhewasentitledatthetimeofservinghismotion,butnotlessthanfive(5)daysinanyevent,computedfromhis
receiptofthenoticeofthedenial.Ifthepleadingisorderedtobeamended,heshallfilehisanswerwithintheperiodprescribedby
Rule11countedfromserviceoftheamendedpleading,unlessthecourtprovidesalongerperiod.(4a)
Section5.Effectofdismissal.Subjecttotherightofappeal,anordergrantingamotiontodismissbasedonparagraphs(f),(h)and
(i)ofsection1hereofshallbartherefilingofthesameactionorclaim.(n)
Section6.Pleading grounds as affirmative defenses. If no motion to dismiss has been filed, any of the grounds for dismissal
providedforinthisRulemaybepleadedasanaffirmativedefenseintheanswerand,inthediscretionofthecourt,apreliminary
hearingmaybehadthereonasifamotiontodismisshadbeenfiled.(5a)
Thedismissalofthecomplaintunderthissectionshallbewithoutprejudicetotheprosecutioninthesameorseparateactionofa
counterclaimpleadedintheanswer.(n)

RULE17
DismissalofActions
Section1.Dismissaluponnoticebyplaintiff.Acomplaintmaybedismissedbytheplaintiffbyfilinganoticeofdismissalatanytime
before service of the answer or of a motion for summary judgment. Upon such notice being filed, the court shall issue an order
confirmingthedismissal.Unlessotherwisestatedinthenotice,thedismissaliswithoutprejudice,exceptthatanoticeoperatesasan
adjudicationuponthemeritswhenfiledbyaplaintiffwhohasoncedismissedinacompetentcourtanactionbasedonorincluding
thesameclaim.(1a)
Section2.Dismissaluponmotionofplaintiff.Exceptasprovidedintheprecedingsection,acomplaintshallnotbedismissedatthe
plaintiff'sinstancesaveuponapprovalofthecourtanduponsuchtermsandconditionsasthecourtdeemsproper.Ifacounterclaim
hasbeenpleadedbyadefendantpriortotheserviceuponhimoftheplaintiffsmotionfordismissal,thedismissalshallbelimitedto
thecomplaint.Thedismissalshallbewithoutprejudicetotherightofthedefendanttoprosecutehiscounterclaiminaseparateaction

unlesswithinfifteen(15)daysfromnoticeofthemotionhemanifestshispreferencetohavehiscounterclaimresolvedinthesame
action.Unlessotherwisespecifiedintheorder,adismissalunderthisparagraphshallbewithoutprejudice.Aclasssuitshallnotbe
dismissedorcompromisedwithouttheapprovalofthecourt.(2a)
Section3.Dismissalduetofaultofplaintiff.If,fornojustifiablecause,theplaintifffailstoappearonthedateofthepresentationof
hisevidenceinchiefonthecomplaint,ortoprosecutehisactionforanunreasonablelengthoftime,ortocomplywiththeseRulesor
any order of the court, the complaint may be dismissed upon motion of the defendant or upon the court's own motion, without
prejudicetotherightofthedefendanttoprosecutehiscounterclaiminthesameorinaseparateaction.Thisdismissalshallhavethe
effectofanadjudicationuponthemerits,unlessotherwisedeclaredbythecourt.(3a)
Section4.Dismissalofcounterclaim,crossclaim,orthirdpartycomplaint.TheprovisionsofthisRuleshallapplytothedismissal
ofanycounterclaim,crossclaim,orthirdpartycomplaint.Avoluntarydismissalbytheclaimantbynoticeasinsection1ofthisRule,
shallbemadebeforearesponsivepleadingoramotionforsummaryjudgmentisservedor,ifthereisnone,beforetheintroductionof
evidenceatthetrialorhearing.(4a)

RULE18
PreTrial
Section1.Whenconducted.Afterthelastpleadinghasbeenservedandfiled,ifshallbethedutyoftheplaintifftopromptlymove
expartethatthecasebesetforpretrial(5a,R20)
Section2.Natureandpurpose.Thepretrialismandatory.Thecourtshallconsider:
(a)Thepossibilityofanamicablesettlementorofasubmissiontoalternativemodesofdisputeresolution
(b)Thesimplificationoftheissues
(c)Thenecessityordesirabilityofamendmentstothepleadings
(d)Thepossibilityofobtainingstipulationsoradmissionsoffactsandofdocumentstoavoidunnecessaryproof
(e)Thelimitationofthenumberofwitnesses
(f)Theadvisabilityofapreliminaryreferenceofissuestoacommissioner
(g)Theproprietyofrenderingjudgmentonthepleadings,orsummaryjudgment,orofdismissingtheactionshouldavalid
groundthereforbefoundtoexist
(h)Theadvisabilityornecessityofsuspendingtheproceedingsand
(i)Suchothermattersasmayaidinthepromptdispositionoftheaction.(1a,R20)
Section3.Noticeofpretrial.Thenoticeofpretrialshallbeservedoncounsel,oronthepartywhohasnocounsel.Thecounsel
servedwithsuchnoticeischargedwiththedutyofnotifyingthepartyrepresentedbyhim.(n)
Section4.Appearanceofparties.Itshallbethedutyofthepartiesandtheircounseltoappearatthepretrial.Thenonappearance
ofapartymaybeexcusedonlyifavalidcauseisshowntherefororifarepresentativeshallappearinhisbehalffullyauthorizedin
writing to enter into an amicable settlement, to submit to alternative modes of dispute resolution, and to enter into stipulations or
admissionsoffactsandofdocuments.(n)
Section5.Effectoffailuretoappear.Thefailureoftheplaintifftoappearwhensorequiredpursuanttothenextprecedingsection
shallbecausefordismissaloftheaction.Thedismissalshallbewithprejudice,unlessotherwiseorderedbythecourt.Asimilar
failure on the part of the defendant shall be cause to allow the plaintiff to present his evidence ex parte and the court to render
judgmentonthebasisthereof.(2a,R20)
Section6.Pretrialbrief.Thepartiesshallfilewiththecourtandserveontheadverseparty,insuchmannerasshallensuretheir
receiptthereofatleastthree(3)daysbeforethedateofthepretrial,theirrespectivepretrialbriefswhichshallcontain,amongothers:
(a)Astatementoftheirwillingnesstoenterintoamicablesettlementoralternativemodesofdisputeresolution,indicatingthe
desiredtermsthereof
(b)Asummaryofadmittedfactsandproposedstipulationoffacts
(c)Theissuestobetriedorresolved
(d)Thedocumentsorexhibitstobepresentedstatingthepurposethereof
(e) A manifestation of their having availed or their intention to avail themselves of discovery procedures or referral to
commissionersand

(f)Thenumberandnamesofthewitnesses,andthesubstanceoftheirrespectivetestimonies.
Failuretofilethepretrialbriefshallhavethesameeffectasfailuretoappearatthepretrial.(n)
Section7.Recordofpretrial.Theproceedingsinthepretrialshallberecorded.Upontheterminationthereof,thecourtshallissue
anorderwhichshallreciteindetailthematterstakenupintheconference,theactiontakenthereon,theamendmentsallowedtothe
pleadings,andtheagreementsoradmissionsmadebythepartiesastoanyofthemattersconsidered.Shouldtheactionproceedto
trial,theordershall,explicitlydefineandlimittheissuestobetried.Thecontentsoftheordershallcontrolthesubsequentcourseof
theaction,unlessmodifiedbeforetrialtopreventmanifestinjustice.(5a,R20)

RULE19
Intervention
Section1.Whomayintervene.Apersonwhohasalegalinterestinthematterinlitigation,orinthesuccessofeitheroftheparties,
oraninterestagainstboth,orissosituatedastobeadverselyaffectedbyadistributionorotherdispositionofpropertyinthecustody
ofthecourtorofanofficerthereofmay,withleaveofcourt,beallowedtointerveneintheaction.Thecourtshallconsiderwhetheror
not the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the rights of the original parties, and whether or not the
intervenor'srightsmaybefullyprotectedinaseparateproceeding.(2[a],[b]a,R12)
Section2.Timetointervene.Themotiontointervenemaybefiledatanytimebeforerenditionofjudgmentbythetrialcourt.Acopy
ofthepleadingininterventionshallbeattachedtothemotionandservedontheoriginalparties.(n)
Section3.Pleadingsinintervention.Theintervenorshallfileacomplaintininterventionifheassertsaclaimagainsteitherorallof
theoriginalparties,orananswerininterventionifheuniteswiththedefendingpartyinresistingaclaimagainstthelatter.(2[c]a,R12)
Section4.Answertocomplaintinintervention.Theanswertothecomplaintininterventionshallbefiledwithinfifteen(15)days
fromnoticeoftheorderadmittingthesame,unlessadifferentperiodisfixedbythecourt.(2[d]a,R12)

RULE20
CalendarofCases
Section1.Calendarofcases.Theclerkofcourt,underthedirectsupervisionofthejudge,shallkeepacalendarofcasesforpre
trial,fortrial,thosewhosetrialswereadjournedorpostponed,andthosewithmotionstosetforhearing.Preferenceshallbegivento
habeascorpuscases,electioncases,specialcivilactions,andthosesorequiredbylaw.(1a,R22)
Section2.Assignmentofcases.Theassignmentofcasestothedifferentbranchesofacourtshallbedoneexclusivelybyraffle.
The assignment shall be done in open session of which adequate notice shall be given so as to afford interested parties the
opportunitytobepresent.(7a,R22)

RULE21
Subpoena
Section1.Subpoenaandsubpoenaducestecum.Subpoenaisaprocessdirectedtoapersonrequiringhimtoattendandtotestify
atthehearingorthetrialofanaction,oratanyinvestigationconductedbycompetentauthority,orforthetakingofhisdeposition.It
mayalsorequirehimtobringwithhimanybooks,documents,orotherthingsunderhiscontrol,inwhichcaseitiscalledasubpoena
ducestecum.(1a,R23)
Section2.Bywhomissued.Thesubpoenamaybeissuedby
(a)thecourtbeforewhomthewitnessisrequiredtoattend
(b)thecourtoftheplacewherethedepositionistobetaken
(c)theofficerorbodyauthorizedbylawtodosoinconnectionwithinvestigationsconductedbysaidofficerorbodyor
(d)anyJusticeoftheSupremeCourtoroftheCourtofAppealsinanycaseorinvestigationpendingwithinthePhilippines.
Whenapplicationforasubpoenatoaprisonerismade,thejudgeorofficershallexamineandstudycarefullysuchapplicationto
determinewhetherthesameismadeforavalidpurpose.

Noprisonersentencedtodeath,reclusionperpetuaorlifeimprisonmentandwhoisconfinedinanypenalinstitutionshallbebrought
outsidethesaidpenalinstitutionforappearanceorattendanceinanycourtunlessauthorizedbytheSupremeCourt(2a,R23)
Section3.Formandcontents.Asubpoenashallstatethenameofthecourtandthetitleoftheactionorinvestigation,shallbe
directedtothepersonwhoseattendanceisrequired,andinthecaseofasubpoenaducestecum,itshallalsocontainareasonable
descriptionofthebooks,documentsorthingsdemandedwhichmustappeartothecourtprimafacierelevant.(3a,R23)
Section4.Quashingasubpoena.Thecourtmayquashasubpoenaducestecumuponmotionpromptlymadeand,inanyevent,at
orbeforethetimespecifiedthereinifitisunreasonableandoppressive,ortherelevancyofthebooks,documentsorthingsdoesnot
appear,orifthepersoninwhosebehalfthesubpoenaisissuedfailstoadvancethereasonablecostoftheproductionthereof.
Thecourtmayquashasubpoenaadtestificandumonthegroundthatthewitnessisnotboundthereby.Ineithercase,thesubpoena
maybequashedonthegroundthatthewitnessfeesandkilometrageallowedbytheseRuleswerenottenderedwhenthesubpoena
wasserved.(4a,R23)
Section5.Subpoenafordepositions.Proofofserviceofanoticetotakeadeposition,asprovidedinsections15and25ofRule23,
shallconstitutesufficientauthorizationfortheissuanceofsubpoenasforthepersonsnamedinsaidnoticebytheclerkofthecourtof
theplaceinwhichthedepositionistobetaken.Theclerkshallnot,however,issueasubpoenaducestecumtoanysuchperson
withoutanorderofthecourt.(5a,R23)
Section6.Service.Serviceofasubpoenashallbemadeinthesamemanneraspersonalorsubstitutedserviceofsummons.The
originalshallbeexhibitedandacopythereofdeliveredtothepersononwhomitisserved,tenderingtohimthefeesforoneday's
attendanceandthekilometrageallowedbytheseRules,exceptthat,whenasubpoenaisissuedbyoronbehalfoftheRepublicof
thePhilippinesoranofficeroragencythereof,thetenderneednotbemade.Theservicemustbemadesoastoallowthewitnessa
reasonable time for preparation and travel to the place of attendance. If the subpoena is duces tecum, the reasonable cost of
producingthebooks,documentsorthingsdemandedshallalsobetendered.(6a,R23)
Section7.Personalappearanceincourt.Apersonpresentincourtbeforeajudicialofficermayberequiredtotestifyasifhewere
inattendanceuponasubpoenaissuedbysuchcourtorofficer.(10,R23)
Section8.Compellingattendance.Incaseoffailureofawitnesstoattend,thecourtorjudgeissuingthesubpoena,uponproofof
the service thereof and of the failure of the witness, may issue a warrant to the sheriff of the province, or his deputy, to arrest the
witnessandbringhimbeforethecourtorofficerwherehisattendanceisrequired,andthecostofsuchwarrantandseizureofsuch
witness shall be paid by the witness if the court issuing it shall determine that his failure to answer the subpoena was willful and
withoutjustexcuse.(11,R23)
Section9.Contempt.Failurebyanypersonwithoutadequatecausetoobeyasubpoenaserveduponhimshallbedeemeda
contemptofthecourtfromwhichthesubpoenaisissued.Ifthesubpoenawasnotissuedbyacourt,thedisobediencetheretoshallbe
punishedinaccordancewiththeapplicablelaworRule.(12aR23)
Section10.Exceptions.Theprovisionsofsections8and9ofthisRuleshallnotapplytoawitnesswhoresidesmorethanone
hundred (100) kilometers from his residence to the place where he is to testify by the ordinary course of travel, or to a detention
prisonerifnopermissionofthecourtinwhichhiscaseispendingwasobtained.(9a,R23)

RULE22
ComputationofTime
Section1.Howtocomputetime.IncomputinganyperiodoftimeprescribedorallowedbytheseRules,orbyorderofthecourt,or
byanyapplicablestatute,thedayoftheactoreventfromwhichthedesignatedperiodoftimebeginstorunistobeexcludedandthe
dateofperformanceincluded.Ifthelastdayoftheperiod,asthuscomputed,fallsonaSaturdayaSunday,oralegalholidayinthe
placewherethecourtsits,thetimeshallnotrununtilthenextworkingday.(a)
Section2.Effectofinterruption.Shouldanactbedonewhicheffectivelyinterruptstherunningoftheperiod,theallowableperiod
aftersuchinterruptionshallstarttorunonthedayafternoticeofthecessationofthecausethereof.
Thedayoftheactthatcausedtheinterruptionshallbeexcludedinthecomputationoftheperiod.(n)

RULE23
DepositionsPendingAction
Section 1. Depositions pending action, when may be taken. By leave of court after jurisdiction has been obtained over any
defendantoroverpropertywhichisthesubjectoftheaction,orwithoutsuchleaveafterananswerhasbeenserved,thetestimonyof
any person, whether a party or not, may be taken, at the instance of any party, by deposition upon oral examination or written
interrogatories.TheattendanceofwitnessesmaybecompelledbytheuseofasubpoenaasprovidedinRule21.Depositionsshall

betakenonlyinaccordancewiththeseRules.Thedepositionofapersonconfinedinprisonmaybetakenonlybyleaveofcourton
suchtermsasthecourtprescribes.(1a,R24)
Section2.Scopeofexamination.Unlessotherwiseorderedbythecourtasprovidedbysection16or18ofthisRule,thedeponent
maybeexaminedregardinganymatter,notprivileged,whichisrelevanttothesubjectofthependingaction,whetherrelatingtothe
claim or defense of any other party, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location of any books,
documents,orothertangiblethingsandtheidentityandlocationofpersonshavingknowledgeofrelevantfacts.(2,R24)
Section3.Examinationandcrossexamination.Examinationandcrossexaminationofdeponentsmayproceedaspermittedatthe
trialundersections3to18ofRule132.(3a,R24)
Section4.Useofdepositions. At the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a
deposition,sofarasadmissibleundertherulesofevidence,maybeusedagainstanypartywhowaspresentorrepresentedatthe
takingofthedepositionorwhohadduenoticethereof,inaccordancewithanyoneofthefollowingprovisions
(a)Anydepositionmaybeusedbyanypartyforthepurposeofcontradictingorimpeachingthetestimonyofdeponentasa
witness
(b)Thedepositionofapartyorofanyonewhoatthetimeoftakingthedepositionwasanofficer,director,ormanagingagent
of a public or private corporation, partnership, or association which is a party may be used by an adverse party for any
purpose
(c)Thedepositionofawitness,whetherornotaparty,maybeusedbyanypartyforanypurposeifthecourtfinds:(1)thatthe
witnessisdead,or(2)thatthewitnessresidesatadistancemorethanonehundred(100)kilometersfromtheplaceoftrialor
hearing,orisoutofthePhilippines,unlessitappearsthathisabsencewasprocuredbythepartyofferingthedeposition,or(3)
thatthewitnessisunabletoattendortestifybecauseofage,sickness,infirmity,orimprisonment,or(4)thatthepartyoffering
thedepositionhasbeenunabletoprocuretheattendanceofthewitnessbysubpoenaor(5)uponapplicationandnotice,that
suchexceptionalcircumstancesexistastomakeitdesirable,intheinterestofjusticeandwithdueregardtotheimportanceof
presentingthetestimonyofwitnessesorallyinopencourt,toallowthedepositiontobeusedand
(d)Ifonlypartofadepositionisofferedinevidencebyaparty,theadversepartymayrequirehimtointroduceallofitwhichis
relevanttothepartintroduced,andanypartymayintroduceanyotherparts.(4a,R24)
Section5.Effectofsubstitutionofparties.Substitutionofpartiesdoesnotaffecttherighttousedepositionspreviouslytakenand,
whenanactionhasbeendismissedandanotheractioninvolvingthesamesubjectisafterwardbroughtbetweenthesamepartiesor
theirrepresentativesorsuccessorsininterest,alldepositionslawfullytakenanddulyfiledintheformeractionmaybeusedinthe
latterasiforiginallytakentherefor.(5,R24)
Section6.Objectionstoadmissibility.Subjecttotheprovisionsofsection29ofthisRule,objectionmaybemadeatthetrialor
hearing,toreceivinginevidenceanydepositionorpartthereofforanyreasonwhichwouldrequiretheexclusionoftheevidenceifthe
witnesswerethenpresentandtestifying(6,R24)
Section7.Effectoftakingdepositions.Apartyshallnotbedeemedtomakeapersonhisownwitnessforanypurposebytakinghis
deposition.(7,R24)
Section8.Effectofusingdepositions.Theintroductioninevidenceofthedepositionoranypartthereofforanypurposeotherthan
thatofcontradictingorimpeachingthedeponentmakesthedeponentthewitnessofthepartyintroducingthedeposition,butthisshall
notapplytotheusebyanadversepartyofadepositionasdescribedinparagraph(b)ofsection4ofthisRule.(8,R24)
Section 9. Rebutting deposition. At the trial or hearing any party may rebut any relevant evidence contained in a deposition
whetherintroducedbyhimorbyanyotherparty.(9,R24)
Section10.Persons before whom depositions may be taken within the Philippines. Within the Philippines depositions may be
takenbeforeanyjudge,notarypublic,orthepersonreferredtoinsection14hereof.(10a,R24)
Section11.Personsbeforewhomdepositionsmaybetakeninforeigncountries.Inaforeignstateorcountry,depositionsmaybe
taken(a)onnoticebeforeasecretaryofembassyorlegation,consulgeneral,consul,viceconsul,orconsularagentoftheRepublic
ofthePhilippines,(b)beforesuchpersonorofficerasmaybeappointedbycommissionorunderlettersrogatoryor(c)theperson
referredtoinsection14hereof.(11a,R24)
Section12.Commissionorlettersrogatory.Acommissionorlettersrogatoryshallbeissuedonlywhennecessaryorconvenient,
on application and notice, and on such terms, and with such direction as are just and appropriate. Officers may be designated in
noticesorcommissionseitherbynameordescriptivetitleandlettersrogatorymaybeaddressedtotheappropriatejudicialauthority
intheforeigncountry.(12a,R24)
Section13.Disqualificationbyinterest.Nodepositionshallbetakenbeforeapersonwhoisarelativewithinthesixthdegreeof
consanguinityoraffinity,oremployeeorcounselofanyoftheparties,orwhoisarelativewithinthesamedegree,oremployeeof
suchcounselorwhoisfinanciallyinterestedintheaction.(13a,R24)
Section14.Stipulationsregardingtakingofdepositions.Ifthepartiessostipulateinwriting,depositionsmaybetakenbeforeany
personauthorizedtoadministeroaths,atanytimeorplace,inaccordancewiththeseRulesandwhensotakenmaybeusedlike
otherdepositions.(14a,R24)

Section15.Depositionuponoralexaminationnoticetimeandplace.Apartydesiringtotakethedepositionofanypersonupon
oralexaminationshallgivereasonablenoticeinwriting,toeveryotherpartytotheaction.Thenoticeshallstatethetimeandplacefor
takingthedepositionandthenameandaddressofeachpersontobeexamined,ifknown,andifthenameisnotknown,ageneral
descriptionsufficienttoidentifyhimortheparticularclassorgrouptowhichhebelongs.Onmotionofanypartyuponwhomthenotice
isserved,thecourtmayforcauseshownenlargeorshortenthetime.(15,R24)
Section16.Ordersfortheprotectionofpartiesanddeponents.Afternoticeisservedfortakingadepositionbyoralexamination,
uponmotionseasonablymadebyanypartyorbythepersontobeexaminedandforgoodcauseshown,thecourtinwhichtheaction
ispendingmaymakeanorderthatthedepositionshallnotbetaken,orthatitmaybetakenonlyatsomedesignatedplaceotherthan
thatstatedinthenotice,orthatitmaybetakenonlyonwritteninterrogatories,orthatcertainmattersshallnotbeinquiredinto,orthat
thescopeoftheexaminationshallbeheldwithnoonepresentexceptthepartiestotheactionandtheirofficersorcounsel,orthat
afterbeingsealedthedepositionshallbeopenedonlybyorderofthecourt,orthatsecretprocesses,developments,orresearchneed
notbedisclosed,orthatthepartiesshallsimultaneouslyfilespecifieddocumentsorinformationenclosedinsealedenvelopestobe
openedasdirectedbythecourtorthecourtmaymakeanyotherorderwhichjusticerequirestoprotectthepartyorwitnessfrom
annoyance,embarrassment,oroppression.(16a,R24)
Section17.Recordofexamination,oathobjections.Theofficerbeforewhomthedepositionistobetakenshallputthewitnesson
oathandshallpersonally,orbysomeoneactingunderhisdirectionandinhispresence,recordthetestimonyofthewitness.The
testimonyshallbetakenstenographicallyunlessthepartiesagreeotherwise.Allobjectionsmadeatthetimeoftheexaminationtothe
qualificationsoftheofficertakingthedeposition,ortothemanneroftalkingit,ortotheevidencepresented,ortotheconductofany
party,andanyotherobjectiontotheproceedings,shallbenotedbytheofficeruponthedeposition.Evidenceobjectedtoshallbe
takensubjecttotheobjections.Inlieuofparticipatingintheoralexamination,partiesservedwithnoticeoftakingadepositionmay
transmitwritteninterrogatoriestotheofficers,whoshallpropoundthemtothewitnessandrecordtheanswersverbatim.(17,R24)
Section18.Motiontoterminateorlimitexamination.Atanytimeduringthetakingofthedeposition,onmotionorpetitionofany
partyorofthedeponent,anduponashowingthattheexaminationisbeingconductedinbadfaithorinsuchmannerasunreasonably
toannoy,embarrass,oroppressthedeponentorparty,thecourtinwhichtheactionispendingortheRegionalTrialCourtoftheplace
wherethedepositionisbeingtakenmayordertheofficerconductingtheexaminationtoceaseforthwithfromtakingthedeposition,or
maylimitthescopeandmannerofthetakingofthedeposition,asprovidedinsection16ofthisRule.Iftheordermadeterminatesthe
examination, it shall be resumed thereafter only upon the order of the court in which the action is pending. Upon demand of the
objectingpartyordeponent,thetakingofthedepositionshallbesuspendedforthetimenecessarytomakeanoticeforanorder.In
grantingorrefusingsuchorder,thecourtmayimposeuponeitherpartyoruponthewitnesstherequirementtopaysuchcostsor
expensesasthecourtmaydeemreasonable.(18a,R24)
Section19.Submissiontowitnesschangessigning.Whenthetestimonyisfullytranscribed,thedepositionshallbesubmittedto
thewitnessforexaminationandshallbereadtoorbyhim,unlesssuchexaminationandreadingarewaivedbythewitnessandby
theparties.Anychangesinformorsubstancewhichthewitnessdesirestomakeshallbeentereduponthedepositionbytheofficer
withastatementofthereasonsgivenbythewitnessformakingthem.Thedepositionshallthenbesignedbythewitness,unlessthe
partiesbystipulationwaivethesigningorthewitnessisillorcannotbefoundorrefusestosign.Ifthedepositionisnotsignedbythe
witness,theofficershallsignitandstateontherecordthefactofthewaiveroroftheillnessorabsenceofthewitnessorthefactofthe
refusal to sign together with the reason be given therefor, if any, and the deposition may then be used as fully as though signed,
unlessonamotiontosuppressundersection29(f)ofthisRule,thecourtholdsthatthereasonsgivenfortherefusaltosignrequire
rejectionofthedepositioninwholeorinpart.(19a,R24)
Section20.Certification,andfilingbyofficer.Theofficershallcertifyonthedepositionthatthewitnesswasdulysworntobyhim
and that the deposition is a true record of the testimony given by the witness. He shall then securely seal the deposition in an
envelopeindorsedwiththetitleoftheactionandmarked"Depositionof(hereinsertthenameofwitness)"andshallpromptlyfileit
withthecourtinwhichtheactionispendingorsenditbyregisteredmailtotheclerkthereofforfiling.(20,R24)
Section21.Noticeoffiling.Theofficertakingthedepositionshallgivepromptnoticeofitsfilingtoalltheparties.(21,R24)
Section22.Furnishingcopies.Uponpaymentofreasonablechargestherefor,theofficershallfurnishacopyofthedepositionto
anypartyortothedeponent.(22,R24)
Section23.Failuretoattendofpartygivingnotice.Ifthepartygivingthenoticeofthetakingofadepositionfailstoattendand
proceedtherewithandanotherattendsinpersonorbycounselpursuanttothenotice,thecourtmayorderthepartygivingthenotice
topaysuchotherpartytheamountofthereasonableexpensesincurredbyhimandhiscounselinsoattending,includingreasonable
attorney'sfees.(23a,R24)
Section24.Failureofpartygivingnoticetoservesubpoena.Ifthepartygivingthenoticeofthetakingofadepositionofawitness
failstoserveasubpoenauponhimandthewitnessbecauseofsuchfailuredoesnotattend,andifanotherpartyattendsinpersonor
bycounselbecauseheexpectsthedepositionofthatwitnesstobetaken,thecourtmayorderthepartygivingthenoticetopayto
such other party the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred by him and his counsel in so attending, including reasonable
attorney'sfees.(24a,R24)
Section25.Depositionuponwritteninterrogatoriesserviceofnoticeandofinterrogatories.Apartydesiringtotakethedeposition
ofanypersonuponwritteninterrogatoriesshallservethemuponeveryotherpartywithanoticestatingthenameandaddressofthe
personwhoistoanswerthemandthenameordescriptivetitleandaddressoftheofficerbeforewhomthedepositionistobetaken.
Withinten(10)daysthereafter,apartysoservedmayservecrossinterrogatoriesuponthepartyproposingtotakethedeposition.
Withinfive(5)daysthereafter,thelattermayserveredirectinterrogatoriesuponapartywhohasservedcrossinterrogatories.Within

three(3)daysafterbeingservedwithredirectinterrogatories,apartymayserverecrossinterrogatoriesuponthepartyproposingto
takethedeposition.(25,R24)
Section26.Officerstotakeresponsesandpreparerecord.Acopyofthenoticeandcopiesofallinterrogatoriesservedshallbe
deliveredbythepartytakingthedepositiontotheofficerdesignatedinthenotice,whoshallproceedpromptly,inthemannerprovided
bysections17,19and20ofthisRule,totakethetestimonyofthewitnessinresponsetotheinterrogatoriesandtoprepare,certify,
andfileormailthedeposition,attachingtheretothecopyofthenoticeandtheinterrogatoriesreceivedbyhim.(26,R24)
Section27.Noticeoffilingandfurnishingcopies.Whenadepositionuponinterrogatoriesisfiled,theofficertakingitshallpromptly
givenoticethereoftoalltheparties,andmayfurnishcopiestothemortothedeponentuponpaymentofreasonablechargestherefor.
(27,R24)
Section28.Orderfortheprotectionofpartiesanddeponents.Aftertheserviceoftheinterrogatoriesandpriortothetakingofthe
testimonyofthedeponent,thecourtinwhichtheactionispending,onmotionpromptlymadebyapartyoradeponent,andforgood
causeshown,maymakeanyorderspecifiedinsections15,16and18ofthisRulewhichisappropriateandjustoranorderthatthe
depositionshallnotbetakenbeforetheofficerdesignatedinthenoticeorthatitshallnotbetakenexceptuponoralexamination.
(28a,R24)
Section29.Effectoferrorsandirregularitiesindepositions.
(a)Astonotice. All errors and irregularities in the notice for taking a deposition are waived unless written objection is
promptlyserveduponthepartygivingthenotice.
(b)Astodisqualificationofofficer.Objectiontotakingadepositionbecauseofdisqualificationoftheofficerbeforewhomitis
to be taken is waived unless made before the taking of the deposition begins or as soon thereafter as the disqualification
becomesknownorcouldbediscoveredwithreasonablediligence.
(c)Astocompetencyorrelevancyofevidence.Objectionstothecompetencyofwitnessorthecompetency,relevancy,or
materialityoftestimonyarenotwaivedbyfailuretomakethembeforeorduringthetakingofthedeposition,unlesstheground,
oftheobjectionisonewhichmighthavebeenobviatedorremovedifpresentedatthattime.
(d)Astooralexaminationandotherparticulars.Errorsandirregularitiesoccurringattheoralexaminationinthemannerof
takingthedepositionintheformofthequestionsoranswers,intheoathoraffirmation,orintheconductofthepartiesand
errorsofanykindwhichmightbeobviated,removed,orcuredifpromptlyprosecuted,arewaivedunlessreasonableobjection
theretoismadeatthetakingofthedeposition.
(e)Astoformofwritteninterrogatories.Objectionstotheformofwritteninterrogatoriessubmittedundersections25and26
of this Rule are waived unless served in writing upon the party propounding them within the time allowed for serving
succeedingcrossorotherinterrogatoriesandwithinthree(3)daysafterserviceofthelastinterrogatoriesauthorized.
(f) As to manner of preparation. Errors and irregularities in the manner in which the testimony is transcribed or the
deposition is prepared, signed, certified, sealed, indorsed, transmitted, filed, or otherwise dealt with by the officer under
sections17,19,20and26ofthisRulearewaivedunlessamotiontosuppressthedepositionorsomepartthereofismade
withreasonablepromptnessaftersuchdefectis,orwithduediligencemighthavebeen,ascertained.(29a,R24)

RULE24
DepositionsBeforeActionorPendingAppeal
Section1.Depositionsbeforeactionpetition.Apersonwhodesirestoperpetuatehisowntestimonyorthatofanotherperson
regardinganymatterthatmaybecognizableinanycourtofthePhilippinesmayfileaverifiedpetitioninthecourtoftheplaceofthe
residenceofanyexpectedadverseparty.(1aR134)
Section2.Contentsofpetition.Thepetitionshallbeentitledinthenameofthepetitionerandshallshow:(a)thatthepetitioner
expectstobeapartytoanactioninacourtofthePhilippinesbutispresentlyunabletobringitorcauseittobebrought(b)the
subjectmatteroftheexpectedactionandhisinteresttherein(c)thefactswhichhedesirestoestablishbytheproposedtestimonyand
hisreasonsfordesiringtoperpetuateit(d)thenamesoradescriptionofthepersonsheexpectswillbeadversepartiesandtheir
addressessofarasknownand(e)thenamesandaddressesofthepersonstobeexaminedandthesubstanceofthetestimony
whichheexpectstoelicitfromeach,andshallaskforanorderauthorizingthepetitionertotakethedepositionsofthepersonstobe
examinednamedinthepetitionforthepurposeofperpetuatingtheirtestimony.(2,R134)
Section3.Noticeandservice.Thepetitionershallserveanoticeuponeachpersonnamedinthepetitionasanexpectedadverse
party,togetherwithacopyofthepetition,statingthatthepetitionerwillapplytothecourt,atatimeandplacenamedtherein,forthe
orderdescribedinthepetition.Atleasttwenty(20)daysbeforethedateofthehearing,thecourtshallcausenoticethereoftobe
servedonthepartiesandprospectivedeponentsinthemannerprovidedforserviceofsummons.(3a,R134)
Section4.Orderandexamination.Ifthecourtissatisfiedthattheperpetuationofthetestimonymaypreventafailureordelayof
justice,itshallmakeanorderdesignatingordescribingthepersonswhosedepositionmaybetakenandspecifyingthesubjectmatter

oftheexaminationandwhetherthedepositionsshallbetakenuponoralexaminationorwritteninterrogatories.Thedepositionsmay
betakeninaccordancewithRule23beforethehearing.(4a,R134)
Section5. Reference to court. For the purpose of applying Rule 23 to depositions for perpetuating testimony, each reference
thereintothecourtinwhichtheactionispendingshallbedeemedtorefertothecourtinwhichthepetitionforsuchdepositionwas
filed.(5a,R134)
Section6.Useofdeposition.IfadepositiontoperpetuatetestimonyistakenunderthisRule,orif,althoughnotsotaken,itwould
beadmissibleinevidence,itmaybeusedinanyactioninvolvingthesamesubjectmattersubsequentlybroughtinaccordancewith
theprovisionsofsections4and5ofRule23.(6a,R134)
Section7.Depositionspendingappeal.Ifanappealhasbeentakenfromajudgmentofacourt,includingtheCourtofAppealsin
propercases,orbeforethetakingofanappealifthetimethereforhasnotexpired,thecourtinwhichthejudgmentwasrenderedmay
allowthetakingofdepositionsofwitnessestoperpetuatetheirtestimonyforintheeventoffurtherproceedingsinthesaidcourt.In
suchcasethepartywhodesirestoperpetuatethetestimonymaymakeamotioninthesaidcourtforleavetotakethedepositions,
uponthesamenoticeandservicethereofasiftheactionwaspendingtherein.Themotionshallstate(a)thenamesandaddressesof
the persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which he expects to elicit from each, and (b) the reason for
perpetuatingtheirtestimony.Ifthecourtfindsthattheperpetuationofthetestimonyispropertoavoidafailureordelayofjustice,it
maymakeanorderallowingthedepositiontobetaken,andthereuponthedepositionsmaybetakenandusedinthesamemanner
andunderthesameconditionsasareprescribedintheseRulesfordepositionstakeninpendingactions.(7a,R134)

RULE25
InterrogatoriestoParties
Section1.Interrogatoriestopartiesservicethereof.Underthesameconditionsspecifiedinsection1ofRule23,anypartydesiring
toelicitmaterialandrelevantfactsfromanyadversepartiesshallfileandserveuponthelatterwritteninterrogatoriestobeanswered
by the party served or, if the party served is a public or private corporation or a partnership or association, by any officer thereof
competenttotestifyinitsbehalf.(1a)
Section2.Answertointerrogatories.Theinterrogatoriesshallbeansweredfullyinwritingandshallbesignedandsworntobythe
personmakingthem.Thepartyuponwhomtheinterrogatorieshavebeenservedshallfileandserveacopyoftheanswersonthe
partysubmittingtheinterrogatorieswithinfifteen(15)daysafterservicethereofunlessthecourtonmotionandforgoodcauseshown,
extendsorshortensthetime.(2a)
Section3.Objectionstointerrogatories.Objectionstoanyinterrogatoriesmaybepresentedtothecourtwithinten(10)daysafter
servicethereof,withnoticeasincaseofamotionandanswersshallbedeferreduntiltheobjectionsareresolved,whichshallbeat
asearlyatimeasispracticable.(3a)
Section 4. Number of interrogatories. No party may, without leave of court, serve more than one set of interrogatories to be
answeredbythesameparty.(4)
Section5.Scopeanduseofinterrogatories.Interrogatoriesmayrelatetoanymattersthatcanbeinquiredintoundersection2of
Rule23,andtheanswersmaybeusedforthesamepurposesprovidedinsection4ofthesameRule.(5a)
Section6.Effectoffailuretoservewritteninterrogatories. Unless thereafter allowed by the court for good cause shown and to
preventafailureofjustice,apartynotservedwithwritteninterrogatoriesmaynotbecompelledbytheadversepartytogivetestimony
inopencourt,ortogiveadepositionpendingappeal.(n)

RULE26
AdmissionbyAdverseParty
Section1.Requestforadmission.Atanytimeafterissueshavebeenjoined,apartymayfileandserveuponanyotherpartymay
fileandserveuponanyotherpartyawrittenrequestfortheadmissionbythelatterofthegenuinenessofanymaterialandrelevant
documentdescribedinandexhibitedwiththerequestorofthetruthofanymaterialandrelevantmatteroffactsetforthintherequest.
Copiesofthedocumentsshallbedeliveredwiththerequestunlesscopyhavealreadybeenfurnished.(1a)
Section2.Impliedadmission.Eachofthemattersofwhichanadmissionisrequestedshallbedeemedadmittedunless,withina
perioddesignatedintherequest,whichshallnotbelessthanfifteen(15)daysafterservicethereof,orwithinsuchfurthertimeasthe
courtmayallowonmotion,thepartytowhomtherequestisdirectedfilesandservesuponthepartyrequestingtheadmissionasworn
statement either denying specifically the matters of which an admission is requested or setting forth in detail the reasons why he
cannottruthfullyeitheradmitordenythosematters.
Objectionstoanyrequestforadmissionshallbesubmittedtothecourtbythepartyrequestedwithintheperiodforandpriortothe
filingofhisswornstatementascontemplatedintheprecedingparagraphandhiscompliancetherewithshallbedeferreduntilsuch

objectionsareresolved,whichresolutionshallbemadeasearlyaspracticable.(2a)
Section3.Effectofadmission.Anyadmissionmadebyapartypursuanttosuchrequestisforthepurposeofthependingaction
only and shall not constitute an admission by him for any other purpose nor may the same be used against him in any other
proceeding.(3)
Section 4. Withdrawal. The court may allow the party making an admission under the Rule, whether express or implied, to
withdraworamendituponsuchtermsasmaybejust.(4)
Section5.Effectoffailuretofileandserverequestforadmission.Unlessotherwiseallowedbythecourtforgoodcauseshownand
topreventafailureofjusticeapartywhofailstofileandservearequestforadmissionontheadversepartyofmaterialandrelevant
factsatissuewhichare,oroughttobe,withinthepersonalknowledgeofthelatter,shallnotbepermittedtopresentevidenceonsuch
facts.(n)

RULE27
ProductionorInspectionofDocumentsorThings
Section1.Motionforproductionorinspectionorder.Uponmotionofanypartyshowinggoodcausetherefor,thecourtinwhichan
actionispendingmay(a)orderanypartytoproduceandpermittheinspectionandcopyingorphotographing,byoronbehalfofthe
movingparty,ofanydesignateddocuments,papers,books,accounts,letters,photographs,objectsortangiblethings,notprivileged,
whichconstituteorcontainevidencematerialtoanymatterinvolvedintheactionandwhichareinhispossession,custodyorcontrol,
or(b)orderanypartytopermitentryupondesignatedlandorotherpropertyinhispossessionorcontrolforthepurposeofinspecting,
measuring,surveying,orphotographingthepropertyoranydesignatedrelevantobjectoroperationthereon.Theordershallspecify
the time, place and manner of making the inspection and taking copies and photographs, and may prescribe such terms and
conditionsasarejust.(1a)

RULE28
PhysicalandMentalExaminationofPersons
Section1.Whenexaminationmaybeordered.Inanactioninwhichthementalorphysicalconditionofapartyisincontroversy,
thecourtinwhichtheactionispendingmayinitsdiscretionorderhimtosubmittoaphysicalormentalexaminationbyaphysician.
(1)
Section2.Orderforexamination.Theorderforexaminationmaybemadeonlyonmotionforgoodcauseshownanduponnotice
tothepartytobeexaminedandtoallotherparties,andshallspecifythetime,place,manner,conditionsandscopeoftheexamination
andthepersonorpersonsbywhomitistobemade.(2)
Section3.Reportoffindings.Ifrequestedbythepartyexamined,thepartycausingtheexaminationtobemadeshalldelivertohim
acopyofadetailedwrittenreportoftheexaminingphysiciansettingouthisfindingsandconclusions.Aftersuchrequestanddelivery,
thepartycausingtheexaminationtobemadeshallbeentitleduponrequesttoreceivefromthepartyexaminedalikereportofany
examination,previouslyorthereaftermade,ofthesamementalorphysicalcondition.Ifthepartyexaminedrefusestodeliversuch
report, the court on motion and notice may make an order requiring delivery on such terms as are just, and if a physician fails or
refusestomakesuchareportthecourtmayexcludehistestimonyifofferedatthetrial.(3a)
Section4.Waiverofprivilege.Byrequestingandobtainingareportoftheexaminationsoorderedorbytakingthedepositionofthe
examiner,thepartyexaminedwaivesanyprivilegehemayhaveinthatactionoranyotherinvolvingthesamecontroversy,regarding
the testimony of every other person who has examined or may thereafter examine him in respect of the same mental or physical
examination.(4)

RULE29
RefusaltoComplywithModesofDiscovery
Section1.Refusaltoanswer.Ifapartyorotherdeponentrefusestoansweranyquestionuponoralexamination,theexamination
maybecompletedonothermattersoradjournedastheproponentofthequestionmayprefer.Theproponentmaythereafterapplyto
thepropercourtoftheplacewherethedepositionisbeingtaken,foranordertocompelananswer.Thesameproceduremaybe
availedofwhenapartyorawitnessrefusestoansweranyinterrogatorysubmittedunderRules23or25.
Iftheapplicationisgranted,thecourtshallrequiretherefusingpartyordeponenttoanswerthequestionorinterrogatoryandifitalso
finds that the refusal to answer was without substantial justification, it may require the refusing party or deponent or the counsel

advisingtherefusal,orbothofthem,topaytheproponenttheamountofthereasonableexpensesincurredinobtainingtheorder,
includingattorney'sfees.
Iftheapplicationisdeniedandthecourtfindsthatitwasfiledwithoutsubstantialjustification,thecourtmayrequiretheproponentor
the counsel advising the filing of the application, or both of them, to pay to the refusing party or deponent the amount of the
reasonableexpensesincurredinopposingtheapplication,includingattorney'sfees.(1a)
Section2.Contemptofcourt.Ifapartyorotherwitnessrefusestobeswornorrefusestoansweranyquestionafterbeingdirected
todosobythecourtoftheplaceinwhichthedepositionisbeingtaken,therefusalmaybeconsideredacontemptofthatcourt.(2a)
Section3.Otherconsequences. If any party or an officer or managing agent of a party refuses to obey an order made under
section1ofthisRulerequiringhimtoanswerdesignatedquestions,oranorderunderRule27toproduceanydocumentorother
thingforinspection,copying,orphotographingortopermitittobedone,ortopermitentryuponlandorotherpropertyoranorder
madeunderRule28requiringhimtosubmittoaphysicalormentalexamination,thecourtmaymakesuchordersinregardtothe
refusalasarejust,andamongothersthefollowing:
(a)Anorderthatthemattersregardingwhichthequestionswereasked,orthecharacterordescriptionofthethingorland,or
thecontentsofthepaper,orthephysicalormentalconditionoftheparty,oranyotherdesignatedfactsshallbetakentobe
establishedforthepurposesoftheactioninaccordancewiththeclaimofthepartyobtainingtheorder
(b)Anorderrefusingtoallowthedisobedientpartytosupportoropposedesignatedclaimsordefensesorprohibitinghimfrom
introducing in evidence designated documents or things or items of testimony, or from introducing evidence of physical or
mentalcondition
(c)Anorderstrikingoutpleadingsorpartsthereof,orstayingfurtherproceedingsuntiltheorderisobeyed,ordismissingthe
actionorproceedingoranypartthereof,orrenderingajudgmentbydefaultagainstthedisobedientpartyand
(d)Inlieuofanyoftheforegoingordersorinadditionthereto,anorderdirectingthearrestofanypartyoragentofapartyfor
disobeyinganyofsuchordersexceptanordertosubmittoaphysicalormentalexamination.(3a)
Section4.Expensesonrefusaltoadmit.IfapartyafterbeingservedwitharequestunderRule26toadmitthegenuinenessofany
documentorthetruthofanymatteroffactservesasworndenialthereofandifthepartyrequestingtheadmissionsthereafterproves
thegenuinenessofsuchdocumentorthetruthofanysuchmatteroffact,hemayapplytothecourtforanorderrequiringtheother
partytopayhimthereasonableexpensesincurredinmakingsuchproof,includingattorney'sfees.Unlessthecourtfindsthatthere
weregoodreasonsforthedenialorthatadmissionssoughtwereofnosubstantialimportance,suchordershallbeissued.(4a)
Section5.Failureofpartytoattendorserveanswers.Ifapartyoranofficerormanagingagentofapartywilfullyfailstoappear
beforetheofficerwhoistotakehisdeposition,afterbeingservedwithapropernotice,orfailstoserveanswerstointerrogatories
submittedunderRule25afterproperserviceofsuchinterrogatories,thecourtonmotionandnotice,maystrikeoutalloranypartof
anypleadingofthatparty,ordismisstheactionorproceedingoranypartthereof,orenterajudgmentbydefaultagainstthatparty,
andinitsdiscretion,orderhimtopayreasonableexpensesincurredbytheother,includingattorney'sfees.(5)
Section 6. Expenses against the Republic of the Philippines. Expenses and attorney's fees are not to be imposed upon the
RepublicofthePhilippinesunderthisRule.(6)

RULE30
Trial
Section1.NoticeofTrial.Uponentryofacaseinthetrialcalendar,theclerkshallnotifythepartiesofthedateofitstrialinsuch
mannerasshallensurehisreceiptofthatnoticeatleastfive(5)daysbeforesuchdate.(2a,R22)
Section 2. Adjournments and postponements. A court may adjourn a trial from day to day, and to any stated time, as the
expeditiousandconvenienttransactionofbusinessmayrequire,butshallhavenopowertoadjournatrialforalongerperiodthan
onemonthforeachadjournmentnormorethanthreemonthsinall,exceptwhenauthorizedinwritingbytheCourtAdministrator,
SupremeCourt.(3a,R22)
Section3.Requisitesofmotiontopostponetrialforabsenceofevidence.Amotiontopostponeatrialonthegroundofabsenceof
evidencecanbegrantedonlyuponaffidavitshowingthematerialityorrelevancyofsuchevidence,andthatduediligencehasbeen
usedtoprocureit.Butiftheadversepartyadmitsthefactstobegiveninevidence,evenifheobjectsorreservestherighttoobjectto
theiradmissibility,thetrialshallnotbepostponed.(4a,R22BarMatterNo.803,21July1998)
Section4.Requisitesofmotiontopostponetrialforillnessofpartyorcounsel.Amotiontopostponeatrialonthegroundofillness
ofapartyorcounselmaybegrantedifitappearsuponaffidavitorsworncertificationthatthepresenceofsuchpartyorcounselatthe
trialisindispensableandthatthecharacterofhisillnessissuchastorenderhisnonattendanceexcusable.(5a,R22)
Section5.Orderoftrial. Subject to the provisions of section 2 of Rule 31, and unless the court for special reasons otherwise
directs,thetrialshallbelimitedtotheissuesstatedinthepretrialorderandshallproceedasfollows:

(a)Theplaintiffshalladduceevidenceinsupportofhiscomplaint
(b)Thedefendantshallthenadduceevidenceinsupportofhisdefense,counterclaim,crossclaimandthirdpartycomplaints
(c) The thirdparty defendant if any, shall adduce evidence of his defense, counterclaim, crossclaim and fourthparty
complaint
(d)Thefourthparty,andsoforth,ifany,shalladduceevidenceofthematerialfactspleadedbythem
(e)Thepartiesagainstwhomanycounterclaimorcrossclaimhasbeenpleaded,shalladduceevidenceinsupportoftheir
defense,intheordertobeprescribedbythecourt
(f)Thepartiesmaythenrespectivelyadducerebuttingevidenceonly,unlessthecourt,forgoodreasonsandinthefurtherance
ofjustice,permitsthemtoadduceevidenceupontheiroriginalcaseand
(g)Uponadmissionoftheevidence,thecaseshallbedeemedsubmittedfordecision,unlessthecourtdirectsthepartiesto
argueortosubmittheirrespectivememorandaoranyfurtherpleadings.
Ifseveraldefendantsorthirdpartydefendants,andsoforth,havingseparatedefensesappearbydifferentcounsel,thecourtshall
determinetherelativeorderofpresentationoftheirevidence.(1a,R30)
Section6.Agreedstatementoffacts.Thepartiestoanyactionmayagree,inwriting,uponthefactsinvolvedinthelitigation,and
submitthecaseforjudgmentonthefactsagreedupon,withouttheintroductionofevidence.
Ifthepartiesagreeonlyonsomeofthefactsinissue,thetrialshallbeheldastothedisputedfactsinsuchorderasthecourtshall
prescribe.(2a,R30)
Section7.Statementofjudge.Duringthehearingortrialofacaseanystatementmadebythejudgewithreferencetothecase,or
toanyoftheparties,witnessesorcounsel,shallbemadeofrecordinthestenographicnotes.(3a,R30)
Section8.Suspensionofactions.ThesuspensionofactionsshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsoftheCivilCode.(n)
Section 9. Judge to receive evidence delegation to clerk of court. The judge of the court where the case is pending shall
personallyreceivetheevidencetobeadducedbytheparties.However,indefaultorexpartehearings,andinanycasewherethe
partiesagreeinwriting,thecourtmaydelegatethereceptionofevidencetoitsclerkofcourtwhoisamemberofthebar.Theclerkof
courtshallhavenopowertoruleonobjectionstoanyquestionortotheadmissionofexhibits,whichobjectionsshallberesolvedby
thecourtuponsubmissionofhisreportandthetranscriptswithinten(10)daysfromterminationofthehearing.(n)

RULE31
ConsolidationorSeverance
Section1.Consolidation.Whenactionsinvolvingacommonquestionoflaworfactarependingbeforethecourt,itmayordera
jointhearingortrialofanyorallthemattersinissueintheactionsitmayorderalltheactionsconsolidated,anditmaymakesuch
ordersconcerningproceedingsthereinasmaytendtoavoidunnecessarycostsordelay.(1)
Section2.Separatetrials.Thecourt,infurtheranceofconvenienceortoavoidprejudice,mayorderaseparatetrialofanyclaim,
crossclaim,counterclaim,orthirdpartycomplaint,orofanyseparateissueorofanynumberofclaims,crossclaims,counterclaims,
thirdpartycomplaintsorissues.(2a)

RULE32
TrialbyCommissioner
Section1.Referencebyconsent.Bywrittenconsentofbothparties,thecourtmayorderanyoralloftheissuesinacasetobe
referred to a commissioner to be agreed upon by the parties or to be appointed by the court. As used in these Rules, the word
"commissioner"includesareferee,anauditorandanexaminer.(1a,R33)
Section2.Referenceorderedonmotion.Whenthepartiesdonotconsent,thecourtmay,upontheapplicationofeitherorofits
ownmotion,directareferencetoacommissionerinthefollowingcases:
(a)Whenthetrialofanissueoffactrequirestheexaminationofalongaccountoneitherside,inwhichcasethecommissioner
maybedirectedtohearandreportuponthewholeissueoranyspecificquestioninvolvedtherein
(b)Whenthetakingofanaccountisnecessaryfortheinformationofthecourtbeforejudgment,orforcarryingajudgmentor
orderintoeffect.

(c)Whenaquestionoffact,otherthanuponthepleadings,arisesuponmotionorotherwise,inanystageofacase,orfor
carryingajudgmentororderintoeffect.(2a,R33)
Section 3. Order of reference powers of the commissioner. When a reference is made, the clerk shall forthwith furnish the
commissionerwithacopyoftheorderofreference.Theordermayspecifyorlimitthepowersofthecommissioner,andmaydirecthim
toreportonlyuponparticularissues,ortodoorperformparticularacts,ortoreceiveandreportevidenceonlyandmayfixthedatefor
beginningandclosingthehearingsandforthefilingofhisreport.Subjecttootherspecificationsandlimitationsstatedintheorder,the
commissionerhasandshallexercisethepowertoregulatetheproceedingsineveryhearingbeforehimandtodoallactsandtakeall
measuresnecessaryorproperfortheefficientperformanceofhisdutiesundertheorder.Hemayissuesubpoenasandsubpoenas
duces tecum, swear witnesses, and unless otherwise provided in the order of reference, he may rule upon the admissibility of
evidence.Thetrialorhearingbeforehimshallproceedinallrespectsasitwouldifheldbeforethecourt.(3a,R33)
Section 4. Oath of commissioner. Before entering upon his duties the commissioner shall be sworn to a faithful and honest
performancethereof.(14,R33)
Section5.Proceedingsbeforecommissioner.Uponreceiptoftheorderofreferenceandunlessotherwiseprovidedtherein,the
commissionershallforthwithsetatimeandplaceforthefirstmeetingofthepartiesortheircounseltobeheldwithinten(10)days
afterthedateoftheorderofreferenceandshallnotifythepartiesortheircounsel.(5a,R33)
Section 6. Failure of parties to appear before commissioner. If a party fails to appear at the time and place appointed, the
commissionermayproceedexparteor,inhisdiscretion,adjourntheproceedingstoafutureday,givingnoticetotheabsentpartyor
hiscounseloftheadjournment.(6a,R33)
Section7.Refusalofwitness.Therefusalofawitnesstoobeyasubpoenaissuedbythecommissionerortogiveevidencebefore
him,shallbedeemedacontemptofthecourtwhichappointedthecommissioner.(7aR33)
Section8.Commissionershallavoiddelays.Itisthedutyofthecommissionertoproceedwithallreasonablediligence.Either
party, on notice to the parties and commissioner, may apply to the court for an order requiring the commissioner to expedite the
proceedingsandtomakehisreport.(8a,R33)
Section9.Reportofcommissioner.Uponthecompletionofthetrialorhearingorproceedingbeforethecommissioner,heshallfile
withthecourthisreportinwritinguponthematterssubmittedtohimbytheorderofreference.Whenhispowersarenotspecifiedor
limited, he shall set forth his findings of fact and conclusions of law in his report. He shall attach thereto all exhibits, affidavits,
depositions,papersandthetranscript,ifany,ofthetestimonialevidencepresentedbeforehim.(9a,R33)
Section10.Noticetopartiesofthefilingofreport.Uponthefilingofthereport,thepartiesshallbenotifiedbytheclerk,andthey
shallbeallowedten(10)dayswithinwhichtosignifygroundsofobjectionstothefindingsofthereport,iftheysodesire.Objectionsto
the report based upon grounds which were available to the parties during the proceedings before the commissioner, other than
objectionstothefindingsandconclusionstherein,setforth,shallnotbeconsideredbythecourtunlesstheyweremadebeforethe
commissioner.(10,R33)
Section11.Hearinguponreport.Upontheexpirationoftheperiodoften(10)daysreferredtointheprecedingsection,thereport
shallbesetforhearing,afterwhichthecourtshallissueanorderadopting,modifying,orrejectingthereportinwholeorinpart,or
recommittingitwithinstructions,orrequiringthepartiestopresentfurtherevidencebeforethecommissionerorthecourt.(11a,R33)
Section 12. Stipulations as to findings. When the parties stipulate that a commissioner's findings of fact shall be final, only
questionsoflawshallthereafterbeconsidered.(12a,R33)
Section 13. Compensation of commissioner. The court shall allow the commissioner such reasonable compensation as the
circumstancesofthecasewarrant,tobetaxedascostsagainstthedefeatedparty,orapportioned,asjusticerequires.(13,R33)

RULE33
DemurrertoEvidence
Section1.Demurrertoevidence.Aftertheplaintiffhascompletedthepresentationofhisevidence,thedefendantmaymovefor
dismissalonthegroundthatuponthefactsandthelawtheplaintiffhasshownnorighttorelief.Ifhismotionisdeniedheshallhave
therighttopresentevidence.Ifthemotionisgrantedbutonappealtheorderofdismissalisreversedheshallbedeemedtohave
waivedtherighttopresentevidence.(1a,R35)

RULE34
JudgmentonthePleadings
Section1.Judgmentonthepleadings.Whereananswerfailstotenderanissue,orotherwiseadmitsthematerialallegationsof
the adverse party's pleading, the court may on motion of that party, direct judgment on such pleading. However, in actions for

declaration of nullity or annulment of marriage or for legal separation, the material facts alleged in the complaint shall always be
proved.(1a,R19)

RULE35
SummaryJudgments
Section1.Summaryjudgmentforclaimant.Apartyseekingtorecoveruponaclaim,counterclaim,orcrossclaimortoobtaina
declaratoryreliefmay,atanytimeafterthepleadinginanswertheretohasbeenserved,movewithsupportingaffidavits,depositions
oradmissionsforasummaryjudgmentinhisfavoruponalloranypartthereof.(1a,R34)
Section2.Summaryjudgmentfordefendingparty.Apartyagainstwhomaclaim,counterclaim,orcrossclaimisassertedora
declaratoryreliefissoughtmay,atanytime,movewithsupportingaffidavits,depositionsoradmissionsforasummaryjudgmentinhis
favorastoalloranypartthereof.(2a,R34)
Section3.Motionandproceedingsthereon.Themotionshallbeservedatleastten(10)daysbeforethetimespecifiedforthe
hearing.Theadversepartymayserveopposingaffidavits,depositions,oradmissionsatleastthree(3)daysbeforethehearing.After
thehearing,thejudgmentsoughtshallberenderedforthwithifthepleadings,supportingaffidavits,depositions,andadmissionson
file,showthat,exceptastotheamountofdamages,thereisnogenuineissueastoanymaterialfactandthatthemovingpartyis
entitledtoajudgmentasamatteroflaw.(3a,R34)
Section4.Casenotfullyadjudicatedonmotion.IfonmotionunderthisRule,judgmentisnotrendereduponthewholecaseorfor
allthereliefssoughtandatrialisnecessary,thecourtatthehearingofthemotion,byexaminingthepleadingsandtheevidence
beforeitandbyinterrogatingcounselshallascertainwhatmaterialfactsexistwithoutsubstantialcontroversyandwhatareactually
and in good faith controverted. It shall thereupon make an order specifying the facts that appear without substantial controversy,
includingtheextenttowhichtheamountofdamagesorotherreliefisnotincontroversy,anddirectingsuchfurtherproceedingsinthe
action as are just. The facts so specified shall be deemed established, and the trial shall be conducted on the controverted facts
accordingly.(4a,R34)
Section5.Formofaffidavitsandsupportingpapers.Supportingandopposingaffidavitsshallbemadeonpersonalknowledge,
shallsetforthsuchfactsaswouldbeadmissibleinevidence,andshallshowaffirmativelythattheaffiantiscompetenttotestifytothe
mattersstatedtherein.Certifiedtruecopiesofallpapersorpartsthereofreferredtointheaffidavitshallbeattachedtheretoorserved
therewith.(5a,R34)
Section6.Affidavitsinbadfaith.Shoulditappeartoitssatisfactionatanytimethatanyoftheaffidavitspresentedpursuanttothis
Rulearepresentedinbadfaith,orsolelyforthepurposeofdelay,thecourtshallforthwithordertheoffendingpartyorcounseltopay
totheotherpartytheamountofthereasonableexpenseswhichthefilingoftheaffidavitscausedhimtoincurincludingattorney'sfees,
itmay,afterhearingfurtheradjudgetheoffendingpartyorcounselguiltyofcontempt.(6a,R34)

RULE36
Judgments,FinalOrdersandEntryThereof
Section1.Renditionofjudgmentsandfinalorders.Ajudgmentorfinalorderdeterminingthemeritsofthecaseshallbeinwriting
personallyanddirectlypreparedbythejudge,statingclearlyanddistinctlythefactsandthelawonwhichitisbased,signedbyhim,
andfiledwiththeclerkofthecourt.(1a)
Section 2. Entry of judgments and final orders. If no appeal or motion for new trial or reconsideration is filed within the time
providedintheseRules,thejudgmentorfinalordershallforthwithbeenteredbytheclerkinthebookofentriesofjudgments.The
dateoffinalityofthejudgmentorfinalordershallbedeemedtobethedateofitsentry.Therecordshallcontainthedispositivepartof
thejudgmentorfinalorderandshallbesignedbytheclerk,withinacertificatethatsuchjudgmentorfinalorderhasbecomefinaland
executory.(2a,10,R51)
Section3.Judgmentfororagainstoneormoreofseveralparties.Judgmentmaybegivenfororagainstoneormoreofseveral
plaintiffsandfororagainstoneormoreofseveraldefendants.Whenjusticesodemands,thecourtmayrequirethepartiesoneach
sidetofileadversarypleadingsasbetweenthemselvesanddeterminetheirultimaterightsandobligations.(3)
Section4.Severaljudgments.Inanactionagainstseveraldefendants,thecourtmay,whenaseveraljudgmentisproper,render
judgmentagainstoneormoreofthem,leavingtheactiontoproceedagainsttheothers.(4)
Section5.Separatejudgments. When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, the court, at any stage, upon a
determinationoftheissuesmaterialtoaparticularclaimandallcounterclaimsarisingoutofthetransactionoroccurrencewhichisthe
subjectmatteroftheclaim,mayrenderaseparatejudgmentdisposingofsuchclaim.Thejudgmentshallterminatetheactionwith
respecttotheclaimsodisposedofandtheactionshallproceedastotheremainingclaims.Incaseaseparatejudgmentisrendered
the court by order may stay its enforcement until the rendition of a subsequent judgment or judgments and may prescribe such
conditionsasmaybenecessarytosecurethebenefitthereoftothepartyinwhosefavorthejudgmentisrendered.(5a)

Section6.Judgmentagainstentitywithoutjuridicalpersonality.Whenjudgmentisrenderedagainsttwoormorepersonssuedas
anentitywithoutjuridicalpersonality,thejudgmentshallsetouttheirindividualorpropernames,ifknown.(6a)

RULE37
NewTrialorReconsiderations
Section1.Grounds of and period for filing motion for new trial or reconsideration. Within the period for taking an appeal, the
aggrievedpartymaymovethetrialcourttosetasidethejudgmentorfinalorderandgrantanewtrialforoneormoreofthefollowing
causesmateriallyaffectingthesubstantialrightsofsaidparty:
(a)Fraud,accident,mistakeorexcusablenegligencewhichordinaryprudencecouldnothaveguardedagainstandbyreason
ofwhichsuchaggrievedpartyhasprobablybeenimpairedinhisrightsor
(b)Newlydiscoveredevidence,whichhecouldnot,withreasonablediligence,havediscoveredandproducedatthetrial,and
whichifpresentedwouldprobablyaltertheresult.
Withinthesameperiod,theaggrievedpartymayalsomoveforreconsiderationuponthegroundsthatthedamagesawardedare
excessive,thattheevidenceisinsufficienttojustifythedecisionorfinalorder,orthatthedecisionorfinalorderiscontrarytolaw.(1a)
Section2.Contentsofmotionfornewtrialorreconsiderationandnoticethereof.Themotionshallbemadeinwritingstatingthe
groundorgroundstherefor,awrittennoticeofwhichshallbeservedbythemovantontheadverseparty.
Amotionfornewtrialshallbeprovedinthemannerprovidedforproofofmotion.Amotionforthecausementionedinparagraph(a)of
theprecedingsectionshallbesupportedbyaffidavitsofmeritswhichmayberebuttedbyaffidavits.Amotionforthecausementioned
in paragraph (b) shall be supported by affidavits of the witnesses by whom such evidence is expected to be given, or by duly
authenticateddocumentswhichareproposedtobeintroducedinevidence.
A motion for reconsideration shall point out a specifically the findings or conclusions of the judgment or final order which are not
supportedbytheevidenceorwhicharecontrarytolawmakingexpressreferencetothetestimonialordocumentaryevidenceortothe
provisionsoflawallegedtobecontrarytosuchfindingsorconclusions.
Aproformamotionfornewtrialorreconsiderationshallnottollthereglementaryperiodofappeal.(2a)
Section3.Actionuponmotionfornewtrialorreconsideration.Thetrialcourtmaysetasidethejudgmentorfinalorderandgranta
newtrial,uponsuchtermsasmaybejust,ormaydenythemotion.Ifthecourtfindsthatexcessivedamageshavebeenawardedor
thatthejudgmentorfinalorderiscontrarytotheevidenceorlaw,itmayamendsuchjudgmentorfinalorderaccordingly.(3a)
Section4.Resolutionofmotion.Amotionfornewtrialorreconsiderationshallberesolvedwithinthirty(30)daysfromthetimeitis
submittedforresolution.(n)
Section5.Secondmotionfornewtrial.Amotionfornewtrialshallincludeallgroundsthenavailableandthosenotsoincluded
shallbedeemedwaived.Asecondmotionfornewtrial,basedonagroundnotexistingnoravailablewhenthefirstmotionwasmade,
maybefiledwithinthetimehereinprovidedexcludingthetimeduringwhichthefirstmotionhadbeenpending.
Nopartyshallbeallowedasecondmotionforreconsiderationofajudgmentorfinalorder(4a,4,IRG)
Section6.Effectofgrantingofmotionfornewtrial. If a new trial is granted in accordance with the provisions of this Rules the
originaljudgmentorfinalordershallbevacated,andtheactionshallstandfortrialdenovobuttherecordedevidencetakenuponthe
formertrial,insofarasthesameismaterialandcompetenttoestablishtheissues,shallbeusedatthenewtrialwithoutretakingthe
same.(5a)
Section7.Partialnewtrialorreconsideration.IfthegroundsforamotionunderthisRuleappeartothecourttoaffecttheissuesas
toonlyapart,orlessthananofthematterincontroversy,oronlyone,orlessthanall,ofthepartiestoit,thecourtmayorderanew
trialorgrantreconsiderationastosuchissuesifseverablewithoutinterferingwiththejudgmentorfinalorderupontherest.(6a)
Section8.Effectoforderforpartialnewtrial.Whenlessthanalloftheissuesareorderedretried,thecourtmayeitherentera
judgmentorfinalorderastotherest,orstaytheenforcementofsuchjudgmentorfinalorderuntilafterthenewtrial.(7a)
Section9.Remedyagainstorderdenyingamotionfornewtrialorreconsideration. An order denying a motion for new trial or
reconsiderationisnotappealed,theremedybeinganappealfromthejudgmentorfinalorder.(n)

RULE38
RelieffromJudgments,Orders,orOtherProceedings

Section1.Petitionforrelieffromjudgment,order,orotherproceedings.Whenajudgmentorfinalorderisentered,oranyother
proceedingisthereaftertakenagainstapartyinanycourtthroughfraud,accident,mistake,orexcusablenegligence,hemayfilea
petitioninsuchcourtandinthesamecaseprayingthatthejudgment,orderorproceedingbesetaside.(2a)
Section2.Petitionforrelieffromdenialofappeal.Whenajudgmentorfinalorderisrenderedbyanycourtinacase,andaparty
thereto,byfraud,accident,mistake,orexcusablenegligence,hasbeenpreventedfromtakinganappeal,hemayfileapetitionin
suchcourtandinthesamecaseprayingthattheappealbegivenduecourse.(1a)
Section3.Timeforfilingpetitioncontentsandverification.ApetitionprovidedforineitheroftheprecedingsectionsofthisRule
mustbeverified,filedwithinsixty(60)daysafterthepetitionerlearnsofthejudgment,finalorder,orotherproceedingtobesetaside,
and not more than six (6) months after such judgment or final order was entered, or such proceeding was taken, and must be
accompaniedwithaffidavitsshowingthefraud,accident,mistake,orexcusablenegligencereliedupon,andthefactsconstitutingthe
petitioner'sgoodandsubstantialcauseofactionordefense,asthecasemaybe.(3)
Section4.Ordertofileananswer.Ifthepetitionissufficientinformandsubstancetojustifyrelief,thecourtinwhichitisfiled,shall
issueanorderrequiringtheadversepartiestoanswerthesamewithinfifteen(15)daysfromthereceiptthereof.Theordershallbe
servedinsuchmannerasthecourtmaydirect,togetherwithcopiesofthepetitionandtheaccompanyingaffidavits.(4a)
Section5.Preliminaryinjunctionpendingproceedings.Thecourtinwhichthepetitionisfiledmaygrantsuchpreliminaryinjunction
asmaybenecessaryforthepreservationoftherightsoftheparties,uponthefilingbythepetitionerofabondinfavoroftheadverse
party,conditionedthatifthepetitionisdismissedorthepetitionerfailsonthetrialofthecaseuponitsmerits,hewillpaytheadverse
party all damages and costs that may be awarded to him by reason of the issuance of such injunction or the other proceedings
following the petition, but such injunction shall not operate to discharge or extinguish any lien which the adverse party may have
acquiredupon,theproperty,ofthepetitioner.(5a)
Section6.Proceedingsafteranswerisfiled.Afterthefilingoftheanswerortheexpirationoftheperiodtherefor,thecourtshall
hearthepetitionandifaftersuchhearing,itfindsthattheallegationsthereofarenottrue,thepetitionshallbedismissedbutifitfinds
saidallegationstobetrue,itshallsetasidethejudgmentorfinalorderorotherproceedingcomplainedofuponsuchtermsasmaybe
just.Thereafterthecaseshallstandasifsuchjudgment,finalorderorotherproceedinghadneverbeenrendered,issuedortaken.
Thecourtshallthenproceedtohearanddeterminethecaseasifatimelymotionforanewtrialorreconsiderationhadbeengranted
byit.(6a)
Section7.Procedurewherethedenialofanappealissetaside.Wherethedenialofanappealissetaside,thelowercourtshall
berequiredtogiveduecoursetotheappealandtoelevatetherecordoftheappealedcaseasifatimelyandproperappealhad
beenmade.(7a)

RULE39
Execution,SatisfactionandEffectofJudgments
Section1.Executionuponjudgmentsorfinalorders.Executionshallissueasamatterofright,ormotion,uponajudgmentororder
thatdisposesoftheactionorproceedingupontheexpirationoftheperiodtoappealtherefromifnoappealhasbeendulyperfected.
(1a)
Iftheappealhasbeendulyperfectedandfinallyresolved,theexecutionmayforthwithbeappliedforinthecourtoforigin,onmotion
ofthejudgmentobligee,submittingtherewithcertifiedtruecopiesofthejudgmentorjudgmentsorfinalorderororderssoughttobe
enforcedandoftheentrythereof,withnoticetotheadverseparty.
Theappellatecourtmay,onmotioninthesamecase,whentheinterestofjusticesorequires,directthecourtoforigintoissuethewrit
ofexecution.(n)
Section2.Discretionaryexecution.
(a)Executionofajudgmentorfinalorderpendingappeal.Onmotionoftheprevailingpartywithnoticetotheadverseparty
filedinthetrialcourtwhileithasjurisdictionoverthecaseandisinpossessionofeithertheoriginalrecordortherecordon
appeal, as the case may be, at the time of the filing of such motion, said court may, in its discretion, order execution of a
judgmentorfinalorderevenbeforetheexpirationoftheperiodtoappeal.
Afterthetrialcourthaslostjurisdictionthemotionforexecutionpendingappealmaybefiledintheappellatecourt.
Discretionaryexecutionmayonlyissueupongoodreasonstobestatedinaspecialorderafterduehearing.
(b)Executionofseveral,separateorpartialjudgments.Aseveral,separateorpartialjudgmentmaybeexecutedunderthe
sametermsandconditionsasexecutionofajudgmentorfinalorderpendingappeal.(2a)
Section 3. Stay of discretionary execution. Discretionary execution issued under the preceding section may be stayed upon
approvalbythepropercourtofasufficientsupersedeasbondfiledbythepartyagainstwhomitisdirected,conditioneduponthe
performanceofthejudgmentororderallowedtobeexecutedincaseitshallbefinallysustainedinwholeorinpart.Thebondthus
givenmaybeproceededagainstonmotionwithnoticetothesurety.(3a)

Section4.Judgmentsnotstayedbyappeal.Judgmentsinactionsforinjunction,receivership,accountingandsupport,andsuch
otherjudgmentsasarenowormayhereafterbedeclaredtobeimmediatelyexecutory,shallbeenforceableaftertheirrenditionand
shallnot,bestayedbyanappealtakentherefrom,unlessotherwiseorderedbythetrialcourt.Onappealtherefrom,theappellate
court in its discretion may make an order suspending, modifying, restoring or granting the injunction, receivership, accounting, or
awardofsupport.
Thestayofexecutionshallbeuponsuchtermsastobondorotherwiseasmaybeconsideredproperforthesecurityorprotectionof
therightsoftheadverseparty.(4a)
Section5.Effectofreversalofexecutedjudgment.Wheretheexecutedjudgmentisreversedtotallyorpartially,orannulled,on
appealorotherwise,thetrialcourtmay,onmotion,issuesuchordersofrestitutionorreparationofdamagesasequityandjusticemay
warrantunderthecircumstances.(5a)
Section6.Executionbymotionorbyindependentaction.Afinalandexecutoryjudgmentorordermaybeexecutedonmotion
within five (5) years from the date of its entry. After the lapse of such time, and before it is barred by the statute of limitations, a
judgmentmaybeenforcedbyaction.Therevivedjudgmentmayalsobeenforcedbymotionwithinfive(5)yearsfromthedateofits
entryandthereafterbyactionbeforeitisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.(6a)
Section7.Executionincaseofdeathofparty.Incaseofthedeathofaparty,executionmayissueorbeenforcedinthefollowing
manner:
(a)Incaseofthedeathofthejudgmentobligee,upontheapplicationofhisexecutororadministrator,orsuccessorininterest
(b)Incaseofthedeathofthejudgmentobligor,againsthisexecutororadministratororsuccessorininterest,ifthejudgment
befortherecoveryofrealorpersonalproperty,ortheenforcementofalienthereon
(c)Incaseofthedeathofthejudgmentobligor,afterexecutionisactuallylevieduponanyofhisproperty,thesamemaybe
soldforthesatisfactionofthejudgmentobligation,andtheofficermakingthesaleshallaccounttothecorrespondingexecutor
oradministratorforanysurplusinhishands.(7a)
Section8.Issuance,formandcontentsofawritofexecution.Thewritofexecutionshall:(1)issueinthenameoftheRepublicof
thePhilippinesfromthecourtwhichgrantedthemotion(2)statethenameofthecourt,thecasenumberandtitle,thedispositivepart
ofthesubjectjudgmentororderand(3)requirethesherifforotherproperofficertowhomitisdirectedtoenforcethewritaccordingto
itsterms,inthemannerhereinafterprovided:
(a) If the execution be against the property of the judgment obligor, to satisfy the judgment, with interest, out of the real or
personalpropertyofsuchjudgmentobligor
(b)Ifitbeagainstrealorpersonalpropertyinthehandsofpersonalrepresentatives,heirs,devisees,legatees,tenants,or
trusteesofthejudgmentobligor,tosatisfythejudgment,withinterest,outofsuchproperty
(c)Ifitbeforthesaleofrealorpersonalpropertytosellsuchpropertydescribingit,andapplytheproceedsinconformitywith
thejudgment,thematerialpartsofwhichshallberecitedinthewritofexecution
(d)Ifitbeforthedeliveryofthepossessionofrealorpersonalproperty,todeliverthepossessionofthesame,describingit,to
the party entitled thereto, and to satisfy any costs, damages, rents, or profits covered by the judgment out of the personal
propertyofthepersonagainstwhomitwasrendered,andifsufficientpersonalpropertycannotbefound,thenoutofthereal
propertyand
(e)Inallcases,thewritofexecutionshallspecificallystatetheamountoftheinterest,costs,damages,rents,orprofitsdueas
ofthedateoftheissuanceofthewrit,asidefromtheprincipalobligationunderthejudgment.Forthispurpose,themotionfor
executionshallspecifytheamountsoftheforegoingreliefssoughtbythemovant.(8a)
Section9.Executionofjudgmentsformoney,howenforced.
(a)Immediatepaymentondemand.Theofficershallenforceanexecutionofajudgmentformoneybydemandingfromthe
judgmentobligortheimmediatepaymentofthefullamountstatedinthewritofexecutionandalllawfulfees.Thejudgment
obligorshallpayincash,certifiedbankcheckpayabletothejudgmentobligee,oranyotherformofpaymentacceptabletothe
latter,theamountofthejudgmentdebtunderproperreceiptdirectlytothejudgmentobligeeorhisauthorizedrepresentativeif
presentatthetimeofpayment.Thelawfulfeesshallbehandedunderproperreceipttotheexecutingsheriffwhoshallturn
overthesaidamountwithinthesamedaytotheclerkofcourtofthecourtthatissuedthewrit.
Ifthejudgmentobligeeorhisauthorizedrepresentativeisnotpresenttoreceivepayment,thejudgmentobligorshalldeliver
theaforesaidpaymenttotheexecutingsheriff.Thelattershallturnoveralltheamountscomingintohispossessionwithinthe
same day to the clerk of court of the court that issued the writ, or if the same is not practicable, deposit said amounts to a
fiduciaryaccountinthenearestgovernmentdepositorybankoftheRegionalTrialCourtofthelocality.
Theclerkofsaidcourtshallthereafterarrangefortheremittanceofthedeposittotheaccountofthecourtthatissuedthewrit
whoseclerkofcourtshallthendeliversaidpaymenttothejudgmentobligeeinsatisfactionofthejudgment.Theexcess,ifany,
shall be delivered to the judgment obligor while the lawful fees shall be retained by the clerk of court for disposition as
providedbylaw.Innocaseshalltheexecutingsheriffdemandthatanypaymentbycheckbemadepayabletohim.

(b)Satisfactionbylevy.Ifthejudgmentobligorcannotpayallorpartoftheobligationincash,certifiedbankcheckorother
mode of payment acceptable to the judgment obligee, the officer shall levy upon the properties of the judgment obligor of
everykindandnaturewhatsoeverwhichmaybedisposed,offorvalueandnototherwiseexemptfromexecutiongivingthe
lattertheoptiontoimmediatelychoosewhichpropertyorpartthereofmaybeleviedupon,sufficienttosatisfythejudgment.If
thejudgmentobligordoesnotexercisetheoption,theofficershallfirstlevyonthepersonalproperties,ifany,andthenonthe
realpropertiesifthepersonalpropertiesareinsufficienttoanswerforthejudgment.
Thesheriffshallsellonlyasufficientportionofthepersonalorrealpropertyofthejudgmentobligorwhichhasbeenlevied
upon.
Whenthereismorepropertyofthejudgmentobligorthanissufficienttosatisfythejudgmentandlawfulfees,hemustsellonly
somuchofthepersonalorrealpropertyasissufficienttosatisfythejudgmentandlawfulfees.
Realproperty,stocks,shares,debts,credits,andotherpersonalproperty,oranyinterestineitherrealorpersonalproperty,
maybelevieduponinlikemannerandwithlikeeffectasunderawritofattachment.
(c)Garnishmentofdebtsandcredits.Theofficermaylevyondebtsduethejudgmentobligorandothercredits,including
bankdeposits,financialinterests,royalties,commissionsandotherpersonalpropertynotcapableofmanualdeliveryinthe
possessionorcontrolofthirdparties.Levyshallbemadebyservingnoticeuponthepersonowingsuchdebtsorhavinginhis
possessionorcontrolsuchcreditstowhichthejudgmentobligorisentitled.Thegarnishmentshallcoveronlysuchamountas
willsatisfythejudgmentandalllawfulfees.
Thegarnisheeshallmakeawrittenreporttothecourtwithinfive(5)daysfromserviceofthenoticeofgarnishmentstating
whetherornotthejudgmentobligorhassufficientfundsorcreditstosatisfytheamountofthejudgment.Ifnot,thereportshall
statehowmuchfundsorcreditsthegarnisheeholdsforthejudgmentobligor.Thegarnishedamountincash,orcertifiedbank
checkissuedinthenameofthejudgmentobligee,shallbedelivereddirectlytothejudgmentobligeewithinten(10)working
daysfromserviceofnoticeonsaidgarnisheerequiringsuchdelivery,exceptthelawfulfeeswhichshallbepaiddirectlytothe
court.
In the event there are two or more garnishees holding deposits or credits sufficient to satisfy the judgment, the judgment
obligor,ifavailable,shallhavetherighttoindicatethegarnisheeorgarnisheeswhoshallberequiredtodelivertheamount
due,otherwise,thechoiceshallbemadebythejudgmentobligee.
The executing sheriff shall observe the same procedure under paragraph (a) with respect to delivery of payment to the
judgmentobligee.(8a,15a)
Section10.Executionofjudgmentsforspecificact.
(a)Conveyance,deliveryofdeeds,orotherspecificactsvestingtitle.Ifajudgmentdirectsapartytoexecuteaconveyance
of land or personal property, or to deliver deeds or other documents, or to perform, any other specific act in connection
therewith, and the party fails to comply within the time specified, the court may direct the act to be done at the cost of the
disobedientpartybysomeotherpersonappointedbythecourtandtheactwhensodoneshallhavelikeeffectasifdoneby
theparty.IfrealorpersonalpropertyissituatedwithinthePhilippines,thecourtinlieuofdirectingaconveyancethereofmay
byanorderdivestthetitleofanypartyandvestitinothers,whichshallhavetheforceandeffectofaconveyanceexecutedin
dueformoflaw.(10a)
(b)Sale of real or personal property. If the judgment be for the sale of real or personal property, to sell such property,
describingit,andapplytheproceedsinconformitywiththejudgment.(8[c]a)
(c)Deliveryorrestitutionofrealproperty.Theofficershalldemandofthepersonagainstwhomthejudgmentforthedelivery
orrestitutionofrealpropertyisrenderedandallpersonsclaimingrightsunderhimtopeaceablyvacatethepropertywithin
three (3) working days, and restore possession thereof to the judgment obligee, otherwise, the officer shall oust all such
persons therefrom with the assistance, if necessary, of appropriate peace officers, and employing such means as may be
reasonably necessary to retake possession, and place the judgment obligee in possession of such property. Any costs,
damages,rentsorprofitsawardedbythejudgmentshallbesatisfiedinthesamemannerasajudgmentformoney.(13a)
(d) Removal of improvements on property subject of execution. When the property subject of the execution contains
improvementsconstructedorplantedbythejudgmentobligororhisagent,theofficershallnotdestroy,demolishorremove
saidimprovementsexceptuponspecialorderofthecourt,issueduponmotionofthejudgmentobligeeafterthehearingand
aftertheformerhasfailedtoremovethesamewithinareasonabletimefixedbythecourt.(14a)
(e)Deliveryofpersonalproperty.Injudgmentforthedeliveryofpersonalproperty,theofficershalltakepossessionofthe
sameandforthwithdeliverittothepartyentitledtheretoandsatisfyanyjudgmentformoneyasthereinprovided.(8a)
Section11.Executionofspecialjudgments.Whenajudgmentrequirestheperformanceofanyactotherthanthosementionedin
thetwoprecedingsections,acertifiedcopyofthejudgmentshallbeattachedtothewritofexecutionandshallbeservedbytheofficer
uponthepartyagainstwhomthesameisrendered,oruponanyotherpersonrequiredthereby,orbylaw,toobeythesame,andsuch
partyorpersonmaybepunishedforcontemptifhedisobeyssuchjudgment.(9a)
Section12.Effectoflevyonexecutionastothirdperson.Thelevyonexecutionshallcreatealieninfavorofthejudgmentobligee
overtheright,titleandinterestofthejudgmentobligorinsuchpropertyatthetimeofthelevy,subjecttoliensandencumbrancesthen
existing.(16a)

Section13.Propertyexemptfromexecution.Exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedbylaw,thefollowingproperty,andnoother,
shallbeexemptfromexecution:
(a)Thejudgmentobligor'sfamilyhomeasprovidedbylaw,orthehomesteadinwhichheresides,andlandnecessarilyused
inconnectiontherewith
(b)Ordinarytoolsandimplementspersonallyusedbyhiminhistrade,employment,orlivelihood
(c) Three horses, or three cows, or three carabaos, or other beasts of burden, such as the judgment obligor may select
necessarilyusedbyhiminhisordinaryoccupation
(d)Hisnecessaryclothingandarticlesforordinarypersonaluse,excludingjewelry
(e)Householdfurnitureandutensilsnecessaryforhousekeeping,andusedforthatpurposebythejudgmentobligorandhis
family,suchasthejudgmentobligormayselect,ofavaluenotexceedingonehundredthousandpesos
(f)Provisionsforindividualorfamilyusesufficientforfourmonths
(g) The professional libraries and equipment of judges, lawyers, physicians, pharmacists, dentists, engineers, surveyors,
clergymen,teachers,andotherprofessionals,notexceedingthreehundredthousandpesosinvalue
(h)Onefishingboatandaccessoriesnotexceedingthetotalvalueofonehundredthousandpesosownedbyafishermanand
bythelawfuluseofwhichheearnshislivelihood
(i) So much of the salaries, wages, or earnings of the judgment obligor for his personal services within the four months
precedingthelevyasarenecessaryforthesupportofhisfamily
(j)Letteredgravestones
(k)Monies,benefits,privileges,orannuitiesaccruingorinanymannergrowingoutofanylifeinsurance
(l) The right to receive legal support, or money or property obtained as such support, or any pension or gratuity from the
Government
(m)Propertiesspeciallyexemptedbylaw.
Butnoarticleorspeciesofpropertymentionedinthissectionshallbeexemptfromexecutionissueduponajudgmentrecoveredfor
itspriceoruponajudgmentofforeclosureofamortgagethereon.(12a)
Section 14. Return of writ of execution. The writ of execution shall be returnable to the court issuing it immediately after the
judgmenthasbeensatisfiedinpartorinfull.Ifthejudgmentcannotbesatisfiedinfullwithinthirty(30)daysafterhisreceiptofthewrit,
theofficershallreporttothecourtandstatethereasontherefor.Suchwritshallcontinueineffectduringtheperiodwithinwhichthe
judgmentmaybeenforcedbymotion.Theofficershallmakeareporttothecourteverythirty(30)daysontheproceedingstaken
thereonuntilthejudgmentissatisfiedinfull,oritseffectivityexpires.Thereturnsorperiodicreportsshallsetforththewholeofthe
proceedingstaken,andshallbefiledwiththecourtandcopiesthereofpromptlyfurnishedtheparties.(11a)
Section15.Notice of sale of property on execution. Before the sale of property on execution, notice thereof must be given as
follows:
(a) In case of perishable property, by posting written notice of the time and place of the sale in three (3) public places,
preferablyinconspicuousareasofthemunicipalorcityhall,postofficeandpublicmarketinthemunicipalityorcitywherethe
saleistotakeplace,forsuchtimeasmaybereasonable,consideringthecharacterandconditionoftheproperty
(b)Incaseofotherpersonalproperty,bypostingasimilarnoticeinthethree(3)publicplacesabovementionedfornotless
thanfive(5)days
(c) In case of real property, by posting for twenty (20) days in the three (3) public places abovementioned a similar notice
particularly describing the property and stating where the property is to be sold, and if the assessed value of the property
exceedsfiftythousand(P50,000.00)pesos,bypublishingacopyofthenoticeonceaweekfortwo(2)consecutiveweeksin
one newspaper selected by raffle, whether in English, Filipino, or any major regional language published, edited and
circulatedor,intheabsencethereof,havinggeneralcirculationintheprovinceorcity
(d)Inallcases,writtennoticeofthesaleshallbegiventothejudgmentobligor,atleastthree(3)daysbeforethesale,except
asprovidedinparagraph(a)hereofwherenoticeshallbegiventhesamemanneraspersonalserviceofpleadingsandother
papersasprovidedbysection6ofRule13.
Thenoticeshallspecifytheplace,dateandexacttimeofthesalewhichshouldnotbeearlierthannineo'clockinthemorningandnot
laterthantwoo'clockintheafternoon.Theplaceofthesalemaybeagreeduponbytheparties.Intheabsenceofsuchagreement,
the sale of the property or personal property not capable of manual delivery shall be held in the office of the clerk of court of the
RegionalTrialCourtortheMunicipalTrialCourtwhichissuedthewritoforwhichwasdesignatedbytheappellatecourt.Inthecase
ofpersonalpropertycapableofmanualdelivery,thesaleshallbeheldintheplacewherethepropertyislocated.(18a)

Section16.Proceedingswherepropertyclaimedbythirdperson.Ifthepropertyleviedonisclaimedbyanypersonotherthanthe
judgmentobligororhisagent,andsuchpersonmakesanaffidavitofhistitletheretoorrighttothepossessionthereof,statingthe
groundsofsuchrightortitle,andservesthesameupontheofficermakingthelevyandcopythereof,statingthegroundsofsuchright
ortittle,andaservesthesameupontheofficermakingthelevyandacopythereofuponthejudgmentobligee,theofficershallnotbe
boundtokeeptheproperty,unlesssuchjudgmentobligee,ondemandoftheofficer,filesabondapprovedbythecourttoindemnity
thethirdpartyclaimantinasumnotlessthanthevalueofthepropertyleviedon.Incaseofdisagreementastosuchvalue,thesame
shallbedeterminedbythecourtissuingthewritofexecution.Noclaimfordamagesforthetakingorkeepingofthepropertymaybe
enforcedagainstthebondunlesstheactionthereforisfiledwithinonehundredtwenty(120)daysfromthedateofthefilingofthe
bond.
Theofficershallnotbeliablefordamagesforthetakingorkeepingoftheproperty,toanythirdpartyclaimantifsuchbondisfiled.
Nothing herein contained shall prevent such claimant or any third person from vindicating his claim to the property in a separate
action,orpreventthejudgmentobligeefromclaimingdamagesinthesameoraseparateactionagainstathirdpartyclaimantwho
filedafrivolousorplainlyspuriousclaim.
WhenthewritofexecutionisissuedinfavoroftheRepublicofthePhilippines,oranyofficerdulyrepresentingit,thefilingofsuch
bond shall not be required, and in case the sheriff or levying officer is sued for damages as a result of the levy, he shall be
represented by the Solicitor General and if held liable therefor, the actual damages adjudged by the court shall be paid by the
NationalTreasureroutofsuchfundsasmaybeappropriatedforthepurpose.(17a)
Section17.Penaltyforsellingwithoutnotice,orremovingordefacingnotice.Anofficersellingwithoutthenoticeprescribedby
section15ofthisRuleshallbeliabletopaypunitivedamagesintheamountoffivethousand(P5,000.00)pesostoanypersoninjured
thereby,inadditiontohisactualdamages,bothtoberecoveredbymotioninthesameactionandapersonwillfullyremovingor
defacingthenoticeposted,ifdonebeforethesale,orbeforethesatisfactionofthejudgmentifitbesatisfiedbeforethesale,shallbe
liable to pay five thousand (P5,000.00) pesos to any person injured by reason thereof, in addition to his actual damages, to be
recoveredbymotioninthesameaction.(19a)
Section18.Nosaleifjudgmentandcostspaid.Atanytimebeforethesaleofpropertyonexecution,thejudgmentobligormay
preventthesalebypayingtheamountrequiredbytheexecutionandthecoststhathavebeenincurredtherein.(20a)
Section19.Howpropertysoldonexecutionwhomaydirectmannerandorderofsale.Allsalesofpropertyunderexecutionmust
bemadeatpublicauction,tothehighestbidder,tostartattheexacttimefixedinthenotice.Aftersufficientpropertyhasbeensoldto
satisfy the execution, no more shall be sold and any excess property or proceeds of the sale shall be promptly delivered to the
judgmentobligororhisauthorizedrepresentative,unlessotherwisedirectedbythejudgmentororderofthecourt.Whenthesaleisof
realproperty,consistingofseveralknownlots,theymustbesoldseparatelyor,whenaportionofsuchrealpropertyisclaimedbya
thirdperson,hemayrequireittobesoldseparately.Whenthesaleisofpersonalpropertycapableofmanualdelivery,itmustbesold
withinviewofthoseattendingthesameandinsuchparcelsasarelikelytobringthehighestprice.Thejudgmentobligor,ifpresentat
thesale,maydirecttheorderinwhichproperty,realorpersonalshallbesold,whensuchpropertyconsistsofseveralknownlotsor
parcelswhichcanbesoldtoadvantageseparately.Neithertheofficerconductingtheexecutionsale,norhisdeputies,canbecomea
purchaser,norbeinteresteddirectlyorindirectlyinanypurchaseatsuchsale.(21a)
Section20.Refusalofpurchasertopay.Ifapurchaserrefusestopaytheamountbidbyhimforpropertystruckofftohimatasale
underexecution,theofficermayagainsellthepropertytothehighestbidderandshallnotberesponsibleforanylossoccasioned
therebybutthecourtmayordertherefusingpurchasertopayintothecourttheamountofsuchloss,withcosts,andmaypunishhim
forcontemptifhedisobeystheorder.Theamountofsuchpaymentshallbeforthebenefitofthepersonentitledtotheproceedsofthe
execution,unlesstheexecutionhasbeenfullysatisfied,inwhicheventsuchproceedsshallbeforthebenefitofthejudgmentobligor.
Theofficermaythereafterrejectanysubsequentbidofsuchpurchaserwhorefusestopay.(22a)
Section21.Judgmentobligeeaspurchaser.Whenthepurchaseristhejudgmentobligee,andnothirdpartyclaimhasbeenfiled,
heneednotpaytheamountofthebidifitdoesnotexceedtheamountofhisjudgment.Ifitdoes,heshallpayonlytheexcess.(23a)
Section22.Adjournmentofsale.Bywrittenconsentofthejudgmentobligorandobligee,ortheirdulyauthorizedrepresentatives,
theofficermayadjournthesaletoanydateandtimeagreeduponbythem.Withoutsuchagreement,hemayadjournthesalefrom
daytodayifitbecomesnecessarytodosoforlackoftimetocompletethesaleonthedayfixedinthenoticeorthedaytowhichitwas
adjourned.(24a)
Section 23. Conveyance to purchaser of personal property capable of manual delivery. When the purchaser of any personal
property,capableofmanualdelivery,paysthepurchaseprice,theofficermakingthesalemustdeliverthepropertytothepurchaser
and,ifdesired,executeanddelivertohimacertificateofsale.Thesaleconveystothepurchaseralltherightswhichthejudgment
obligorhadinsuchpropertyasofthedateofthelevyonexecutionorpreliminaryattachment.(25a)
Section24.Conveyancetopurchaserofpersonalpropertynotcapableofmanualdelivery.Whenthepurchaserofanypersonal
property, not capable of manual delivery, pays the purchase price, the officer making the sale must execute and deliver to the
purchaseracertificateofsale.Suchcertificateconveystothepurchaseralltherightswhichthejudgmentobligorhadinsuchproperty
asofthedateofthelevyonexecutionorpreliminaryattachment.(26a)
Section25.Conveyanceofrealpropertycertificatethereofgiventopurchaserandfiledwithregistryofdeeds.Uponasaleofreal
property,theofficermustgivetothepurchaseracertificateofsalecontaining:
(a)Aparticulardescriptionoftherealpropertysold

(b)Thepricepaidforeachdistinctlotorparcel
(c)Thewholepricepaidbyhim
(d)Astatementthattherightofredemptionexpiresone(1)yearfromthedateoftheregistrationofthecertificateofsale.
Suchcertificatemustberegisteredintheregistryofdeedsoftheplacewherethepropertyissituated.(27a)
Section26.Certificateofsalewherepropertyclaimedbythirdperson.Whenapropertysoldbyvirtueofawritofexecutionhas
beenclaimedbyathirdperson,thecertificateofsaletobeissuedbythesheriffpursuanttosections23,24and25ofthisRuleshall
makeexpressmentionoftheexistenceofsuchthirdpartyclaim.(28a)
Section27.Who may redeem real property so sold. Real property sold as provided in the last preceding section, or any part
thereofsoldseparately,mayberedeemedinthemannerhereinafterprovided,bythefollowingpersons:
(a)Thejudgmentobligororhissuccessorininterestinthewholeoranypartoftheproperty
(b)Acreditorhavingalienbyvirtueofanattachment,judgmentormortgageonthepropertysold,oronsomepartthereof,
subsequenttothelienunderwhichthepropertywassold.Suchredeemingcreditoristermedaredemptioner.(29a)
Section28.Timeandmannerof,andamountspayableon,successiveredemptionsnoticetobegivenandfiled.Thejudgment
obligor,orredemptioner,mayredeemthepropertyfromthepurchaser,atanytimewithinone(1)yearfromthedateoftheregistration
of the certificate of sale, by paying the purchaser the amount of his purchase, with the per centum per month interest thereon in
addition,uptothetimeofredemption,togetherwiththeamountofanyassessmentsortaxeswhichthepurchasermayhavepaid
thereonafterpurchase,andinterestonsuchlastnamedamountatthesamerateandifthepurchaserbealsoacreditorhavinga
priorlientothatoftheredemptioner,otherthanthejudgmentunderwhichsuchpurchasewasmade,theamountofsuchotherlien,
withinterest.
Propertysoredeemedmayagainberedeemedwithinsixty(60)daysafterthelastredemptionuponpaymentofthesumpaidonthe
lastredemption,withtwopercentumthereoninadditionandtheamountofanyassessmentsortaxeswhichthelastredemptioner
mayhavepaidthereonafterredemptionbyhim,withinterestonsuchlastnamedamount,andinaddition,theamountofanyliens
held by said last redemptioner prior to his own, with interest. The property may be again, and as often as a redemptioner is so
disposed,redeemedfromanypreviousredemptionerwithinsixty(60)daysafterthelastredemption,onpayingthesumpaidonthe
last previous redemption, with two per centum thereon in addition, and the amounts of any assessments or taxes which the last
previous redemptioner paid after the redemption thereon, with interest thereon, and the amount of any liens held by the last
redemptionerpriortohisown,withinterest.
Writtennoticeofanyredemptionmustbegiventotheofficerwhomadethesaleandaduplicatefiledwiththeregistryofdeedsofthe
place,andifanyassessmentsortaxesarepaidbytheredemptionerorifhehasoracquiresanylienotherthanthatuponwhichthe
redemptionwasmade,noticethereofmustinlikemannerbegiventotheofficerandfiledwiththeregistryofdeedsifsuchnoticebe
notfiled,thepropertymayberedeemedwithoutpayingsuchassessments,taxes,orliens.(30a)
Section29.Effectofredemptionbyjudgmentobligor,andacertificatetobedeliveredandrecordedthereupontowhompaymentson
redemptionmade.Ifthejudgmentobligorredeemshemustmakethesamepaymentsasarerequiredtoeffectaredemptionbya
redemptioner, whereupon, no further redemption shall be allowed and he is restored to his estate. The person to whom the
redemptionpaymentismademustexecuteanddelivertohimacertificateofredemptionacknowledgedbeforeanotarypublicor
otherofficerauthorizedtotakeacknowledgmentsofconveyancesofrealproperty.Suchcertificatemustbefiledandrecordedinthe
registryofdeedsoftheplaceinwhichthepropertyissituatedandtheregistrarofdeedsmustnotetherecordthereofonthemarginof
therecordofthecertificateofsale.Thepaymentsmentionedinthisandthelastprecedingsectionsmaybemadetothepurchaseror
redemptioner,orforhimtotheofficerwhomadethesale.(31a)
Section30.Proofrequiredofredemptioner.Aredemptionermustproducetotheofficer,orpersonfromwhomheseekstoredeem,
andservewithhisnoticetotheofficeracopyofthejudgmentorfinalorderunderwhichheclaimstherighttoredeem,certifiedbythe
clerkofthecourtwhereinthejudgmentorfinalorderisentered,or,ifheredeemsuponamortgageorotherlien,amemorandumof
therecordthereof,certifiedbytheregistrarofdeeds,oranoriginalorcertifiedcopyofanyassignmentnecessarytoestablishhis
claimandanaffidavitexecutedbyhimorhisagent,showingtheamountthenactuallydueonthelien.(32a)
Section 31. Manner of using premises pending redemption waste restrained. Until the expiration of the time allowed for
redemption,thecourtmay,asinotherpropercases,restrainthecommissionofwasteonthepropertybyinjunction,ontheapplication
ofthepurchaserorthejudgmentobligee,withorwithoutnoticebutitisnotwasteforapersoninpossessionofthepropertyatthe
time of the sale, or entitled to possession afterwards, during the period allowed for redemption, to continue to use it in the same
mannerinwhichitwaspreviouslyused,ortouseitintheordinarycourseofhusbandryortomakethenecessaryrepairstobuildings
thereonwhileheoccupiestheproperty.(33a)
Section32.Rents,earningsandincomeofpropertypendingredemption.Thepurchaseroraredemptionershallnotbeentitledto
receivetherents,earningsandincomeofthepropertysoldonexecution,orthevalueoftheuseandoccupationthereofwhensuch
propertyisinthepossessionofatenant.Allrents,earningsandincomederivedfromthepropertypendingredemptionshallbelongto
thejudgmentobligoruntiltheexpirationofhisperiodofredemption.(34a)
Section33.Deedandpossessiontobegivenatexpirationofredemptionperiodbywhomexecutedorgiven.Ifnoredemptionbe
made within one (1) year from the date of the registration of the certificate of sale, the purchaser is entitled to a conveyance and

possessionofthepropertyor,ifsoredeemedwheneversixty(60)dayshaveelapsedandnootherredemptionhasbeenmade,and
noticethereofgiven,andthetimeforredemptionhasexpired,thelastredemptionerisentitledtotheconveyanceandpossessionbut
inallcasesthejudgmentobligorshallhavetheentireperiodofone(1)yearfromthedateoftheregistrationofthesaletoredeemthe
property.Thedeedshallbeexecutedbytheofficermakingthesaleorbyhissuccessorinoffice,andinthelattercaseshallhavethe
samevalidityasthoughtheofficermakingthesalehadcontinuedinofficeandexecutedit.
Upontheexpirationoftherightofredemption,thepurchaserorredemptionershallbesubstitutedtoandacquirealltherights,title,
interestandclaimofthejudgmentobligortothepropertyasofthetimeofthelevy.Thepossessionofthepropertyshallbegiventothe
purchaserorlastredemptionerbythesameofficerunlessathirdpartyadverselytothejudgmentobligor.(35a)
Section34.Recoveryofpriceifsalenoteffectiverevivalofjudgment.Ifthepurchaserofrealpropertysoldonexecution,orhis
successor in interest, fails to recover the possession thereof, or is evicted therefrom, in consequence of irregularities in the
proceedingsconcerningthesale,orbecausethejudgmenthasbeenreversedorsetaside,orbecausethepropertysoldwasexempt
from execution, or because a third person has vindicated his claim to the property, he may on motion in the same action or in a
separateactionrecoverfromthejudgmentobligeethepricepaid,withinterest,orsomuchthereofashasnotbeendeliveredtothe
judgmentobligor,orhemay,onmotion,havetheoriginaljudgmentrevivedinhisnameforthewholepricewithinterest,orsomuch
thereofashasbeendeliveredtothejudgmentobligor.Thejudgmentsorevivedshallhavethesameforceandeffectasanoriginal
judgmentwouldhaveasofthedateoftherevivalandnomore.(36a)
Section35.Righttocontributionorreimbursement.Whenpropertyliabletoanexecutionagainstseveralpersonsissoldthereon,
andmorethanadueproportionofthejudgmentissatisfiedoutoftheproceedsofthesaleofthepropertyofoneofthem,oroneof
thempays,withoutasale,morethanhisproportion,hemaycompelacontributionfromtheothersandwhenajudgmentisuponan
obligationofoneofthem,assecurityforanother,andthesuretypaystheamount,oranypartthereof,eitherbysaleofhispropertyor
beforesale,hemaycompelrepaymentfromtheprincipal.(37a)
Section36.Examinationofjudgmentobligorwhenjudgmentunsatisfied. When the return of a writ of execution issued against
propertyofajudgmentobligor,oranyoneofseveralobligorsinthesamejudgment,showsthatthejudgmentremainsunsatisfied,in
whole or in part, the judgment obligee, at any time after such return is made, shall be entitled to an order from the court which
renderedthesaidjudgment,requiringsuchjudgmentobligortoappearandbeexaminedconcerninghispropertyandincomebefore
suchcourtorbeforeacommissionerappointedbyitataspecifiedtimeandplaceandproceedingsmaythereuponbehadforthe
applicationofthepropertyandincomeofthejudgmentobligortowardsthesatisfactionofthejudgment.Butnojudgmentobligorshall
besorequiredtoappearbeforeacourtorcommissioneroutsidetheprovinceorcityinwhichsuchobligorresidesorisfound.(38a)
Section37.Examinationofobligorofjudgmentobligor.Whenthereturnofawritofexecutionagainstthepropertyofajudgment
obligorshowsthatthejudgmentremainunsatisfied,inwholeorinpart,anduponprooftothesatisfactionofthecourtwhichissuedthe
writ,thataperson,corporation,orotherjuridicalentityhaspropertyofsuchjudgmentobligororisindebtedtohim,thecourtmay,by
anorder,requiresuchperson,corporation,orotherjuridicalentity,oranyofficer,ormemberthereof,toappearbeforethecourtora
commissionerappointedbyit,atatimeandplacewithintheprovinceorcitywheresuchdebtorresidesorisfound,andbeexamined
concerning the same. The service of the order shall bind all credits due the judgment obligor and all money and property of the
judgmentobligorinthepossessionorinthecontrolofsuchpersoncorporation,orjuridicalentityfromthetimeofserviceandthe
courtmayalsorequirenoticeofsuchproceedingstobegiventoanypartytotheactioninsuchmannerasitmaydeemproper.(39a)
Section38.Enforcementofattendanceandconductofexamination.Apartyorotherpersonmaybecompelled,byanorderor
subpoena,toattendbeforethecourtorcommissionertotestifyasprovidedinthetwoprecedingsections,anduponfailuretoobey
suchorderorsubpoenaortobesworn,ortoanswerasawitnessortosubscribehisdeposition,maybepunishedforcontemptasin
other cases. Examinations shall not be unduly prolonged, but the proceedings may be adjourned from time to time, until they are
completed. If the examination is before a commissioner, he must take it in writing and certify it to the court. All examinations and
answersbeforeacourtcommissionermustbeunderoath,andwhenacorporationorotherjuridicalentityanswers,itmustbeonthe
oathofanauthorizedofficeroragentthereof.(40a)
Section 39. Obligor may pay execution against obligee. After a writ of execution against property has been issued, a person
indebtedtothejudgmentobligormaypaytothesheriffholdingthewritofexecutiontheamountofhisdebtorsomuchthereofasmay
benecessarytosatisfythejudgment,inthemannerprescribedinsection9ofthisRule,andthesheriff'sreceiptshallbeasufficient
dischargefortheamountsopaidordirectedtobecreditedbythejudgmentobligeeontheexecution.(41a)
Section40.Order for application of property and income to satisfaction of judgment. The court may order any property of the
judgmentobligor,ormoneyduehim,notexemptfromexecution,inthehandsofeitherhimselforanotherperson,orofacorporation
orotherjuridicalentity,tobeappliedtothesatisfactionofthejudgment,subjecttoanypriorrightsoversuchproperty.
If, upon investigation of his current income and expenses, it appears that the earnings of the judgment obligor for his personal
services are more than necessary for the support of his family, the court may order that he pay the judgment in fixed monthly
installments,anduponhisfailuretopayanysuchinstallmentwhenduewithoutgoodexcuse,maypunishhimforindirectcontempt.
(42a)
Section41.Appointmentofreceiver.Thecourtmayappointareceiverofthepropertyofthejudgmentobligoranditmayalso
forbidatransferorotherdispositionof,oranyinterferencewith,thepropertyofthejudgmentobligornotexemptfromexecution.(43a)
Section42.Saleofascertainableinterestofjudgmentobligorinrealestate.Ifitappearsthatthejudgmentobligorhasaninterestin
real estate in the place in which proceedings are had, as mortgagor or mortgagee or other wise, and his interest therein can be
ascertainedwithoutcontroversythereceivermaybeorderedtosellandconveysuchrealestateortheinterestoftheobligortherein

andsuchsaleshallbeconductedinallrespectsinthesamemannerasisprovidedforthesaleofrealstateuponexecution,andthe
proceedingsthereonshallbeapprovedbythecourtbeforetheexecutionofthedeed.(34a)
Section 43. Proceedings when indebtedness denied or another person claims the property. If it appears that a person or
corporation,allegedtohavepropertyofthejudgmentobligorortobeindebtedtohim,claimsaninterestinthepropertyadverseto
himordeniedthedebt,thecourtmayauthorize,byanordermadetothateffect,thejudgmentobligeetoinstituteanactionagainst
suchpersonorcorporationfortherecoveryofsuchinterestordebt,forbidatransferorotherdispositionofsuchinterestordebtwithin
onehundredtwenty(120)daysfromnoticeoftheorder,andmaypunishdisobedienceofsuchorderasforcontempt.Suchordermay
bemodifiedorvacatedatanytimebythecourtwhichissuedit,orbythecourtinwhichtheactionisbrought,uponsuchtermsasmay
bejust.(45a)
Section44.Entryofsatisfactionofjudgmentbyclerkofcourt.Satisfactionofajudgmentshallbeenteredbytheclerkofcourtinthe
courtdocket,andintheexecutionbook,uponthereturnofawritofexecutionshowingthefullsatisfactionofthejudgment,oruponthe
filingofanadmissiontothesatisfactionofthejudgmentexecutedandacknowledgedinthesamemannerasaconveyanceofreal
property by the judgment obligee or by his counsel unless a revocation of his authority is filed, or upon the endorsement of such
admissionbythejudgmentobligeeorhiscounsel,onthefaceoftherecordofthejudgment.(46a)
Section45.Entryofsatisfactionwithorwithoutadmission.Wheneverajudgmentissatisfiedinfact,orotherwisethanuponan
executionondemandofthejudgmentobligor,thejudgmentobligeeorhiscounselmustexecuteandacknowledge,orindorsean
admissionofthesatisfactionasprovidedinthelastprecedingsection,andafternoticeanduponmotionthecourtmayordereitherthe
judgmentobligeeorhiscounseltodoso,ormayordertheentryofsatisfactiontobemadewithoutsuchadmission.(47a)
Section46.Whenprincipalboundbyjudgmentagainstsurety.Whenajudgmentisrenderedagainstapartywhostandsassurety
foranother,thelatterisalsoboundfromthetimethathehasnoticeoftheactionorproceeding,andanopportunityatthesurety's
requesttojoininthedefense.(48a)
Section47.Effectofjudgmentsorfinalorders.TheeffectofajudgmentorfinalorderrenderedbyacourtofthePhilippines,having
jurisdictiontopronouncethejudgmentorfinalorder,maybeasfollows:
(a)Incaseofajudgmentorfinalorderagainstaspecificthing,orinrespecttotheprobateofawill,ortheadministrationofthe
estateofadeceasedperson,orinrespecttothepersonal,political,orlegalconditionorstatusofaparticularpersonorhis
relationshiptoanother,thejudgmentorfinalorderisconclusiveuponthetitletothething,thewilloradministrationorthe
condition,statusorrelationshipoftheperson,however,theprobateofawillorgrantingoflettersofadministrationshallonly
beprimafacieevidenceofthedeathofthetestatororintestate
(b)Inothercases,thejudgmentorfinalorderis,withrespecttothematterdirectlyadjudgedorastoanyothermatterthatcould
havebeenmissedinrelationthereto,conclusivebetweenthepartiesandtheirsuccessorsininterest,bytitlesubsequentto
thecommencementoftheactionorspecialproceeding,litigatingforthesamethingandunderthesametitleandinthesame
capacityand
(c)Inanyotherlitigationbetweenthesamepartiesortheirsuccessorsininterest,thatonlyisdeemedtohavebeenadjudged
in a former judgment or final order which appears upon its face to have been so adjudged, or which was actually and
necessarilyincludedthereinornecessarythereto.(49a)
Section48.Effectofforeignjudgmentsorfinalorders. The effect of a judgment or final order of a tribunal of a foreign country,
havingjurisdictiontorenderthejudgmentorfinalorderisasfollows:
(a)Incaseofajudgmentorfinalorderuponaspecificthing,thejudgmentorfinalorder,isconclusiveuponthetitletothe
thing,and
(b)Incaseofajudgmentorfinalorderagainstaperson,thejudgmentorfinalorderispresumptiveevidenceofarightas
betweenthepartiesandtheirsuccessorsininterestbyasubsequenttitle.
Ineithercase,thejudgmentorfinalordermayberepelledbyevidenceofawantofjurisdiction,wantofnoticetotheparty,collusion,
fraud,orclearmistakeoflaworfact.(50a)

Appeals

RULE40
AppealFromMunicipalTrialCourtstotheRegionalTrialCourts
Section1.Wheretoappeal.AnappealfromajudgmentorfinalorderofaMunicipalTrialCourtmaybetakentotheRegionalTrial
Courtexercisingjurisdictionovertheareatowhichtheformerpertains.Thetitleofthecaseshallremainasitwasinthecourtoforigin,
butthepartyappealingthecaseshallbefurtherreferredtoastheappellantandtheadversepartyastheappellee.(a)

Section2.Whentoappeal.Anappealmaybetakenwithinfifteen(15)daysafternoticetotheappellantofthejudgmentorfinal
orderappealedfrom.Wherearecordonappealisrequired,theappellantshallfileanoticeofappealandarecordonappealwithin
thirty(30)daysafternoticeofthejudgmentorfinalorder.
Theperiodofappealshallbeinterruptedbyatimelymotionfornewtrialorreconsideration.Nomotionforextensionoftimetofilea
motionfornewtrialorreconsiderationshallbeallowed.(n)
Section3.Howtoappeal.Theappealistakenbyfilinganoticeofappealwiththecourtthatrenderedthejudgmentorfinalorder
appealedfrom.Thenoticeofappealshallindicatethepartiestotheappeal,thejudgmentorfinalorderorpartthereofappealedfrom,
andstatethematerialdatesshowingthetimelinessoftheappeal.
Arecordonappealshallberequiredonlyinspecialproceedingsandinothercasesofmultipleorseparateappeals.
Theformandcontentsoftherecordonappealshallbeasprovidedinsection6,Rule41.
Copiesofthenoticeofappeal,andtherecordonappealwhererequired,shallbeservedontheadverseparty.(n)
Section 4. Perfection of appeal effect thereof. The perfection of the appeal and the effect thereof shall be governed by the
provisionsofsection9,Rule41.(n)
Section5.Appellatecourtdocketandotherlawfulfees.Withintheperiodfortakinganappeal,theappellantshallpaytotheclerk
ofthecourtwhichrenderedthejudgmentorfinalorderappealedfromthefullamountoftheappellatecourtdocketandotherlawful
fees.Proofofpaymentthereofshallbetransmittedtotheappellatecourttogetherwiththeoriginalrecordortherecordonappeal,as
thecasemaybe.(n)
Section6.Dutyoftheclerkofcourt.Withinfifteen(15)daysfromtheperfectionoftheappeal,theclerkofcourtorthebranchclerk
ofcourtofthelowercourtshalltransmittheoriginalrecordortherecordonappeal,togetherwiththetranscriptsandexhibits,whichhe
shallcertifyascomplete,totheproperRegionalTrialCourt.Acopyofhisletteroftransmittaloftherecordstotheappellatecourtshall
befurnishedtheparties.(n)
Section7.ProcedureintheRegionalTrialCourt.
(a)Uponreceiptofthecompleterecordortherecordonappeal,theclerkofcourtoftheRegionalTrialCourtshallnotifythe
partiesofsuchfact.
(b)Withinfifteen(15)daysfromsuchnotice,itshallbethedutyoftheappellanttosubmitamemorandumwhichshallbriefly
discusstheerrorsimputedtothelowercourt,acopyofwhichshallbefurnishedbyhimtotheadverseparty.Withinfifteen(15)
daysfromreceiptoftheappellant'smemorandum,theappelleemayfilehismemorandum.Failureoftheappellanttofilea
memorandumshallbeagroundfordismissaloftheappeal.
(c)Uponthefilingofthememorandumoftheappellee,ortheexpirationoftheperiodtodoso,thecaseshallbeconsidered
submittedfordecision.TheRegionalTrialCourtshalldecidethecaseonthebasisoftheentirerecordoftheproceedingshad
inthecourtoforiginalandsuchmemorandaasarefiled.(n)
Section8.Appealfromordersdismissingcasewithouttriallackofjurisdiction.Ifanappealistakenfromanorderofthelowercourt
dismissingthecasewithoutatrialonthemerits,theRegionalTrialCourtmayaffirmorreverseit,asthecasemaybe.Incaseof
affirmance and the ground of dismissal is lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter, the Regional Trial Court, if it has jurisdiction
thereover,shalltrythecaseonthemeritsasifthecasewasoriginallyfiledwithit.Incaseofreversal,thecaseshallberemandedfor
furtherproceedings.
Ifthecasewastriedonthemeritsbythelowercourtwithoutjurisdictionoverthesubjectmatter,theRegionalTrialCourtonappeal
shallnotdismissthecaseifithasoriginaljurisdictionthereof,butshalldecidethecaseinaccordancewiththeprecedingsection,
withoutprejudicetotheadmissionofamendedpleadingsandadditionalevidenceintheinterestofjustice.(n)
Section9.ApplicabilityofRule41.TheotherprovisionsofRule41shallapplytoappealsprovidedforhereininsofarastheyare
notinconsistentwithormayservetosupplementtheprovisionsofthisRule.(n)

RULE41
AppealFromTheRegionalTrialCourts
Section1.Subjectofappeal.Anappealmaybetakenfromajudgmentorfinalorderthatcompletelydisposesofthecase,orofa
particularmatterthereinwhendeclaredbytheseRulestobeappealable.
Noappealmaybetakenfrom:
(a)Anorderdenyingamotionfornewtrialorreconsideration
(b)Anorderdenyingapetitionforrelieforanysimilarmotionseekingrelieffromjudgment

(c)Aninterlocutoryorder
(d)Anorderdisallowingordismissinganappeal
(e)Anorderdenyingamotiontosetasideajudgmentbyconsent,confessionorcompromiseonthegroundoffraud,mistake
orduress,oranyothergroundvitiatingconsent
(f)Anorderofexecution
(g)Ajudgmentorfinalorderfororagainstoneormoreofseveralpartiesorinseparateclaims,counterclaims,crossclaims
andthirdpartycomplaints,whilethemaincaseispending,unlessthecourtallowsanappealtherefromand
(h)Anorderdismissinganactionwithoutprejudice.
Inalltheaboveinstanceswherethejudgmentorfinalorderisnotappealable,theaggrievedpartymayfileanappropriatespecialcivil
actionunderRule65.(n)
Section2.Modesofappeal.
(a)Ordinaryappeal.TheappealtotheCourtofAppealsincasesdecidedbytheRegionalTrialCourtintheexerciseofits
original jurisdiction shall be taken by filing a notice of appeal with the court which rendered the judgment or final order
appealedfromandservingacopythereofupontheadverseparty.Norecordonappealshallberequiredexceptinspecial
proceedingsandothercasesofmultipleorseparateappealswherelawontheseRulessorequire.Insuchcases,therecord
onappealshallbefiledandservedinlikemanner.
(b)Petitionforreview.TheappealtotheCourtofAppealsincasesdecidedbytheRegionalTrialCourtintheexerciseofits
appellatejurisdictionshallbebypetitionforreviewinaccordancewithRule42.
(c)Appealbycertiorari.Inallcaseswhereonlyquestionsoflawareraisedorinvolved,theappealshallbetotheSupreme
CourtbypetitionforreviewoncertiorariinaccordancewiththeRule45.(n)
Section3.Periodofordinaryappeal.Theappealshallbetakenwithinfifteen(15)daysfromnoticeofthejudgmentorfinalorder
appealedfrom.Wherearecordonappealisrequired,theappellantshallfileanoticeofappealandarecordonappealwithinthirty
(30)daysfromnoticeofthejudgmentorfinalorder.
Theperiodofappealshallbeinterruptedbyatimelymotionfornewtrialorreconsideration.Nomotionforextensionoftimetofilea
motionfornewtrialorreconsiderationshallbeallowed.(n)
Section4.Appellatecourtdocketandotherlawfulfees.Withintheperiodfortakinganappeal,theappellantshallpaytotheclerk
ofthecourtwhichrenderedthejudgmentorfinalorderappealedfrom,thefullamountoftheappellatecourtdocketandotherlawful
fees.Proofofpaymentofsaidfeesshallbetransmittedtotheappellatecourttogetherwiththeoriginalrecordortherecordonappeal.
(n)
Section5.Noticeofappeal.Thenoticeofappealshallindicatethepartiestotheappeal,specifythejudgmentorfinalorderorpart
thereofappealedfrom,specifythecourttowhichtheappealisbeingtaken,andstatethematerialdatesshowingthetimelinessofthe
appeal.(4a)
Section6.Recordonappealformandcontentsthereof.Thefullnamesofallthepartiestotheproceedingsshallbestatedinthe
captionoftherecordonappealanditshallincludethejudgmentorfinalorderfromwhichtheappealistakenand,inchronological
order,copiesofonlysuchpleadings,petitions,motionsandallinterlocutoryordersasarerelatedtotheappealedjudgmentorfinal
orderfortheproperunderstandingoftheissueinvolved,togetherwithsuchdataaswillshowthattheappealwasperfectedontime.If
an issue of fact is to be raised on appeal, the record on appeal shall include by reference all the evidence, testimonial and
documentary,takenupontheissueinvolved.Thereferenceshallspecifythedocumentaryevidencebytheexhibitnumbersorletters
bywhichitwasidentifiedwhenadmittedorofferedatthehearing,andthetestimonialevidencebythenamesofthecorresponding
witnesses.Ifthewholetestimonialanddocumentaryevidenceinthecaseistobeincluded,astatementtothateffectwillbesufficient
withoutmentioningthenamesofthewitnessesorthenumbersorlettersofexhibits.Everyrecordonappealexceedingtwenty(20)
pagesmustcontainasubjectindex.(6a)
Section7.Approvalofrecordonappeal.Uponthefilingoftherecordonappealforapprovalandifnoobjectionisfiledbythe
appelleewithinfive(5)daysfromreceiptofacopythereof,thetrialcourtmayapproveitaspresentedoruponitsownmotionoratthe
instance of the appellee, may direct its amendment by the inclusion of any omitted matters which are deemed essential to the
determinationoftheissueoflaworfactinvolvedintheappeal.Ifthetrialcourtorderstheamendmentoftherecord,theappellant,
withinthetimelimitedintheorder,orsuchextensionthereofasmaybegranted,orifnotimeisfixedbytheorderwithinten(10)days
fromreceiptthereof,shallredrafttherecordbyincludingtherein,intheirproperchronologicalsequence,suchadditionalmattersas
the court may have directed him to incorporate, and shall thereupon submit the redrafted record for approval, upon notice to the
appellee,inlikemannerastheoriginaldraft.(7a)
Section8.Jointrecordonappeal.Wherebothpartiesareappellants,theymayfileajointrecordonappealwithinthetimefixedby
section3ofthisRule,orthatfixedbythecourt.(8a)
Section9.Perfectionofappealeffectthereof.Aparty'sappealbynoticeofappealisdeemedperfectedastohimuponthefilingof
thenoticeofappealinduetime.

Aparty'sappealbyrecordonappealisdeemedperfectedastohimwithrespecttothesubjectmatterthereofupontheapprovalofthe
recordonappealfiledinduetime.
Inappealsbynoticeofappeal,thecourtlosesjurisdictionoverthecaseupontheperfectionoftheappealsfiledinduetimeandthe
expirationofthetimetoappealoftheotherparties.
Inappealsbyrecordonappeal,thecourtlosesjurisdictiononlyoverthesubjectmatterthereofupontheapprovaloftherecordson
appealfiledinduetimeandtheexpirationoftheappealoftheotherparties.
Ineithercase,priortothetransmittaloftheoriginalrecordortherecordonappeal,thecourtmayissueordersfortheprotectionand
preservationoftherightsofthepartieswhichdonotinvolveanymatterlitigatedbytheappeal,approvecompromises,permitappeals
ofindigentlitigants,orderexecutionpendingappealinaccordancewith2ofRule39,andallowwithdrawaloftheappeal.(9a)
Section10.Duty of clerk of court of the lower court upon perfection of appeal. Within thirty (30) days after perfection of all the
appealsinaccordancewiththeprecedingsection,itshallbethedutyoftheclerkofcourtofthelowercourt:
(a)Toverifythecorrectnessoftheoriginalrecordortherecordonappeal,asthecasemaybeaidtomakecertificationofits
correctness
(b)Toverifythecompletenessoftherecordsthatwillbe,transmittedtotheappellatecourt
(c)Iffoundtobeincomplete,totakesuchmeasuresasmayberequiredtocompletetherecords,availingoftheauthoritythat
heorthecourtmayexerciseforthispurposeand
(d)Totransmittherecordstotheappellatecourt.
If the efforts to complete the records fail, he shall indicate in his letter of transmittal the exhibits or transcripts not included in the
recordsbeingtransmittedtotheappellatecourt,thereasonsfortheirnontransmittal,andthestepstakenorthatcouldbetakento
havethemavailable.
Theclerkofcourtshallfurnishthepartieswithcopiesofhisletteroftransmittaloftherecordstotheappellatecourt.(10a)
Section11.Transcript.Upontheperfectionoftheappeal,theclerkshallimmediatelydirectthestenographersconcernedtoattach
to the record of the case five (5) copies of the transcripts of the testimonial evidence referred to in the record on appeal. The
stenographers concerned shall transcribe such testimonial evidence and shall prepare and affix to their transcripts an index
containingthenamesofthewitnessesandthepageswhereintheirtestimoniesarefound,andalistoftheexhibitsandthepages
whereineachofthemappearstohavebeenofferedandadmittedorrejectedbythetrialcourt.Thetranscriptsshallbetransmittedto
theclerkofthetrialcourtwhoshallthereuponarrangethesameintheorderinwhichthewitnessestestifiedatthetrial,andshall
causethepagestobenumberedconsecutively.(12a)
Section12.Transmittal.Theclerkofthetrialcourtshalltransmittotheappellatecourttheoriginalrecordortheapprovedrecordon
appealwithinthirty(30)daysfromtheperfectionoftheappeal,togetherwiththeproofofpaymentoftheappellatecourtdocketand
other lawful fees, a certified true copy of the minutes of the proceedings, the order of approval, the certificate of correctness, the
originaldocumentaryevidencereferredtotherein,andtheoriginalandthree(3)copiesofthetranscripts.Copiesofthetranscripts
andcertifiedtruecopiesofthedocumentaryevidenceshallremaininthelowercourtfortheexaminationoftheparties.(11a)
Section13.Dismissalofappeal.Priortothetransmittaloftheoriginalrecordortherecordonappealtotheappellatecourt,thetrial
courtmaymotupropiooronmotiondismisstheappealforhavingbeentakenoutoftime.(14a)

RULE42
PetitionforReviewFromtheRegionalTrialCourtstotheCourtofAppeals
Section1.Howappealtakentimeforfiling.ApartydesiringtoappealfromadecisionoftheRegionalTrialCourtrenderedinthe
exerciseofitsappellatejurisdictionmayfileaverifiedpetitionforreviewwiththeCourtofAppeals,payingatthesametimetotheclerk
ofsaidcourtthecorrespondingdocketandotherlawfulfees,depositingtheamountofP500.00forcosts,andfurnishingtheRegional
TrialCourtandtheadversepartywithacopyofthepetition.Thepetitionshallbefiledandservedwithinfifteen(15)daysfromnotice
of the decision sought to be reviewed or of the denial of petitioner's motion for new trial or reconsideration filed in due time after
judgment.Uponpropermotionandthepaymentofthefullamountofthedocketandotherlawfulfeesandthedepositforcostsbefore
theexpirationofthereglementaryperiod,theCourtofAppealsmaygrantanadditionalperiodoffifteen(15)daysonlywithinwhichto
filethepetitionforreview.Nofurtherextensionshallbegrantedexceptforthemostcompellingreasonandinnocasetoexceed
fifteen(15)days.(n)
Section2.Formandcontents.Thepetitionshallbefiledinseven(7)legiblecopies,withtheoriginalcopyintendedforthecourt
beingindicatedassuchbythepetitioner,andshall(a)statethefullnamesofthepartiestothecase,withoutimpleadingthelower
courtsorjudgesthereofeitheraspetitionersorrespondents(b)indicatethespecificmaterialdatesshowingthatitwasfiledontime
(c)setforthconciselyastatementofthemattersinvolved,theissuesraised,thespecificationoferrorsoffactorlaw,orboth,allegedly
committed by the Regional Trial Court, and the reasons or arguments relied upon for the allowance of the appeal (d) be
accompaniedbyclearlylegibleduplicateoriginalsortruecopiesofthejudgmentsorfinalordersofbothlowercourts,certifiedcorrect

bytheclerkofcourtoftheRegionalTrialCourt,therequisitenumberofplaincopiesthereofandofthepleadingsandothermaterial
portionsoftherecordaswouldsupporttheallegationsofthepetition.
Thepetitionershallalsosubmittogetherwiththepetitionacertificationunderoaththathehasnottheretoforecommencedanyother
actioninvolvingthesameissuesintheSupremeCourt,theCourtofAppealsordifferentdivisionsthereof,oranyothertribunalor
agencyifthereissuchotheractionorproceeding,hemuststatethestatusofthesameandifheshouldthereafterlearnthatasimilar
actionorproceedinghasbeenfiledorispendingbeforetheSupremeCourt,theCourtofAppeals,ordifferentdivisionsthereof,orany
othertribunaloragency,heundertakestopromptlyinformtheaforesaidcourtsandothertribunaloragencythereofwithinfive(5)
daystherefrom.(n)
Section 3. Effect of failure to comply with requirements. The failure of the petitioner to comply with any of the foregoing
requirementsregardingthepaymentofthedocketandotherlawfulfees,thedepositforcosts,proofofserviceofthepetition,andthe
contentsofandthedocumentswhichshouldaccompanythepetitionshallbesufficientgroundforthedismissalthereof.(n)
Section4.Actiononthepetition.TheCourtofAppealsmayrequiretherespondenttofileacommentonthepetition,notamotionto
dismiss,withinten(10)daysfromnotice,ordismissthepetitionifitfindsthesametobepatentlywithoutmerit,prosecutedmanifestly
fordelay,orthatthequestionsraisedthereinaretooinsubstantialtorequireconsideration.(n)
Section 5. Contents of comment. The comment of the respondent shall be filed in seven (7) legible copies, accompanied by
certifiedtruecopiesofsuchmaterialportionsoftherecordreferredtothereintogetherwithothersupportingpapersandshall(a)state
whetherornotheacceptsthestatementofmattersinvolvedinthepetition(b)pointoutsuchinsufficienciesorinaccuraciesashe
believesexistinpetitioner'sstatementofmattersinvolvedbutwithoutrepetitionand(c)statethereasonswhythepetitionshouldnot
begivenduecourse.Acopythereofshallbeservedonthepetitioner.(a)
Section6.Duecourse.Ifuponthefilingofthecommentorsuchotherpleadingsasthecourtmayalloworrequire,orafterthe
expirationoftheperiodforthefilingthereofwithoutsuchcommentorpleadinghavingbeensubmitted,theCourtofAppealsfinds
primafacie that the lower court has committed an error of fact or law that will warrant a reversal or modification of the appealed
decision,itmayaccordinglygiveduecoursetothepetition.(n)
Section7.Elevationofrecord.WhenevertheCourtofAppealsdeemsitnecessary,itmayordertheclerkofcourtoftheRegional
TrialCourttoelevatetheoriginalrecordofthecaseincludingtheoralanddocumentaryevidencewithinfifteen(15)daysfromnotice.
(n)
Section 8. Perfection of appeal effect thereof. (a) Upon the timely filing of a petition for review and the payment of the
correspondingdocketandotherlawfulfees,theappealisdeemedperfectedastothepetitioner.
TheRegionalTrialCourtlosesjurisdictionoverthecaseupontheperfectionoftheappealsfiledinduetimeandtheexpirationofthe
timetoappealoftheotherparties.
However,beforetheCourtofAppealsgivesduecoursetothepetition,theRegionalTrialCourtmayissueordersfortheprotection
andpreservationoftherightsofthepartieswhichdonotinvolveanymatterlitigatedbytheappeal,approvecompromises,permit
appealsofindigentlitigants,orderexecutionpendingappealinaccordancewithsection2ofRule39,andallowwithdrawalofthe
appeal.(9a,R41)
(b)ExceptincivilcasesdecidedundertheRuleonSummaryProcedure,theappealshallstaythejudgmentorfinalorderunlessthe
CourtofAppeals,thelaw,ortheseRulesshallprovideotherwise.(a)
Section9.Submissionfordecision.Ifthepetitionisgivenduecourse,theCourtofAppealsmaysetthecasefororalargumentor
requirethepartiestosubmitmemorandawithinaperiodoffifteen(15)daysfromnotice.Thecaseshallbedeemedsubmittedfor
decisionuponthefilingofthelastpleadingormemorandumrequiredbytheseRulesorbythecourtitself.(n)

RULE43
AppealsFromtheCourtofTaxAppealsandQuasiJudicialAgenciestotheCourtofAppeals
Section1.Scope.ThisRuleshallapplytoappealsfromjudgmentsorfinalordersoftheCourtofTaxAppealsandfromawards,
judgments, final orders or resolutions of or authorized by any quasijudicial agency in the exercise of its quasijudicial functions.
Among these agencies are the Civil Service Commission, Central Board of Assessment Appeals, Securities and Exchange
Commission, Office of the President, Land Registration Authority, Social Security Commission, Civil Aeronautics Board, Bureau of
Patents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer, National Electrification Administration, Energy Regulatory Board, National
Telecommunications Commission, Department of Agrarian Reform under Republic Act No. 6657, Government Service Insurance
System, Employees Compensation Commission, Agricultural Invention Board, Insurance Commission, Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission,BoardofInvestments,ConstructionIndustryArbitrationCommission,andvoluntaryarbitratorsauthorizedbylaw.(n)
Section 2. Cases not covered. This Rule shall not apply to judgments or final orders issued under the Labor Code of the
Philippines.(n)
Section3.Wheretoappeal.AnappealunderthisRulemaybetakentotheCourtofAppealswithintheperiodandinthemanner
hereinprovided,whethertheappealinvolvesquestionsoffact,oflaw,ormixedquestionsoffactandlaw.(n)

Section4.Periodofappeal.Theappealshallbetakenwithinfifteen(15)daysfromnoticeoftheaward,judgment,finalorderor
resolution,orfromthedateofitslastpublication,ifpublicationisrequiredbylawforitseffectivity,orofthedenialofpetitioner'smotion
fornewtrialorreconsiderationdulyfiledinaccordancewiththegoverninglawofthecourtoragencyaquo.Onlyone(1)motionfor
reconsiderationshallbeallowed.Uponpropermotionandthepaymentofthefullamountofthedocketfeebeforetheexpirationofthe
reglementaryperiod,theCourtofAppealsmaygrantanadditionalperiodoffifteen(15)daysonlywithinwhichtofilethepetitionfor
review.Nofurtherextensionshallbegrantedexceptforthemostcompellingreasonandinnocasetoexceedfifteen(15)days.(n)
Section5.Howappealtaken.Appealshallbetakenbyfilingaverifiedpetitionforreviewinseven(7)legiblecopieswiththeCourt
ofAppeals,withproofofserviceofacopythereofontheadversepartyandonthecourtoragencyaquo.Theoriginalcopyofthe
petitionintendedfortheCourtofAppealsshallbeindicatedassuchbythepetitioner.
Uponthefilingofthepetition,thepetitionershallpaytotheclerkofcourtoftheCourtofAppealsthedocketingandotherlawfulfees
anddepositthesumofP500.00forcosts.Exemptionfrompaymentofdocketingandotherlawfulfeesandthedepositforcostsmay
be granted by the Court of Appeals upon a verified motion setting forth valid grounds therefor. If the Court of Appeals denies the
motion,thepetitionershallpaythedocketingandotherlawfulfeesanddepositforcostswithinfifteen(15)daysfromnoticeofthe
denial.(n)
Section 6. Contents of the petition. The petition for review shall (a) state the full names of the parties to the case, without
impleadingthecourtoragencieseitheraspetitionersorrespondents(b)containaconcisestatementofthefactsandissuesinvolved
andthegroundsrelieduponforthereview(c)beaccompaniedbyaclearlylegibleduplicateoriginaloracertifiedtruecopyofthe
award,judgment,finalorderorresolutionappealedfrom,togetherwithcertifiedtruecopiesofsuchmaterialportionsoftherecord
referredtothereinandothersupportingpapersand(d)containasworncertificationagainstforumshoppingasprovidedinthelast
paragraphofsection2,Rule42.Thepetitionshallstatethespecificmaterialdatesshowingthatitwasfiledwithintheperiodfixed
herein.(2a)
Section 7. Effect of failure to comply with requirements. The failure of the petitioner to comply with any of the foregoing
requirementsregardingthepaymentofthedocketandotherlawfulfees,thedepositforcosts,proofofserviceofthepetition,andthe
contentsofandthedocumentswhichshouldaccompanythepetitionshallbesufficientgroundforthedismissalthereof.(n)
Section8.Actiononthepetition.TheCourtofAppealsmayrequiretherespondenttofileacommentonthepetitionnotamotionto
dismiss,withinten(10)daysfromnotice,ordismissthepetitionifitfindsthesametobepatentlywithoutmerit,prosecutedmanifestly
fordelay,orthatthequestionsraisedthereinaretoounsubstantialtorequireconsideration.(6a)
Section9.Contentsofcomment. The comment shall be filed within ten (10) days from notice in seven (7) legible copies and
accompanied by clearly legible certified true copies of such material portions of the record referred to therein together with other
supportingpapers.Thecommentshall(a)pointoutinsufficienciesorinaccuraciesinpetitioner'sstatementoffactsandissuesand(b)
statethereasonswhythepetitionshouldbedeniedordismissed.Acopythereofshallbeservedonthepetitioner,andproofofsuch
serviceshallbefiledwiththeCourtofAppeals.(9a)
Section10.Duecourse.Ifuponthefilingofthecommentorsuchotherpleadingsordocumentsasmayberequiredorallowedby
theCourtofAppealsorupontheexpirationoftheperiodforthefilingthereof,andontherecordstheCourtofAppealsfinds prima
faciethatthecourtoragencyconcernedhascommittederrorsoffactorlawthatwouldwarrantreversalormodificationoftheaward,
judgment,finalorderorresolutionsoughttobereviewed,itmaygiveduecoursetothepetitionotherwise,itshalldismissthesame.
The findings of fact of the court or agency concerned, when supported by substantial evidence, shall be binding on the Court of
Appeals.(n)
Section11.Transmittalofrecord. Within fifteen (15) days from notice that the petition has been given due course, the Court of
Appealsmayrequirethecourtoragencyconcernedtotransmittheoriginaloralegiblecertifiedtruecopyoftheentirerecordofthe
proceedingunderreview.Therecordtobetransmittedmaybeabridgedbyagreementofallpartiestotheproceeding.TheCourtof
Appealsmayrequireorpermitsubsequentcorrectionoforadditiontotherecord.(8a)
Section12.Effectofappeal.Theappealshallnotstaytheaward,judgment,finalorderorresolutionsoughttobereviewedunless
theCourtofAppealsshalldirectotherwiseuponsuchtermsasitmaydeemjust.(10a)
Section13.Submissionfordecision.Ifthepetitionisgivenduecourse,theCourtofAppealsmaysetthecasefororalargumentor
requirethepartiestosubmitmemorandawithinaperiodoffifteen(15)daysfromnotice.Thecaseshallbedeemedsubmittedfor
decisionuponthefilingofthelastpleadingormemorandumrequiredbytheseRulesorbythecourtofAppeals.(n)

ProcedureintheCourtofAppeals

RULE44
OrdinaryAppealedCases
Section1.Titleofcases.InallcasesappealedtotheCourtofAppealsunderRule41,thetitleofthecaseshallremainasitwasin
thecourtoforigin,butthepartyappealingthecaseshallbefurtherreferredtoastheappellantandtheadversepartyastheappellee.
(1a,R46)

Section2.Counselandguardians.Thecounselandguardiansadlitemofthepartiesinthecourtoforiginshallberespectively
consideredastheircounselandguardiansadlitemintheCourtofAppeals.Whenothersappearorareappointed,noticethereof
shallbeservedimmediatelyontheadversepartyandfiledwiththecourt.(2a,R46)
Section3.Orderoftransmittalofrecord.IftheoriginalrecordortherecordonappealisnottransmittedtotheCourtofAppeals
withinthirty(30)daysaftertheperfectionoftheappeal,eitherpartymayfileamotionwiththetrialcourt,withnoticetotheother,forthe
transmittalofsuchrecordorrecordonappeal.(3a,R46)
Section4.Docketingofcase.Uponreceivingtheoriginalrecordortherecordonappealandtheaccompanyingdocumentsand
exhibitstransmittedbythelowercourt,aswellastheproofofpaymentofthedocketandotherlawfulfees,theclerkofcourtofthe
CourtofAppealsshalldocketthecaseandnotifythepartiesthereof.(4a,R46)
Withinten(10)daysfromreceiptofsaidnotice,theappellant,inappealsbyrecordonappeal,shallfilewiththeclerkofcourtseven
(7) clearly legible copies of the approved record on appeal, together with the proof of service of two (2) copies thereof upon the
appellee.
Anyunauthorizedalteration,omissionoradditionintheapprovedrecordonappealshallbeagroundfordismissaloftheappeal.(n)
Section5.Completionofrecord.Wheretherecordofthedocketedcaseisincomplete,theclerkofcourtoftheCourtofAppeals
shallsoinformsaidcourtandrecommendtoitmeasuresnecessarytocompletetherecord.Itshallbethedutyofsaidcourttotake
appropriateactiontowardsthecompletionoftherecordwithintheshortestpossibletime.(n)
Section6.Dispensingwithcompleterecord. Where the completion of the record could not be accomplished within a sufficient
periodallottedforsaidpurposeduetoinsuperableorextremelydifficultcauses,thecourt,onitsownmotionoronmotionofanyofthe
parties,maydeclarethattherecordanditsaccompanyingtranscriptsandexhibitssofaravailablearesufficienttodecidetheissues
raisedintheappeal,andshallissueanorderexplainingthereasonsforsuchdeclaration.(n)
Section7.Appellant'sbrief.Itshallbethedutyoftheappellanttofilewiththecourt,withinfortyfive(45)daysfromreceiptofthe
noticeoftheclerkthatalltheevidence,oralanddocumentary,areattachedtotherecord,seven(7)copiesofhislegiblytypewritten,
mimeographedorprintedbrief,withproofofserviceoftwo(2)copiesthereofupontheappellee.(10a,R46)
Section8.Appellee'sbrief.Withinfortyfive(45)daysfromreceiptoftheappellant'sbrief,theappelleeshallfilewiththecourtseven
(7)copiesofhislegiblytypewritten,mimeographedorprintedbrief,withproofofserviceoftwo(2)copiesthereofupontheappellant.
(11a,R46)
Section9.Appellant'sreplybrief.Withintwenty(20)daysfromreceiptoftheappellee'sbrief,theappellantmayfileareplybrief
answeringpointsintheappellee'sbriefnotcoveredinhismainbrief.(12a,R46)
Section10.Time of filing memoranda in special cases. In certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and habeas corpus
cases,thepartiesshallfileinlieuofbriefs,theirrespectivememorandawithinanonextendibleperiodofthirty(30)daysfromreceipt
ofthenoticeissuedbytheclerkthatalltheevidence,oralanddocumentary,isalreadyattachedtotherecord.(13a,R46)
Thefailureoftheappellanttofilehismemorandumwithintheperiodthereformaybeagroundfordismissaloftheappeal.(n)
Section11.Severalappellantsorappelleesorseveralcounselforeachparty.Wherethereareseveralappellantsorappellees,
eachcounselrepresentingoneormorebutnotallofthemshallbeservedwithonlyonecopyofthebriefs.Whenseveralcounsel
representoneappellantorappellee,copiesofthebriefmaybeserveduponanyofthem.(14a,R46)
Section12.Extension of time for filing briefs. Extension of time for the filing of briefs will not be allowed, except for good and
sufficientcause,andonlyifthemotionforextensionisfiledbeforetheexpirationofthetimesoughttobeextended.(15,R46)
Section13.Contentsofappellant'sbrief.Theappellant'sbriefshallcontain,intheorderhereinindicated,thefollowing:
(a) A subject index of the matter in the brief with a digest of the arguments and page references, and a table of cases
alphabeticallyarranged,textbooksandstatutescitedwithreferencestothepageswheretheyarecited
(b) An assignment of errors intended to be urged, which errors shall be separately, distinctly and concisely stated without
repetitionandnumberedconsecutively
(c)Undertheheading"StatementoftheCase,"aclearandconcisestatementofthenatureoftheaction,asummaryofthe
proceedings,theappealedrulingsandordersofthecourt,thenatureofthejudgmentandanyothermattersnecessarytoan
understandingofthenatureofthecontroversywithpagereferencestotherecord
(d)Undertheheading"StatementofFacts,"aclearandconcisestatementinanarrativeformofthefactsadmittedbyboth
partiesandofthoseincontroversy,togetherwiththesubstanceoftheproofrelatingtheretoinsufficientdetailtomakeitclearly
intelligible,withpagereferencestotherecord
(e)Aclearandconcisestatementoftheissuesoffactorlawtobesubmitted,tothecourtforitsjudgment
(f)Undertheheading"Argument,"theappellant'sargumentsoneachassignmentoferrorwithpagereferencestotherecord.
Theauthoritiesrelieduponshallbecitedbythepageofthereportatwhichthecasebeginsandthepageofthereporton

whichthecitationisfound
(g)Undertheheading"Relief,"aspecificationoftheorderorjudgmentwhichtheappellantseeksand
(h)Incasesnotbroughtupbyrecordonappeal,theappellant'sbriefshallcontain,asanappendix,acopyofthejudgmentor
finalorderappealedfrom.(16a,R46)
Section14.Contentsofappellee'sbrief.Theappellee'sbriefshallcontain,intheorderhereinindicatedthefollowing:
(a) A subject index of the matter in the brief with a digest of the arguments and page references, and a table of cases
alphabeticallyarranged,textbooksandstatutescitedwithreferencestothepageswheretheyarecited
(b)Undertheheading"StatementofFacts,"theappelleeshallstatethatheacceptsthestatementoffactsintheappellant's
brief,orundertheheading"CounterStatementofFacts,"heshallpointoutsuchinsufficienciesorinaccuraciesashebelieves
existintheappellant'sstatementoffactswithreferencestothepagesoftherecordinsupportthereof,butwithoutrepetitionof
mattersintheappellant'sstatementoffactsand
(c)Undertheheading"Argument,"theappelleeshallsetforthhisargumentsinthecaseoneachassignmentoferrorwith
pagereferencestotherecord.Theauthoritiesreliedonshallbecitedbythepageofthereportatwhichthecasebeginsand
thepageofthereportonwhichthecitationisfound.(17a,R46)
Section15.Questionsthatmayberaisedonappeal.Whetherornottheappellanthasfiledamotionfornewtrialinthecourtbelow
hemayincludeinhisassignmentoferrorsanyquestionoflaworfactthathasbeenraisedinthecourtbelowandwhichiswithinthe
issuesframedbytheparties.(18,R46)

RULE45
AppealbyCertioraritotheSupremeCourt
Section1.FilingofpetitionwithSupremeCourt.Apartydesiringtoappealbycertiorarifromajudgmentorfinalorderorresolution
oftheCourtofAppeals,theSandiganbayan,theRegionalTrialCourtorothercourtswheneverauthorizedbylaw,mayfilewiththe
SupremeCourtaverifiedpetitionforreviewoncertiorari.Thepetitionshallraiseonlyquestionsoflawwhichmustbedistinctlyset
forth.(1a,2a)
Section2.Timeforfilingextension.Thepetitionshallbefiledwithinfifteen(15)daysfromnoticeofthejudgmentorfinalorderor
resolutionappealedfrom,orofthedenialofthepetitioner'smotionfornewtrialorreconsiderationfiledinduetimeafternoticeofthe
judgment.Onmotiondulyfiledandserved,withfullpaymentofthedocketandotherlawfulfeesandthedepositforcostsbeforethe
expirationofthereglementaryperiod,theSupremeCourtmayforjustifiablereasonsgrantanextensionofthirty(30)daysonlywithin
whichtofilethepetition.(1a,5a)
Section3.Docketandotherlawfulfeesproofofserviceofpetition.Unlesshehastheretoforedoneso,thepetitionershallpaythe
correspondingdocketandotherlawfulfeestotheclerkofcourtoftheSupremeCourtanddeposittheamountofP500.00forcostsat
thetimeofthefilingofthepetition.Proofofserviceofacopy,thereofonthelowercourtconcernedandontheadversepartyshallbe
submittedtogetherwiththepetition.(1a)
Section4.Contentsofpetition.Thepetitionshallbefiledineighteen(18)copies,withtheoriginalcopyintendedforthecourtbeing
indicatedassuchbythepetitionerandshall(a)statethefullnameoftheappealingpartyasthepetitionerandtheadversepartyas
respondent,withoutimpleadingthelowercourtsorjudgesthereofeitheraspetitionersorrespondents(b)indicatethematerialdates
showing when notice of the judgment or final order or resolution subject thereof was received, when a motion for new trial or
reconsideration,ifany,wasfiledandwhennoticeofthedenialthereofwasreceived(c)setforthconciselyastatementofthematters
involved,andthereasonsorargumentsreliedonfortheallowanceofthepetition(d)beaccompaniedbyaclearlylegibleduplicate
original,oracertifiedtruecopyofthejudgmentorfinalorderorresolutioncertifiedbytheclerkofcourtofthecourtaquoandthe
requisitenumberofplaincopiesthereof,andsuchmaterialportionsoftherecordaswouldsupportthepetitionand(e)containa
sworncertificationagainstforumshoppingasprovidedinthelastparagraphofsection2,Rule42.(2a)
Section5.Dismissalordenialofpetition.Thefailureofthepetitionertocomplywithanyoftheforegoingrequirementsregarding
the payment of the docket and other lawful fees, deposit for costs, proof of service of the petition, and the contents of and the
documentswhichshouldaccompanythepetitionshallbesufficientgroundforthedismissalthereof.
The Supreme Court may on its own initiative deny the petition on the ground that the appeal is without merit, or is prosecuted
manifestlyfordelay,orthatthequestionsraisedthereinaretoounsubstantialtorequireconsideration.(3a)
Section6.Reviewdiscretionary.Areviewisnotamatterofright,butofsoundjudicialdiscretion,andwillbegrantedonlywhen
there are special and important reasons thereof. The following, while neither controlling nor fully measuring the court's discretion,
indicatethecharacterofthereasonswhichwillbeconsidered:
(a) When the court aquo has decided a question of substance, not theretofore determined by the Supreme Court, or has
decideditinawayprobablynotinaccordwithlaworwiththeapplicabledecisionsoftheSupremeCourtor

(b)Whenthecourtaquohassofardepartedfromtheacceptedandusualcourseofjudicialproceedings,orsofarsanctioned
suchdeparturebyalowercourt,astocallforanexerciseofthepowerofsupervision.(4a)
Section7.Pleadingsanddocumentsthatmayberequiredsanctions.Forpurposesofdeterminingwhetherthepetitionshouldbe
dismissedordeniedpursuanttosection5ofthisRule,orwherethepetitionisgivenduecourseundersection8hereof,theSupreme
Court may require or allow the filing of such pleadings, briefs, memoranda or documents as it may deem necessary within such
periodsandundersuchconditionsasitmayconsiderappropriate,andimposethecorrespondingsanctionsincaseofnonfilingor
unauthorizedfilingofsuchpleadingsanddocumentsornoncompliancewiththeconditionstherefor.(n)
Section8.Duecourseelevationofrecords.Ifthepetitionisgivenduecourse,theSupremeCourtmayrequiretheelevationofthe
completerecordofthecaseorspecifiedpartsthereofwithinfifteen(15)daysfromnotice.(2a)
Section9.Ruleapplicabletobothcivilandcriminalcases.ThemodeofappealprescribedinthisRuleshallbeapplicabletoboth
civilandcriminalcases,exceptincriminalcaseswherethepenaltyimposedisdeath,reclusionperpetuaorlifeimprisonment.(n)

RULE46
OriginalCases
Section1.Titleofcases. In all cases originally filed in the Court of Appeals, the party instituting the action shall be called the
petitionerandtheopposingpartytherespondent.(1a)
Section 2. To what actions applicable. This Rule shall apply to original actions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus and quo
warranto.
Except as otherwise provided, the actions for annulment of judgment shall be governed by Rule 47, for certiorari, prohibition and
mandamusbyRule65,andforquowarrantobyRule66.(n)
Section3.Contentsandfilingofpetitioneffectofnoncompliancewithrequirements.Thepetitionshallcontainthefullnamesand
actualaddressesofallthepetitionersandrespondents,aconcisestatementofthemattersinvolved,thefactualbackgroundofthe
case,andthegroundsrelieduponforthereliefprayedfor.
InactionsfiledunderRule65,thepetitionshallfurtherindicatethematerialdatesshowingwhennoticeofthejudgmentorfinalorder
orresolutionsubjectthereofwasreceived,whenamotionfornewtrialorreconsideration,ifany,wasfiledandwhennoticeofthe
denialthereofwasreceived.
It shall be filed in seven (7) clearly legible copies together with proof of service thereof on the respondent with the original copy
intendedforthecourtindicatedassuchbythepetitioner,andshallbeaccompaniedbyaclearlylegibleduplicateoriginalorcertified
truecopyofthejudgment,order,resolution,orrulingsubjectthereof,suchmaterialportionsoftherecordasarereferredtotherein,
andotherdocumentsrelevantorpertinentthereto.Thecertificationshallbeaccomplishedbytheproperclerkofcourtorbyhisduly
authorized representative, or by the proper officer of the court, tribunal, agency or office involved or by his duly authorized
representative. The other requisite number of copies of the petition shall be accompanied by clearly legible plain copies of all
documentsattachedtotheoriginal.
Thepetitionershallalsosubmittogetherwiththepetitionasworncertificationthathehasnottheretoforecommencedanyotheraction
involvingthesameissuesintheSupremeCourt,theCourtofAppealsordifferentdivisionsthereof,oranyothertribunaloragencyif
thereissuchotheractionorproceeding,hemuststatethestatusofthesameandifheshouldthereafterlearnthatasimilaractionor
proceedinghasbeenfiledorispendingbeforetheSupremeCourt,theCourtofAppeals,ordifferentdivisionsthereof,oranyother
tribunaloragency,heundertakestopromptlyinformtheaforesaidcourtsandothertribunaloragencythereofwithinfive(5)days
therefrom.
ThepetitionershallpaythecorrespondingdocketandotherlawfulfeestotheclerkofcourtanddeposittheamountofP500.00for
costsatthetimeofthefilingofthepetition.
Thefailureofthepetitionertocomplyanyoftherequirementsshallbesufficientgroundforthedismissalofthepetition.(nBarMatter
No.803,21July1998)
Section 4. Jurisdiction over person of respondent, how acquired. The court shall acquire jurisdiction over the person of the
respondentbytheserviceonhimofitsorderorresolutionindicatingitsinitialactiononthepetitionorbyhisvoluntarysubmissionto
suchjurisdiction.(n)
Section5.Actionbythecourt.Thecourtmaydismissthepetitionoutrightwithspecificreasonsforsuchdismissalorrequirethe
respondenttofileacommentonthesamewithinten(10)daysfromnotice.Onlypleadingsrequiredbythecourtshallbeallowed.All
otherpleadingsandpapers,maybefiledonlywithleaveofcourt.(n)
Section6.Determinationoffactualissues.Whenevernecessarytoresolvefactualissues,thecourtitselfmayconducthearings
thereonordelegatethereceptionoftheevidenceonsuchissuetoanyofitsmembersortoanappropriatecourt,agencyoroffice.(n)

Section7.Effectoffailuretofilecomment.Whennocommentisfiledbyanyoftherespondents,thecasemaybedecidedonthe
basisoftherecord,withoutprejudicetoanydisciplinaryactionwhichthecourtmaytakeagainstthedisobedientparty.(n)

RULE47
AnnulmentofJudgmentsofFinalOrdersandResolutions
Section1.Coverage.ThisRuleshallgoverntheannulmentbytheCourtofAppealsofjudgmentsorfinalordersandresolutionsin
civil actions of Regional Trial Courts for which the ordinary remedies of new trial, appeal, petition for relief or other appropriate
remediesarenolongeravailablethroughnofaultofthepetitioner.(n)
Section2.Groundsforannulment.Theannulmentmaybebasedonlyonthegroundsofextrinsicfraudandlackofjurisdiction.
Extrinsicfraudshallnotbeavalidgroundifitwasavailedof,orcouldhavebeenavailedof,inamotionfornewtrialorpetitionfor
relief.(n)
Section3.Periodforfilingaction.Ifbasedonextrinsicfraud,theactionmustbefiledwithinfour(4)yearsfromitsdiscoveryandif
basedonlackofjurisdiction,beforeitisbarredbylachesorestoppel.(n)
Section 4. Filing and contents of petition. The action shall be commenced by filing a verified petition alleging therein with
particularitythefactsandthelawrelieduponforannulment,aswellasthosesupportingthepetitioner'sgoodandsubstantialcauseof
actionordefense,asthecasemaybe.
The petition shall be filed in seven (7) clearly legible copies, together with sufficient copies corresponding to the number of
respondents. A certified true copy of the judgment or final order or resolution shall be attached to the original copy of the petition
intendedforthecourtandindicatedassuchbythepetitioner.
The petitioner shall also submit together with the petition affidavits of witnesses or documents supporting the cause of action or
defenseandasworncertificationthathehasnottheretoforecommencedanyotheractioninvolvingthesameissuesintheSupreme
Court,theCourtofAppealsordifferentdivisionsthereof,oranyothertribunaloragencyifthereissuchotheractionorproceeding,he
muststatethestatusofthesame,andifheshouldthereafterlearnthatasimilaractionorproceedinghasbeenfiledorispending
before the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, or different divisions thereof, or any other tribunal or agency, he undertakes to
promptlyinformtheaforesaidcourtsandothertribunaloragencythereofwithinfive(5)daystherefrom.(n)
Section5.Actionbythecourt.Shouldthecourtfindnosubstantialmeritinthepetition,thesamemaybedismissedoutrightwith
specificreasonsforsuchdismissal.
Should prima facie merit be found in the petition, the same shall be given due course and summons shall be served on the
respondent.(n)
Section6.Procedure. The procedure in ordinary civil cases shall be observed. Should trial be necessary, the reception of the
evidencemaybereferredtoamemberofthecourtorajudgeofaRegionalTrialCourt.(n)
Section7.Effectofjudgment.Ajudgmentofannulmentshallsetasidethequestionedjudgmentorfinalorderorresolutionand
renderthesamenullandvoid,withoutprejudicetotheoriginalactionbeingrefiledinthepropercourt.However,wherethejudgment
orfinalorderorresolutionissetasideonthegroundofextrinsicfraud,thecourtmayonmotionorderthetrialcourttotrythecaseasif
atimelymotionfornewtrialhadbeengrantedtherein.(n)
Section8.Suspensionprescriptiveperiod.Theprescriptiveperiodfortherefilingoftheaforesaidoriginalactionshallbedeemed
suspendedfromthefilingofsuchoriginalactionuntilthefinalityofthejudgmentofannulment.However,theprescriptiveperiodshall
notbesuspendedwheretheextrinsicfraudisattributabletotheplaintiffintheoriginalaction.(n)
Section9.Reliefavailable.Thejudgmentofannulmentmayincludetheawardofdamages,attorney'sfeesandotherrelief.
Ifthequestionedjudgmentorfinalorderorresolutionhadalreadybeenexecutedthecourtmayissuesuchordersofrestitutionor
otherreliefasjusticeandequitymaywarrantunderthecircumstances.(n)
Section10.Annulment of judgments or final orders of Municipal Trial Courts.Anactiontoannulajudgmentorfinalorderofa
MunicipalTrialCourtshallbefiledintheRegionalTrialCourthavingjurisdictionovertheformer.Itshallbetreatedasanordinarycivil
actionandsections2,3,4,7,8and9ofthisRuleshallbeapplicablethereto.(n)

RULE48
PreliminaryConference

Section1.Preliminaryconference.Atanytimeduringthependencyofacase,thecourtmaycallthepartiesandtheircounseltoa
preliminaryconference.
(a)Toconsiderthepossibilityofanamicablesettlement,exceptwhenthecaseisnotallowedbylawtobecompromised
(b)Todefine,simplifyandclarifytheissuesfordetermination
(c)Toformulatestipulationsoffactsandadmissionsofdocumentaryexhibits,limitthenumberofwitnessestobepresentedin
casesfallingwithintheoriginaljurisdictionofthecourt,orthosewithinitsappellatejurisdictionwhereamotionfornewtrialis
grantedonthegroundofnewlydiscoveredevidenceand
(d)Totakeupsuchothermatterswhichmayaidthecourtinthepromptdispositionofthecase.(Rule7,CAInternalRules)(n)
Section2.Recordoftheconference.Theproceedingsatsuchconferenceshallberecordedand,upontheconclusionthereof,a
resolutionshallbeissuedembodyingalltheactionstakentherein,thestipulationsandadmissionsmadeandtheissuesdefined.(n)
Section3.Bindingeffectoftheresultsoftheconference.Subjecttosuchmodificationswhichmaybemadetopreventmanifest
injustice,theresolutionintheprecedingsectionshallcontrolthesubsequentproceedingsinthecaseunless,withinfive(5)daysfrom
noticethereof,anypartyshallsatisfactorilyshowvalidcausewhythesameshouldnotbefollowed.(n)

RULE49
OralArgument
Section1.Whenallowed.Atitsowninstanceoruponmotionofaparty,thecourtmayhearthepartiesinoralargumentonthe
meritsofacase,oronanymaterialincidentinconnectiontherewith.(n)
Theoralargumentshallbelimitedtosuchmattersasthecourtmayspecifyinitsorderorresolution.(1a,R48)
Section2.Conductoforalargument.Unlessauthorizedbythecourt,onlyonecounselmayargueforaparty.Thedurationallowed
foreachparty,thesequenceoftheargumentation,andallotherrelatedmattersshallbeasdirectedbythecourt.(n)
Section3.Nohearingororalargumentformotions.Motionsshallnotbesetforhearingand,unlessthecourtotherwisedirects,no
hearingororalargumentshallbeallowedinsupportthereof.Theadversepartymayfileobjectionstothemotionwithinfive(5)days
fromservice,upontheexpirationofwhichsuchmotionshallbedeemedsubmittedforresolution.(29,R49)

RULE50
DismissalofAppeal
Section1.Groundsfordismissalofappeal.AnappealmaybedismissedbytheCourtofAppeals,onitsownmotionoronthatof
theappellee,onthefollowinggrounds:
(a)FailureoftherecordonappealtoshowonitsfacethattheappealwastakenwithintheperiodfixedbytheseRules
(b)FailuretofilethenoticeofappealortherecordonappealwithintheperiodprescribedbytheseRules
(c)Failureoftheappellanttopaythedocketandotherlawfulfeesasprovidedinsection5,Rule40andsection4ofRule41
(BarMatterNo.803,17February1998)
(d)Unauthorizedalterations,omissionsoradditionsintheapprovedrecordonappealasprovidedinsection4ofRule44
(e)Failureoftheappellanttoserveandfiletherequirednumberofcopiesofhisbrieformemorandumwithinthetimeprovided
bytheseRules
(f)Absenceofspecificassignmentoferrorsintheappellant'sbrief,orofpagereferencestotherecordasrequiredinsection
13,paragraphs(a),(c),(d)and(f)ofRule44
(g)Failureoftheappellanttotakethenecessarystepsforthecorrectionorcompletionoftherecordwithinthetimelimitedby
thecourtinitsorder
(h) Failure of the appellant to appear at the preliminary conference under Rule 48 or to comply with orders, circulars, or
directivesofthecourtwithoutjustifiablecauseand
(i)Thefactthattheorderorjudgmentappealedfromisnotappealable.(1a)

Section2.DismissalofimproperappealtotheCourtofAppeals.AnappealunderRule41takenfromtheRegionalTrialCourtto
the Court of Appeals raising only questions of law shall be dismissed, issues purely of law not being reviewable by said court.
Similarly,anappealbynoticeofappealinsteadofbypetitionforreviewfromtheappellatejudgmentofaRegionalTrialCourtshallbe
dismissed.(n)
AnappealerroneouslytakentotheCourtofAppealsshallnotbetransferredtotheappropriatecourtbutshallbedismissedoutright.
(3a)
Section3.Withdrawalofappeal. An appeal may be withdrawn as of right at any time before the filing of the appellee's brief.
Thereafter,thewithdrawalmaybeallowedinthediscretionofthecourt.(4a)

RULE51
Judgment
Section1.Whencasedeemedsubmittedforjudgment.Acaseshallbedeemedsubmittedforjudgment:
A.Inordinaryappeals.
1)Wherenohearingonthemeritsofthemaincaseisheld,uponthefilingofthelastpleading,brief,ormemorandum
requiredbytheRulesorbythecourtitself,ortheexpirationoftheperiodforitsfiling.
2)Wheresuchahearingisheld,uponitsterminationoruponthefilingofthelastpleadingormemorandumasmaybe
requiredorpermittedtobefiledbythecourt,ortheexpirationoftheperiodforitsfiling.
B.Inoriginalactionsandpetitionsforreview.
1)Wherenocommentisfiled,upontheexpirationoftheperiodtocomment.
2)Wherenohearingisheld,uponthefilingofthelastpleadingrequiredorpermittedtobefiledbythecourt,orthe
expirationoftheperiodforitsfiling.
3)Whereahearingonthemeritsofthemaincaseisheld,uponitsterminationoruponthefilingofthelastpleadingor
memorandumasmayberequiredorpermittedtobefiledbythecourt,ortheexpirationoftheperiodforitsfiling.(n)
Section2.Bywhomrendered.Thejudgmentshallberenderedbythemembersofthecourtwhoparticipatedinthedeliberationon
themeritsofthecasebeforeitsassignmenttoamemberforthewritingofthedecision.(n)
Section3.Quorumandvotinginthecourt.TheparticipationofallthreeJusticesofadivisionshallbenecessaryatthedeliberation
andtheunanimousvoteofthethreeJusticesshallberequiredforthepronouncementofajudgmentorfinalresolution.Ifthethree
justices do not reach a unanimous vote, the clerk shall enter the votes of the dissenting Justices in the record. Thereafter, the
Chairman of the division shall refer the case, together with the minutes of the deliberation, to the Presiding Justice who shall
designatetwoJusticeschosenbyrafflefromamongalltheothermembersofthecourttosittemporarilywiththem,formingaspecial
division of five Justices. The participation of all the five members of the special division shall be necessary for the deliberation
requiredinsection2ofthisRuleandtheconcurrenceofamajorityofsuchdivisionshallberequiredforthepronouncementofa
judgmentorfinalresolution.(2a)
Section4.Dispositionofacase.TheCourtofAppeals,intheexerciseofitsappellatejurisdiction,mayaffirm,reverse,ormodifythe
judgmentorfinalorderappealedfrom,andmaydirectanewtrialorfurtherproceedingstobehad.(3a)
Section5.Formofdecision.Everydecisionorfinalresolutionofthecourtinappealedcasesshallclearlyanddistinctlystatethe
findingsoffactandtheconclusionsoflawonwhichitisbased,whichmaybecontainedinthedecisionorfinalresolutionitself,or
adoptedfromthosesetforthinthedecision,order,orresolutionappealedfrom.(Sec.40,BPBlg.129)(n)
Section6.Harmlesserror.Noerrorineithertheadmissionortheexclusionofevidenceandnoerrorordefectinanyrulingororder
orinanythingdoneoromittedbythetrialcourtorbyanyofthepartiesisgroundforgrantinganewtrialorforsettingaside,modifying,
or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial
justice.Thecourtateverystageoftheproceedingmustdisregardanyerrorordefectwhichdoesnotaffectthesubstantialrightsofthe
parties.(5a)
Section7.Judgmentwherethereareseveralparties.Inallactionsorproceedings,anappealedjudgmentmaybeaffirmedasto
someoftheappellants,andreversedastoothers,andthecaseshallthereafterbeproceededwith,sofarasnecessary,asifseparate
actionshadbeenbegunandprosecuted,andexecutionofthejudgmentofaffirmancemaybehadaccordingly,andcostsmaybe
adjudgedinsuchcases,asthecourtshalldeemproper.(6)
Section8.Questionsthatmaybedecided.Noerrorwhichdoesnotaffectthejurisdictionoverthesubjectmatterorthevalidityof
thejudgmentappealedfromortheproceedingsthereinwillbeconsideredunlessstatedintheassignmentoferrors,orcloselyrelated
toordependentonanassignederrorandproperlyarguedinthebrief,saveasthecourtmaypassuponplainerrorsandclerical
errors.(7a)

Section9.Promulgationandnoticeofjudgment.Afterthejudgmentorfinalresolutionanddissentingorseparateopinions,ifany,
aresignedbytheJusticestakingpart,theyshallbedeliveredforfilingtotheclerkwhoshallindicatethereonthedateofpromulgation
andcausetruecopiesthereoftobeserveduponthepartiesortheircounsel.(n)
Section10.Entryofjudgmentsandfinalresolutions.Ifnoappealormotionfornewtrialorreconsiderationisfiledwithinthetime
providedintheseRules,thejudgmentorfinalresolutionshallforthwithbeenteredbytheclerkinthebookofentriesofjudgments.
Thedatewhenthejudgmentorfinalresolutionbecomesexecutoryshallbedeemedasthedateofitsentry.Therecordshallcontain
thedispositivepartofthejudgmentorfinalresolutionandshallbesignedbytheclerk,withacertificatethatsuchjudgmentorfinal
resolutionhasbecomefinalandexecutory.(2a,R36)
Section11.Executionofjudgment.Exceptwherethejudgmentorfinalorderorresolution,oraportionthereof,isorderedtobe
immediatelyexecutory,themotionforitsexecutionmayonlybefiledinthepropercourtafteritsentry.
InoriginalactionsintheCourtofAppeals,itswritofexecutionshallbeaccompaniedbyacertifiedtruecopyoftheentryofjudgment
orfinalresolutionandaddressedtoanyappropriateofficerforitsenforcement.
Inappealedcases,wherethemotionforexecutionpendingappealisfiledintheCourtofAppealsatatimethatitisinpossessionof
theoriginalrecordortherecordonappeal,theresolutiongrantingsuchmotionshallbetransmittedtothelowercourtfromwhichthe
caseoriginated,togetherwithacertifiedtruecopyofthejudgmentorfinalordertobeexecuted,withadirectiveforsuchcourtoforigin
toissuetheproperwritforitsenforcement.(n)

RULE52
MotionforReconsideration
Section1.Periodforfiling.Apartymayfileamotionforreconsiderationofajudgmentorfinalresolutionwithinfifteen(15)days
fromnoticethereof,withproofofserviceontheadverseparty.(n)
Section2.Secondmotionforreconsideration.Nosecondmotionforreconsiderationofajudgmentorfinalresolutionbythesame
partyshallbeentertained.(n)
Section3.Resolutionofmotion.IntheCourtofAppeals,amotionforreconsiderationshallberesolvedwithinninety(90)daysfrom
thedatewhenthecourtdeclaresitsubmittedforresolution.(n)
Section4.Stayofexecution.Thependencyofamotionforreconsiderationfiledontimeandbytheproperpartyshallstaythe
executionofthejudgmentorfinalresolutionsoughttobereconsideredunlessthecourt,forgoodreasons,shallotherwisedirect.(n)

RULE53
NewTrial
Section1.Periodforfilingground.AtanytimeaftertheappealfromthelowercourthasbeenperfectedandbeforetheCourtof
Appealslosesjurisdictionoverthecase,apartymayfileamotionforanewtrialonthegroundofnewlydiscoveredevidencewhich
couldnothavebeendiscoveredpriortothetrialinthecourtbelowbytheexerciseofduediligenceandwhichisofsuchacharacter
as would probably change the result. The motion shall be accompanied by affidavits showing the facts constituting the grounds
thereforandthenewlydiscoveredevidence.(1a)
Section2.Hearingandorder.TheCourtofAppealsshallconsiderthenewevidencetogetherwiththatadducedatthetrialbelow,
andmaygrantorrefuseanewtrial,ormaymakesuchorder,withnoticetobothparties,astothetakingoffurthertestimony,either
orallyincourt,orbydepositions,orrendersuchotherjudgmentasoughttoberendereduponsuchtermsasitmaydeemjust.(2a)
Section3.Resolutionofmotion.IntheCourtofAppeals,amotionfornewtrialshallberesolvedwithinninety(90)daysfromthe
datewhenthecourtdeclaresitsubmittedforresolution.(n)
Section4.Procedure in new trial. Unless the court otherwise directs, the procedure in the new trial shall be the same as that
grantedbyaRegionalTrialCourt.(3a)

RULE54
InternalBusiness
Section 1. Distribution of cases among divisions. All the cases of the Court of Appeals shall be allotted among the different
divisions thereof for hearing and decision. The Court of Appeals, sitting enbanc, shall make proper orders or rules to govern the

allotmentofcasesamongthedifferentdivisions,theconstitutionofsuchdivisions,theregularrotationofJusticesamongthem,the
filingofvacanciesoccurringtherein,andothermattersrelatingtothebusinessofthecourtandsuchrulesshallcontinueinforceuntil
repealedoralteredbytheSupremeCourt.(1a)
Section2.Quorumofthecourt.Amajorityoftheactualmembersofthecourtshallconstituteaquorumforitssessionsenbanc.
Threemembersshallconstituteaquorumforthesessionsofadivision.Theaffirmativevotesofthemajorityofthememberspresent
shallbenecessarytopassaresolutionofthecourtenbanc.Theaffirmativevotesofthreemembersofadivisionshallbenecessary
forthepronouncementofajudgmentorfinalresolution,whichshallbereachedinconsultationbeforethewritingoftheopinionby
anymemberofthedivision.(Sec.11,firstpar.ofBPBlg.129,asamendedbySec.6ofEO33).(3a)

RULE55
PublicationsofJudgmentsandFinalResolutions
Section1.Publication.ThejudgmentsandfinalresolutionsofthecourtshallbepublishedintheOfficialGazetteandintheReports
officiallyauthorizedbythecourtinthelanguageinwhichtheyhavebeenoriginallywritten,togetherwiththesyllabithereforprepared
bythereporterinconsultationwiththewritersthereof.Memorandaofallotherjudgmentsandfinalresolutionsnotsopublishedshall
bemadebythereporterandpublishedintheOfficialGazetteandtheauthorizedreports.(1a)
Section2.Preparationofopinionsforpublication.Thereportershallprepareandpublishwitheachreportedjudgmentandfinal
resolutionaconcisesynopsisofthefactsnecessaryforaclearunderstandingofthecase,thenamesofcounsel,thematerialand
controvertedpointsinvolved,theauthoritiescitedtherein,andasyllabuswhichshallbeconfinedtopointsoflaw.(Sec.22a,R.A.No.
296)(n)
Section 3. General makeup of volumes. The published decisions and final resolutions of the Supreme Court shall be called
"PhilippineReports,"whilethoseoftheCourtofAppealsshallbeknownasthe"CourtofAppealsReports."Eachvolumethereofshall
containatableofthecasesreportedandthecasescitedintheopinions,withacompletealphabeticalindexofthesubjectmattersof
thevolume.Itshallconsistofnotlessthansevenhundredpagesprintedupongoodpaper,wellboundandnumberedconsecutively
intheorderofthevolumespublished.(Sec.23a,R.A.No.296)(n)

ProcedureInTheSupremeCourt

RULE56
A.OriginalCases
Section 1. Original cases cognizable. Only petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus,
disciplinaryproceedingsagainstmembersofthejudiciaryandattorneys,andcasesaffectingambassadors,otherpublicministersand
consulsmaybefiledoriginallyintheSupremeCourt.(n)
Section 2. Rules applicable. The procedure in original cases for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and habeas
corpusshallbeinaccordancewiththeapplicableprovisionsoftheConstitution,laws,andRules46,48,49,51,52andthisRule,
subjecttothefollowingprovisions:
a)AllreferencesinsaidRulestotheCourtofAppealsshallbeunderstoodtoalsoapplytotheSupremeCourt
b)TheportionsofsaidRulesdealingstrictlywithandspecificallyintendedforappealedcasesintheCourtofAppealsshallnot
beapplicableand
c)Eighteen(18)clearlylegiblecopiesofthepetitionshallbefiled,togetherwithproofofserviceonalladverseparties.
TheproceedingsfordisciplinaryactionagainstmembersofthejudiciaryshallbegovernedbythelawsandRulesprescribedtherefor,
andthoseagainstattorneysbyRules139B,asamended.(n)
B.AppealedCases
Section3.Modeofappeal.AnappealtotheSupremeCourtmaybetakenonlybyapetitionforreviewoncertiorari,exceptin
criminalcaseswherethepenaltyimposedisdeath,reclusionperpetuaorlifeimprisonment.(n)
Section 4. Procedure. The appeal shall be governed by and disposed of in accordance with the applicable provisions of the
Constitution,laws,Rules45,48,sections1,2,and5to11ofRule51,52andthisRule.(n)
Section5.Groundsfordismissalofappeal.Theappealmaybedismissedmotupropriooronmotionoftherespondentonthe
followinggrounds:

(a)Failuretotaketheappealwithinthereglementaryperiod
(b)Lackofmeritinthepetition
(c)Failuretopaytherequisitedocketfeeandotherlawfulfeesortomakeadepositforcosts
(d) Failure to comply with the requirements regarding proof of service and contents of and the documents which should
accompanythepetition
(e)Failuretocomplywithanycircular,directiveororderoftheSupremeCourtwithoutjustifiablecause
(f)Errorinthechoiceormodeofappealand
(g)ThefactthatthecaseisnotappealabletotheSupremeCourt.(n)
Section6.Dispositionofimproperappeal.Exceptasprovidedinsection3,Rule122regardingappealsincriminalcaseswhere
thepenaltyimposedisdeath,reclusionperpetuaorlifeimprisonment,anappealtakentotheSupremeCourtbynoticeofappealshall
bedismissed.
AnappealbycertioraritakentotheSupremeCourtfromtheRegionalTrialCourtsubmittingissuesoffactmaybereferredtotheCourt
ofAppealsfordecisionorappropriateaction.ThedeterminationoftheSupremeCourtonwhetherornotissuesoffactareinvolved
shallbefinal.(n)
Section7.Procedureifopinionisequallydivided.Wherethecourtenbancisequallydividedinopinion,orthenecessarymajority
cannot be had, the case shall again be deliberated on, and if after such deliberation no decision is reached, the original action
commencedinthecourtshallbedismissed,inappealedcases,thejudgmentororderappealedfromshallstandaffirmedandonall
incidentalmatters,thepetitionormotionshallbedenied.

ProvisionalRemedies

RULE57
PreliminaryAttachment
Section1.Groundsuponwhichattachmentmayissue.Atthecommencementoftheactionoratanytimebeforeentryofjudgment,
aplaintifforanyproperpartymayhavethepropertyoftheadversepartyattachedassecurityforthesatisfactionofanyjudgmentthat
mayberecoveredinthefollowingcases:
(a)Inanactionfortherecoveryofaspecifiedamountofmoneyordamages,otherthanmoralandexemplary,onacauseof
action arising from law, contract, quasicontract, delict or quasidelict against a party who is about to depart from the
Philippineswithintenttodefraudhiscreditors
(b)Inanactionformoneyorpropertyembezzledorfraudulentlymisappliedorconvertedtohisownusebyapublicofficer,or
anofficerofacorporation,oranattorney,factor,broker,agent,orclerk,inthecourseofhisemploymentassuch,orbyany
otherpersoninafiduciarycapacity,orforawillfulviolationofduty
(c)Inanactiontorecoverthepossessionofpropertyunjustlyorfraudulentlytaken,detainedorconverted,whentheproperty,
oranypartthereof,hasbeenconcealed,removed,ordisposedoftopreventitsbeingfoundortakenbytheapplicantoran
authorizedperson
(d)Inanactionagainstapartywhohasbeenguiltyofafraudincontractingthedebtorincurringtheobligationuponwhichthe
actionisbrought,orintheperformancethereof
(e)Inanactionagainstapartywhohasremovedordisposedofhisproperty,orisabouttodoso,withintenttodefraudhis
creditorsor
(f)InanactionagainstapartywhodoesnotresideandisnotfoundinthePhilippines,oronwhomsummonsmaybeserved
bypublication.(1a)
Section2.Issuanceandcontentsoforder.Anorderofattachmentmaybeissuedeitherexparteoruponmotionwithnoticeand
hearingbythecourtinwhichtheactionispending,orbytheCourtofAppealsortheSupremeCourt,andmustrequirethesheriffof
thecourttoattachsomuchofthepropertyinthePhilippinesofthepartyagainstwhomitisissued,notexemptfromexecution,asmay
besufficienttosatisfytheapplicant'sdemand,unlesssuchpartymakesdepositorgivesabondashereinafterprovidedinanamount
equaltothatfixedintheorder,whichmaybetheamountsufficienttosatisfytheapplicant'sdemandorthevalueofthepropertytobe
attachedasstatedbytheapplicant,exclusiveofcosts.Severalwritsmaybeissuedatthesametimetothesheriffsofthecourtsof
differentjudicialregions.(2a)

Section 3. Affidavit and bond required. An order of attachment shall be granted only when it appears by the affidavit of the
applicant,orofsomeotherpersonwhopersonallyknowsthefacts,thatasufficientcauseofactionexists,thatthecaseisoneofthose
mentionedinsection1hereof,thatthereisnoothersufficientsecurityfortheclaimsoughttobeenforcedbytheaction,andthatthe
amountduetotheapplicant,orthevalueofthepropertythepossessionofwhichheisentitledtorecover,isasmuchasthesumfor
whichtheorderisgrantedabovealllegalcounterclaims.Theaffidavit,andthebondrequiredbythenextsucceedingsection,mustbe
dulyfiledwiththecourtbeforetheorderissues.(3a)
Section4.Conditionofapplicant'sbond.Thepartyapplyingfortheordermustthereaftergiveabondexecutedtotheadverseparty
intheamountfixedbythecourtinitsordergrantingtheissuanceofthewrit,conditionedthatthelatterwillpayallthecostswhichmay
beadjudgedtotheadversepartyandalldamageswhichhemaysustainbyreasonoftheattachment,ifthecourtshallfinallyadjudge
thattheapplicantwasnotentitledthereto.(4a)
Section5.Mannerofattachingproperty.Thesheriffenforcingthewritshallwithoutdelayandwithallreasonablediligenceattach,
toawaitjudgmentandexecutionintheaction,onlysomuchofthepropertyinthePhilippinesofthepartyagainstwhomthewritis
issued,notexemptfromexecution,asmaybesufficienttosatisfytheapplicant'sdemand,unlesstheformermakesadepositwiththe
courtfromwhichthewritisissued,orgivesacounterbondexecutedtotheapplicant,inanamountequaltothebondfixedbythe
courtintheorderofattachmentortothevalueofthepropertytobeattached,exclusiveofcosts.Nolevyonattachmentpursuanttothe
writ issued under section 2 hereof shall be enforced unless it is preceded, or contemporaneously accompanied, by service of
summons,togetherwithacopyofthecomplaint,theapplicationforattachmenttheapplicant'saffidavitandbond,andtheorderand
writofattachment,onthedefendantwithinthePhilippines.
Therequirementofpriororcontemporaneousserviceofsummonsshallnotapplywherethesummonscouldnotbeservedpersonally
orbysubstitutedservicedespitediligentefforts,orthedefendantisaresidentofthePhilippinestemporarilyabsenttherefrom,orthe
defendantisanonresidentofthePhilippines,ortheactionisoneinremorquasiinrem.(5a)
Section6.Sheriff'sreturn.Afterenforcingthewrit,thesheriffmustlikewisewithoutdelaymakeareturnthereontothecourtfrom
which the writ issued, with a full statement of his proceedings under the writ and a complete inventory of the property attached,
togetherwithanycounterbondgivenbythepartyagainstwhomattachmentisissued,andservecopiesthereofontheapplicant.(6a)
Section7.Attachmentofrealandpersonalpropertyrecordingthereof.Realandpersonalpropertyshallbeattachedbythesheriff
executingthewritinthefollowingmanner:
(a)Realproperty,orgrowingcropsthereon,oranyinteresttherein,standingupontherecordoftheregistryofdeedsofthe
provinceinthenameofthepartyagainstwhomattachmentisissued,ornotappearingatalluponsuchrecords,orbelonging
tothepartyagainstwhomattachmentisissuedandheldbyanyotherperson,orstandingontherecordsoftheregistryof
deedsinthenameofanyotherperson,byfilingwiththeregistryofdeedsacopyoftheorder,togetherwithadescriptionofthe
propertyattached,andanoticethatitisattached,orthatsuchrealpropertyandanyinterestthereinheldbyorstandinginthe
nameofsuchotherpersonareattached,andbyleavingacopyofsuchorder,description,andnoticewiththeoccupantofthe
property,ifany,orwithsuchotherpersonorhisagentiffoundwithintheprovince.Wherethepropertyhasbeenbroughtunder
theoperationofeithertheLandRegistrationActorthePropertyRegistrationDecree,thenoticeshallcontainareferencetothe
number of the certificate of title, the volume and page in the registration book where the certificate is registered, and the
registeredownerorownersthereof.
Theregistrarofdeedsmustindexattachmentsfiledunderthissectioninthenamesoftheapplicant,theadverseparty,orthe
personbywhomthepropertyisheldorinwhosenameitstandsintherecords.Iftheattachmentisnotclaimedontheentire
areaofthelandcoveredbythecertificateoftitle,adescriptionsufficientlyaccuratefortheidentificationofthelandorinterestto
beaffectedshallbeincludedintheregistrationofsuchattachment
(b) Personal property capable of manual delivery, by taking and safely keeping it in his custody, after issuing the
correspondingreceipttherefor.
(c) Stocks or shares, or an interest in stocks or shares, of any corporation or company, by leaving with the president or
managing agent thereof, a copy of the writ, and a notice stating that the stock or interest of the party against whom the
attachmentisissuedisattachedinpursuanceofsuchwrit
(d) Debts and credits, including bank deposits, financial interest, royalties, commissions and other personal property not
capableofmanualdelivery,byleavingwiththepersonowingsuchdebts,orhavinginhispossessionorunderhiscontrol,
suchcreditsorotherpersonalproperty,orwithhisagent,acopyofthewrit,andnoticethatthedebtsowingbyhimtotheparty
against whom attachment is issued, and the credits and other personal property in his possession, or under his control,
belongingtosaidparty,areattachedinpursuanceofsuchwrit
(e)Theinterestofthepartyagainstwhomattachmentisissuedinpropertybelongingtotheestateofthedecedent,whetheras
heir,legatee,ordevisee,byservingtheexecutororadministratororotherpersonalrepresentativeofthedecedentwithacopy
ofthewritandnoticethatsaidinterestisattached.Acopyofsaidwritofattachmentandofsaidnoticeshallalsobefiledinthe
officeoftheclerkofthecourtinwhichsaidestateisbeingsettledandservedupontheheir,legateeordeviseeconcerned.
Ifthepropertysoughttobeattachedisincustodialegis,acopyofthewritofattachmentshallbefiledwiththepropercourtorquasi
judicialagency,andnoticeoftheattachmentserveduponthecustodianofsuchproperty.(7a)
Section8.Effectofattachmentofdebts,creditsandallothersimilarpersonalproperty.Allpersonshavingintheirpossessionor
undertheircontrolanycreditsorothersimilarpersonalpropertybelongingtothepartyagainstwhomattachmentisissued,orowing

anydebtstohim,atthetimeofserviceuponthemofthecopyofthewritofattachmentandnoticeasprovidedinthelastpreceding
section,shallbeliabletotheapplicantfortheamountofsuchcredits,debtsorothersimilarpersonalproperty,untiltheattachmentis
discharged,oranyjudgmentrecoveredbyhimissatisfied,unlesssuchpropertyisdeliveredortransferred,orsuchdebtsarepaid,to
theclerk,sheriff,orotherproperofficerofthecourtissuingtheattachment.(8a)
Section9.Effectofattachmentofinterestsinpropertybelongingtotheestateofadecedent.Theattachmentoftheinterestofan
heir, legatee, or devisee in the property belonging to the estate of a decedent shall not impair the powers of the executor,
administrator,orotherpersonalrepresentativeofthedecedentoversuchpropertyforthepurposeofadministration.Suchpersonal
representative,however,shallreporttheattachmenttothecourtwhenanypetitionfordistributionisfiled,andintheordermadeupon
suchpetition,distributionmaybeawardedtosuchheir,legateeordevisee,butthepropertyattachedshallbeordereddeliveredtothe
sheriffmakingthelevy,subjecttotheclaimofsuchheir,legatee,ordevisee,oranypersonclaimingunderhim.(9a)
Section10.Examination of party whose property is attached and persons indebted to him or controlling his property delivery of
propertytosheriff.Anypersonowingdebtstothepartywhosepropertyisattachedorhavinginhispossessionorunderhiscontrol
any credit or other personal property belonging to such party, may be required to attend before the court in which the action is
pending,orbeforeacommissionerappointedbythecourt,andbeexaminedonoathrespectingthesame.Thepartywhoseproperty
isattachedmayalsoberequiredtoattendforthepurposeofgivinginformationrespectinghisproperty,andmaybeexaminedon
oath.Thecourtmay,aftersuchexamination,orderpersonalpropertycapableofmanualdeliverybelongingtohim,inthepossession
ofthepersonsorequiredtoattendbeforethecourt,tobedeliveredtotheclerkofthecourtorsheriffonsuchtermsasmaybejust,
havingreferencetoanylienthereonorclaimagainstthesame,toawaitthejudgmentintheaction.(10a)
Section11.Whenattachedpropertymaybesoldafterlevyonattachmentandbeforeentryofjudgment.Wheneveritshallbemade
toappeartothecourtinwhichtheactionispending,uponhearingwithnoticetobothparties,thatthepropertyattachedisperishable,
orthattheinterestsofallthepartiestotheactionwillbesubservedbythesalethereof,thecourtmayordersuchpropertytobesoldat
publicauctioninsuchmannerasitmaydirect,andtheproceedsofsuchsaletobedepositedincourttoabidethejudgmentinthe
action.(11a)
Section12.Discharge of attachment upon giving counterbond. After a writ of attachment has been enforced, the party whose
propertyhasbeenattached,orthepersonappearingonhisbehalf,maymoveforthedischargeoftheattachmentwhollyorinparton
thesecuritygiven.Thecourtshall,afterduenoticeandhearing,orderthedischargeoftheattachmentifthemovantmakesacash
deposit,orfilesacounterbondexecutedtotheattachingpartywiththeclerkofthecourtwheretheapplicationismade,inanamount
equaltothatfixedbythecourtintheorderofattachment,exclusiveofcosts.Butiftheattachmentissoughttobedischargedwith
respecttoaparticularproperty,thecounterbondshallbeequaltothevalueofthatpropertyasdeterminedbythecourt.Ineithercase,
thecashdepositorthecounterbondshallsecurethepaymentofanyjudgmentthattheattachingpartymayrecoverintheaction.A
noticeofthedepositshallforthwithbeservedontheattachingparty.Uponthedischargeofanattachmentinaccordancewiththe
provisionsofthissection,thepropertyattached,ortheproceedsofanysalethereof,shallbedeliveredtothepartymakingthedeposit
orgivingthecounterbond,ortothepersonappearingonhisbehalf,thedepositorcounterbondaforesaidstandinginplaceofthe
propertysoreleased.Shouldsuchcounterbondforanyreasonbefoundtobeorbecomeinsufficient,andthepartyfurnishingthe
samefailtofileanadditionalcounterbond,theattachingpartymayapplyforaneworderofattachment.(12a)
Section13.Dischargeofattachmentonothergrounds.Thepartywhosepropertyhasbeenorderedattachedmayfileamotionwith
thecourtinwhichheactionispending,beforeorafterlevyorevenafterthereleaseoftheattachedproperty,foranordertosetaside
or discharge the attachment on the ground that the same was improperly or irregularly issued or enforced, or that the bond is
insufficient.Iftheattachmentisexcessive,thedischargeshallbelimitedtotheexcess.Ifthemotionbemadeonaffidavitsonthepart
ofthemovantbutnototherwise,theattachingpartymayopposethemotionbycounteraffidavitsorotherevidenceinadditiontothat
on which the attachment was made. After due notice and hearing, the court shall order the setting aside or the corresponding
dischargeoftheattachmentifitappearsthatitwasimproperlyorirregularlyissuedorenforced,orthatthebondisinsufficient,orthat
theattachmentisexcessive,andthedefectisnotcuredforthwith.(13a)
Section14.Proceedingswherepropertyclaimedbythirdperson.Ifthepropertyattachedisclaimedbyanypersonotherthanthe
partyagainstwhomattachmenthadbeenissuedorhisagent,andsuchpersonmakesanaffidavitofhistitlethereto,orrighttothe
possessionthereof,statingthegroundsofsuchrightortitle,andservessuchaffidavituponthesheriffwhilethelatterhaspossession
of the attached property, and a copy thereof upon the attaching party, the sheriff shall not be bound to keep the property under
attachment,unlesstheattachingpartyorhisagent,ondemandofthesheriff,shallfileabondapprovedbythecourttoindemnifythe
thirdpartyclaimantinasumnotlessthanthevalueofthepropertyleviedupon.Incaseofdisagreementastosuchvalue,thesame
shallbedecidedbythecourtissuingthewritofattachment.Noclaimfordamagesforthetakingorkeepingofthepropertymaybe
enforcedagainstthebondunlesstheactionthereforisfiledwithinonehundredtwenty(120)daysfromthedateofthefilingofthe
bond.
Thesheriffshallnotbeliablefordamagesforthetakingorkeepingofsuchpropertytoanysuchthirdpartyclaimant,ifsuchbond
shallbefiled.Nothinghereincontainedshallpreventsuchclaimantoranythirdpersonfromvindicatinghisclaimtotheproperty,or
preventtheattachingpartyfromclaimingdamagesagainstathirdpartyclaimantwhofiledafrivolousorplainlyspuriousclaim,inthe
sameoraseparateaction.
WhenthewritofattachmentisissuedinfavoroftheRepublicofthePhilippines,oranyofficerdulyrepresentingit,thefilingofsuch
bondshallnotberequired,andincasethesheriffissuedfordamagesasaresultoftheattachment,heshallberepresentedbythe
SolicitorGeneral,andifheldliabletherefor,theactualdamagesadjudgedbythecourtshallbepaidbytheNationalTreasureroutof
thefundstobeappropriatedforthepurpose.(14a)
Section15.Satisfactionofjudgmentoutofpropertyattached,returnofsheriff.Ifjudgmentberecoveredbytheattachingpartyand
execution issue thereon, the sheriff may cause the judgment to be satisfied out of the property attached, if it be sufficient for that

purposeinthefollowingmanner:
(a)Bypayingtothejudgmentobligeetheproceedsofallsalesofperishableorotherpropertysoldinpursuanceoftheorderof
thecourt,orsomuchasshallbenecessarytosatisfythejudgment
(b) If any balance remains due, by selling so much of the property, real or personal, as may be necessary to satisfy the
balance,ifenoughforthatpurposeremaininthesheriff'shands,orinthosetheclerkofthecourt
(c)Bycollectingfromallpersonshavingintheirpossessioncreditsbelongingtothejudgmentobligor,orowingdebtstothe
latteratthetimeoftheattachmentofsuchcreditsordebts,theamountofsuchcreditsanddebtsasdeterminedbythecourtin
theaction,andstatedinthejudgment,andpayingtheproceedsofsuchcollectionovertothejudgmentobligee.
Thesheriffshallforthwithmakeareturninwritingtothecourtofhisproceedingsunderthissectionandfurnishthepartieswithcopies
thereof.(15a)
Section16.Balanceduecollecteduponanexecutionexcessdeliveredtojudgmentobligor.Ifafterrealizinguponalltheproperty
attached,includingtheproceedsofanydebtsorcreditscollected,andapplyingtheproceedstothesatisfactionofthejudgmentless
theexpensesofproceedingsuponthejudgmentanybalanceshallremaindue,thesheriffmustproceedtocollectsuchbalanceas
upon ordinary execution. Whenever the judgment shall have been paid, the sheriff, upon reasonable demand, must return to the
judgmentobligortheattachedpropertyremaininginhishands,andanyproceedsofthesaleofthepropertyattachednotappliedto
thejudgment.(16a)
Section17.Recoveryuponthecounterbond.Whenthejudgmenthasbecomeexecutory,thesuretyorsuretiesonanycounter
bondgivenpursuanttotheprovisionsofthisRuletosecurethepaymentofthejudgmentshallbecomechargedonsuchcounter
bondandboundtopaythejudgmentobligeeupondemandtheamountdueunderthejudgment,whichamountmayberecovered
fromsuchsuretyorsuretiesafternoticeandsummaryhearinginthesameaction.(17a)
Section18.Dispositionofmoneydeposited.Wherethepartyagainstwhomattachmenthadbeenissuedhasdepositedmoney
insteadofgivingcounterbond,itshallbeappliedunderthedirectionofthecourttothesatisfactionofanyjudgmentrenderedinfavor
oftheattachingparty,andaftersatisfyingthejudgmentthebalanceshallberefundedtothedepositororhisassignee.Ifthejudgment
isinfavorofthepartyagainstwhomattachmentwasissued,thewholesumdepositedmustberefundedtohimorhisassignee.(18a)
Section19.Disposition of attached property where judgment is for party against whom attachment was issued. If judgment be
rendered against the attaching party, all the proceeds of sales and money collected or received by the sheriff, under the order of
attachment,andallpropertyattachedremaininginanysuchofficer'shands,shallbedeliveredtothepartyagainstwhomattachment
wasissued,andtheorderofattachmentdischarged.(19a)
Section20.Claimfordamagesonaccountofimproper,irregularorexcessiveattachment.Anapplicationfordamagesonaccount
of improper, irregular or excessive attachment must be filed before the trial or before appeal is perfected or before the judgment
becomes executory, with due notice to the attaching party and his surety or sureties setting forth the facts showing his right to
damagesandtheamountthereof.Suchdamagesmaybeawardedonlyafterproperhearingandshallbeincludedinthejudgmenton
themaincase.
If the judgment of the appellate court be favorable to the party against whom the attachment was issued he must claim damages
sustainedduringthependencyoftheappealbyfilinganapplicationintheappellatecourt,withnoticetothepartyinwhosefavorthe
attachmentwasissuedorhissuretyorsureties,beforethejudgmentoftheappellatecourtbecomesexecutory.Theappellatecourt
mayallowtheapplicationtobeheardanddecidedbythetrialcourt.
Nothinghereincontainedshallpreventthepartyagainstwhomtheattachmentwasissuedfromrecoveringinthesameactionthe
damagesawardedtohimfromanypropertyoftheattachingpartynotexemptfromexecutionshouldthebondordepositgivenbythe
latterbeinsufficientorfailtofullysatisfytheaward.(20a)

RULE58
PreliminaryInjunction
Section 1. Preliminary injunction defined classes. A preliminary injunction is an order granted at any stage of an action or
proceedingpriortothejudgmentorfinalorder,requiringapartyoracourt,agencyorapersontorefrainfromaparticularactoracts.It
mayalsorequiretheperformanceofaparticularactoracts,inwhichcaseitshallbeknownasapreliminarymandatoryinjunction.
(1a)
Section 2. Who may grant preliminary injunction. A preliminary injunction may be granted by the court where the action or
proceedingispending.IftheactionorproceedingispendingintheCourtofAppealsorintheSupremeCourt,itmaybeissuedby
saidcourtoranymemberthereof.(2a)
Section3.Groundsforissuanceofpreliminaryinjunction.Apreliminaryinjunctionmaybegrantedwhenitisestablished:
(a)Thattheapplicantisentitledtothereliefdemanded,andthewholeorpartofsuchreliefconsistsinrestrainingthe
commissionorcontinuanceoftheactoractscomplainedof,orinrequiringtheperformanceofanactoractseitherforalimited

periodorperpetually
(b)Thatthecommission,continuanceornonperformanceoftheactoractscomplainedofduringthelitigationwouldprobably
workinjusticetotheapplicantor
(c)Thataparty,court,agencyorapersonisdoing,threatening,orisattemptingtodo,orisprocuringorsufferingtobedone
someactoractsprobablyinviolationoftherightsoftheapplicantrespectingthesubjectoftheactionorproceeding,and
tendingtorenderthejudgmentineffectual.(3a)
Section 4. Verified application and bond for preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order. A preliminary injunction or
temporaryrestrainingordermaybegrantedonlywhen:
(a)Theapplicationintheactionorproceedingisverified,andshowsfactsentitlingtheapplicanttothereliefdemandedand
(b)Unlessexemptedbythecourttheapplicantfileswiththecourtwheretheactionorproceedingispending,abondexecuted
tothepartyorpersonenjoined,inanamounttobefixedbythecourt,totheeffectthattheapplicantwillpaytosuchpartyor
personalldamageswhichhemaysustainbyreasonoftheinjunctionortemporaryrestrainingorderifthecourtshouldfinally
decidethattheapplicantwasnotentitledthereto.Uponapprovaloftherequisitebond,awritofpreliminaryinjunctionshallbe
issued.(4a)
(c)Whenanapplicationforawritofpreliminaryinjunctionoratemporaryrestrainingorderisincludedinacomplaintorany
initiatory pleading, the case, if filed in a multiplesala court, shall be raffled only after notice to and in the presence of the
adversepartyorthepersontobeenjoined.Inanyevent,suchnoticeshallbepreceded,orcontemporaneouslyaccompanied,
byserviceofsummons,togetherwithacopyofthecomplaintorinitiatorypleadingandtheapplicant'saffidavitandbond,upon
theadversepartyinthePhilippines.
However,wherethesummonscouldnotbeservedpersonallyorbysubstitutedservicedespitediligentefforts,ortheadverse
party is a resident of the Philippines temporarily absent therefrom or is a nonresident thereof, the requirement of prior or
contemporaneousserviceofsummonsshallnotapply.
(d) The application for a temporary restraining order shall thereafter be acted upon only after all parties are heard in a
summaryhearingwhichshallbeconductedwithintwentyfour(24)hoursafterthesheriff'sreturnofserviceand/ortherecords
arereceivedbythebranchselectedbyraffleandtowhichtherecordsshallbetransmittedimmediately.
Section5.Preliminaryinjunctionnotgrantedwithoutnoticeexception.Nopreliminaryinjunctionshallbegrantedwithouthearing
and prior notice to the party or person sought to be enjoined. If it shall appear from facts shown by affidavits or by the verified
applicationthatgreatorirreparableinjurywouldresulttotheapplicantbeforethemattercanbeheardonnotice,thecourttowhichthe
applicationforpreliminaryinjunctionwasmade,mayissueatemporaryrestrainingordertobeeffectiveonlyforaperiodoftwenty(20)
daysfromserviceonthepartyorpersonsoughttobeenjoined,exceptashereinprovided.Withinthesaidtwentydayperiod,the
court must order said party or person to show cause, at a specified time and place, why the injunction should not be granted,
determinewithinthesameperiodwhetherornotthepreliminaryinjunctionshallbegranted,andaccordinglyissuethecorresponding
order.(BarMatterNo.803,17February1998)
However,andsubjecttotheprovisionsoftheprecedingsections,ifthematterisofextremeurgencyandtheapplicantwillsuffergrave
injusticeandirreparableinjury,theexecutivejudgeofamultiplesalacourtorthepresidingjudgeofasinglesalacourtmayissueex
parteatemporaryrestrainingordereffectiveforonlyseventytwo(72)hoursfromissuancebutheshallimmediatelycomplywiththe
provisionsofthenextprecedingsectionastoserviceofsummonsandthedocumentstobeservedtherewith.Thereafter,withinthe
aforesaidseventytwo(72)hours,thejudgebeforewhomthecaseispendingshallconductasummaryhearingtodeterminewhether
thetemporaryrestrainingordershallbeextendeduntiltheapplicationforpreliminaryinjunctioncanbeheard.Innocaseshallthe
totalperiodofeffectivityofthetemporaryrestrainingorderexceedtwenty(20)days,includingtheoriginalseventytwohoursprovided
herein.
Intheeventthattheapplicationforpreliminaryinjunctionisdeniedornotresolvedwithinthesaidperiod,thetemporaryrestraining
orderisdeemed,automaticallyvacated.Theeffectivityofatemporaryrestrainingorderisnotextendiblewithoutneedofanyjudicial
declarationtothateffectandnocourtshallhaveauthoritytoextendorrenewthesameonthesamegroundforwhichitwasissued.
However,ifissuedbytheCourtofAppealsoramemberthereof,thetemporaryrestrainingordershallbeeffectiveforsixty(60)days
fromserviceonthepartyorpersonsoughttobeenjoined.Arestraining,orderissuedbytheSupremeCourtoramemberthereofshall
beeffectiveuntilfurtherorders.(5a)
Section6.Groundsforobjectionto,orformotionofdissolutionof,injunctionorrestrainingorder.Theapplicationforinjunctionor
restrainingordermaybedenied,uponashowingofitsinsufficiency.Theinjunctionorrestrainingordermayalsobedenied,or,if
granted,maybedissolved,onothergroundsuponaffidavitsofthepartyorpersonenjoined,whichmaybeopposedbytheapplicant
alsobyaffidavits.Itmayfurtherbedenied,orifgranted,maybedissolved,ifitappearsafterhearingthatalthoughtheapplicantis
entitled to the injunction or restraining order, the issuance or continuance thereof, as the case may be, would cause irreparable
damagetothepartyorpersonenjoinedwhiletheapplicantcanbefullycompensatedforsuchdamagesashemaysuffer,andthe
formerfilesabondinanamountfixedbythecourtconditionedthathewillpayalldamageswhichtheapplicantmaysufferbythe
denialorthedissolutionoftheinjunctionorrestrainingorder.Ifitappearsthattheextentofthepreliminaryinjunctionorrestraining
ordergrantedistoogreat,itmaybemodified.(6a)

Section7.Serviceofcopiesofbondseffectofdisapprovalofsame.Thepartyfilingabondinaccordancewiththeprovisionsof
thisRuleshallforthwithserveacopyofsuchbondontheotherparty,whomayexcepttothesufficiencyofthebond,orofthesuretyor
suretiesthereon.Iftheapplicant'sbondisfoundtobeinsufficientinamount,orifthesuretyorsuretiesthereonfailtojustify,anda
bondsufficientinamountwithsufficientsuretiesapprovedafterjustificationisnotfiledforthwiththeinjunctionshallbedissolved.Ifthe
bond of the adverse party is found to be insufficient in amount, or the surety or sureties thereon fail to justify a bond sufficient in
amountwithsufficientsuretiesapprovedafterjustificationisnotfiledforthwith,theinjunctionshallbegrantedorrestored,asthecase
maybe.(8a)
Section8.Judgmenttoincludedamagesagainstpartyandsureties.Atthetrial,theamountofdamagestobeawardedtoeither
party, upon the bond of the adverse party, shall be claimed, ascertained, and awarded under the same procedure prescribed in
section20ofRule57.(9a)
Section9.Whenfinalinjunctiongranted.Ifafterthetrialoftheactionitappearsthattheapplicantisentitledtohavetheactoracts
complainedofpermanentlyenjoinedthecourtshallgrantafinalinjunctionperpetuallyrestrainingthepartyorpersonenjoinedfrom
thecommissionorcontinuanceoftheactoractsofconfirmingthepreliminarymandatoryinjunction.(10a)

RULE59
Receivership
Section1.Appointmentofreceiver. Upon a verified application, one or more receivers of the property subject of the action or
proceedingmaybeappointedbythecourtwheretheactionispendingorbytheCourtofAppealsorbytheSupremeCourt,ora
memberthereof,inthefollowingcases:
(a)Whenitappearsfromtheverifiedapplication,andsuchotherproofasthecourtmayrequire,thatthepartyapplyingforthe
appointmentofareceiverhasaninterestinthepropertyorfundwhichisthesubjectoftheactionorproceeding,andthatsuch
propertyorfundisindangerofbeinglost,removed,ormateriallyinjuredunlessareceiverbeappointedtoadministerand
preserveit
(b)Whenitappearsinanactionbythemortgageefortheforeclosureofamortgagethatthepropertyisindangerofbeing
wastedordissipatedormateriallyinjured,andthatitsvalueisprobablyinsufficienttodischargethemortgagedebt,orthatthe
partieshavesostipulatedinthecontractofmortgage
(c)Afterjudgment,topreservethepropertyduringthependencyofanappeal,ortodisposeofitaccordingtothejudgment,or
toaidexecutionwhentheexecutionhasbeenreturnedunsatisfiedorthejudgmentobligorrefusestoapplyhispropertyin
satisfactionofthejudgment,orotherwisetocarrythejudgmentintoeffect
(d) Whenever in other cases it appears that the appointment of a receiver is the most convenient and feasible means of
preserving,administering,ordisposingofthepropertyinlitigation.
Duringthependencyofanappeal,theappellatecourtmayallowanapplicationfortheappointmentofareceivertobefiledinand
decidedbythecourtoforiginandthereceiverappointedtobesubjecttothecontrolofsaidcourt.(1a)
Section2.Bondonappointmentofreceiver.Beforeissuingtheorderappointingareceiverthecourtshallrequiretheapplicantto
fileabondexecutedtothepartyagainstwhomtheapplicationispresented,inanamounttobefixedbythecourt,totheeffectthatthe
applicantwillpaysuchpartyalldamageshemaysustainbyreasonoftheappointmentofsuchreceiverincasetheapplicantshall
have procured such appointment without sufficient cause and the court may, in its discretion, at any time after the appointment,
requireanadditionalbondasfurthersecurityforsuchdamages.(3a)
Section3.Denialofapplicationordischargeofreceiver.Theapplicationmaybedenied,orthereceiverdischarged,whenthe
adversepartyfilesabondexecutedtotheapplicant,inanamounttobefixedbythecourt,totheeffectthatsuchpartywillpaythe
applicantalldamageshemaysufferbyreasonoftheacts,omissions,orothermattersspecifiedintheapplicationasgroundforsuch
appointment.Thereceivermayalsobedischargedifitisshownthathisappointmentwasobtainedwithoutsufficientcause.(4a)
Section4.Oathandbondofreceiver.Beforeenteringuponhisduties,thereceivershallbesworntoperformthemfaithfully,and
shallfileabond,executedtosuchpersonandinsuchsumasthecourtmaydirect,totheeffectthathewillfaithfullydischargehis
dutiesintheactionorproceedingandobeytheordersofthecourt.(5a)
Section5.Serviceofcopiesofbondseffectofdisapprovalofsame.Thepersonfilingabondinaccordancewiththeprovisionsof
thisRuleshallforthwithserveacopythereofoneachinterestedparty,whomayexcepttoitssufficiencyorofthesuretyorsureties
thereon.Ifeithertheapplicant'sorthereceiver'sbondisfoundtobeinsufficientinamount,orifthesuretyorsuretiesthereonfailto
justify,andabondsufficientinamountwithsufficientsuretiesapprovedafterjustificationisnotfiledforthwith,theapplicationshallbe
deniedorthereceiverdischarged,asthecasemaybe.Ifthebondoftheadversepartyisfoundtobeinsufficientinamountorthe
suretyorsuretiesthereonfailtojustify,andabondsufficientinamountwithsufficientsuretiesapprovedafterjustificationisnotfiled
forthwith,thereceivershallbeappointedorreappointed,asthecasemaybe.(6a)
Section6.Generalpowersofreceiver.Subjecttothecontrolofthecourtinwhichtheactionorproceedingispendingareceiver
shallhavethepowertobringanddefend,insuchcapacity,actionsinhisownnametotakeandkeeppossessionofthepropertyin

controversytoreceiverentstocollectdebtsduetohimselfasreceiverortothefund,property,estate,person,orcorporationofwhich
heisthereceivertocompoundforandcompromisethesametomaketransferstopayoutstandingdebtstodividethemoneyand
otherpropertythatshallremainamongthepersonslegallyentitledtoreceivethesameandgenerallytodosuchactsrespectingthe
propertyasthecourtmayauthorize.However,fundsinthehandsofareceivermaybeinvestedonlybyorderofthecourtuponthe
writtenconsentofallthepartiestotheaction.(7a)
Noactionmaybefiledbyoragainstareceiverwithoutleaveofthecourtwhichappointedhim.(n)
Section 7. Liability for refusal or neglect to deliver property to receiver. A person who refuses or neglects, upon reasonable
demand, to deliver to the receiver all the property, money, books, deeds, notes, bills, documents and papers within his power or
control,subjectoforinvolvedintheactionorproceeding,orincaseofdisagreement,asdeterminedandorderedbythecourt,maybe
punishedforcontemptandshallbeliabletothereceiverforthemoneyorthevalueofthepropertyandotherthingssorefusedor
neglectedtobesurrendered,togetherwithalldamagesthatmayhavebeensustainedbythepartyorpartiesentitledtheretoasa
consequenceofsuchrefusalorneglect.(n)
Section8.Terminationofreceivershipcompensationofreceiver.Wheneverthecourt,motupropriooronmotionofeitherparty,
shalldeterminethatthenecessityforareceivernolongerexists,itshall,afterduenoticetoallinterestedpartiesandhearing,settle
theaccountsofthereceiver,directthedeliveryofthefundsandotherpropertyinhispossessiontothepersonadjudgedtobeentitled
toreceivethemandorderthedischargeofthereceiverfromfurtherdutyassuch.Thecourtshallallowthereceiversuchreasonable
compensationasthecircumstancesofthecasewarrant,tobetaxedascostsagainstthedefeatedparty,orapportioned,asjustice
requires.(8a)
Section9.Judgmenttoincluderecoveryagainstsureties.Theamount,ifany,tobeawardedtoanypartyuponanybondfiledin
accordance with the provisions of this Rule, shall be claimed, ascertained, and granted under the same procedure prescribed in
section20ofRule57.(9a)

RULE60
Replevin
Section1.Application.Apartyprayingfortherecoveryofpossessionofpersonalpropertymay,atthecommencementoftheaction
oratanytimebeforeanswer,applyforanorderforthedeliveryofsuchpropertytohim,inthemannerhereinafterprovided.(1a)
Section2.Affidavitandbond.Theapplicantmustshowbyhisownaffidavitorthatofsomeotherpersonwhopersonallyknowsthe
facts:
(a)Thattheapplicantistheownerofthepropertyclaimed,particularlydescribingit,orisentitledtothepossessionthereof
(b)Thatthepropertyiswrongfullydetainedbytheadverseparty,allegingthecauseofdetentionthereofaccordingtothebest
ofhisknowledge,information,andbelief
(c)Thatthepropertyhasnotbeendistrainedortakenforataxassessmentorafinepursuanttolaw,orseizedunderawritof
execution or preliminary attachment, or otherwise placed under custodialegis, or if so seized, that it is exempt from such
seizureorcustodyand
(d)Theactualmarketvalueoftheproperty.
The applicant must also give a bond, executed to the adverse party in double the value of the property as stated in the affidavit
aforementioned,forthereturnofthepropertytotheadversepartyifsuchreturnbeadjudged,andforthepaymenttotheadverseparty
ofsuchsumashemayrecoverfromtheapplicantintheaction.(2a)
Section3.Order.Uponthefilingofsuchaffidavitandapprovalofthebond,thecourtshallissueanorderandthecorresponding
writofreplevin,describingthepersonalpropertyallegedtobewrongfullydetainedandrequiringthesheriffforthwithtotakesuch
propertyintohiscustody.(3a)
Section4.Dutyofthesheriff.Uponreceivingsuchorder,thesheriffmustserveacopythereofontheadverseparty,togetherwitha
copyoftheapplication,affidavitandbond,andmustforthwithtaketheproperty,ifitbeinthepossessionoftheadverseparty,orhis
agent,andretainitinhiscustody.Ifthepropertyoranypartthereofbeconcealedinabuildingorenclosure,thesheriffmustdemand
its delivery, and if it be not delivered, he must cause the building or enclosure to be broken open and take the property into his
possession.Afterthesheriffhastakepossessionofthepropertyashereinprovided,hemustkeepitinasecureplaceandshallbe
responsibleforitsdeliverytothepartyentitledtheretouponreceivinghisfeesandnecessaryexpensesfortakingandkeepingthe
same.(4a)
Section5.Returnofproperty. If the adverse party objects to the sufficiency of the applicant's bond, or of the surety or sureties
thereon,hecannotimmediatelyrequirethereturnoftheproperty,butifhedoesnotsoobject,hemay,atanytimebeforethedelivery
ofthepropertytotheapplicant,requirethereturnthereof,byfilingwiththecourtwheretheactionispendingabondexecutedtothe
applicant, in double the value of the property as stated in the applicant's affidavit for the delivery thereof to the applicant, if such
deliverybeadjudged,andforthepaymentofsuchsum,tohimasmayberecoveredagainsttheadverseparty,andbyservingacopy
ofsuchbondontheapplicant.(5a)

Section6.Dispositionofpropertybysheriff.Ifwithinfive(5)daysafterthetakingofthepropertybythesheriff,theadverseparty
doesnotobjecttothesufficiencyofthebond,orofthesuretyorsuretiesthereonoriftheadversepartysoobjectsandthecourt
affirmsitsapprovaloftheapplicant'sbondorapprovesanewbond,oriftheadversepartyrequiresthereturnofthepropertybuthis
bond is objected to and found insufficient and he does not forthwith file an approved bond, the property shall be delivered to the
applicant.Ifforanyreasonthepropertyisnotdeliveredtotheapplicant,thesheriffmustreturnittotheadverseparty.(6a)
Section7.Proceedingswherepropertyclaimedbythirdperson.Ifthepropertytakenisclaimedbyanypersonotherthantheparty
againstwhomthewritofreplevinhadbeenissuedorhisagent,andsuchpersonmakesanaffidavitofhistitlethereto,orrighttothe
possession thereof, stating the grounds therefor, and serves such affidavit upon the sheriff while the latter has possession of the
propertyandacopythereofupontheapplicant,thesheriffshallnotbeboundtokeepthepropertyunderreplevinordeliverittothe
applicantunlesstheapplicantorhisagent,ondemandofsaidsheriff,shallfileabondapprovedbythecourttoindemnifythethird
partyclaimantinasumnotlessthanthevalueofthepropertyunderreplevinasprovidedinsection2hereof.Incaseofdisagreement
astosuchvalue,thecourtshalldeterminethesame.Noclaimfordamagesforthetakingorkeeping,ofthepropertymaybeenforced
againstthebondunlesstheactionthereforisfiledwithinonehundredtwenty(120)daysfromthedateofthefilingofthebond.
Thesheriffshallnotbeliablefordamages,forthetakingorkeepingofsuchproperty,toanysuchthirdpartyclaimantifsuchbond
shallbefiled.Nothinghereincontainedshallpreventsuchclaimantoranythirdpersonfromvindicatinghisclaimtotheproperty,or
preventtheapplicantfromclaimingdamagesagainstathirdpartyclaimantwhofiledafrivolousorplainlyspuriousclaim,inthesame
oraseparateaction.
WhenthewritofreplevinisissuedinfavoroftheRepublicofthePhilippines,oranyofficerdulyrepresentingit,thefilingofsuchbond
shallnotberequired,andincasethesheriffissuedfordamagesasaresultofthereplevin,heshallberepresentedbytheSolicitor
General,andifheldliabletherefor,theactualdamagesadjudgedbythecourtshallbepaidbytheNationalTreasureroutofthefunds
tobeappropriatedforthepurpose.(7a)
Section8.Returnofpapers.Thesheriffmustfiletheorder,withhisproceedingsindorsed,thereon,withthecourtwithinten(10)
daysaftertakingthepropertymentionedtherein.(8a)
Section9.Judgment. After trial of the issues the court shall determine who has the right of possession to and the value of the
propertyandshallrenderjudgmentinthealternativeforthedeliverythereoftothepartyentitledtothesame,orforitsvalueincase
deliverycannotbemade,andalsoforsuchdamagesaseitherpartymayprove,withcosts.(9a)
Section10.Judgmenttoincluderecoveryagainstsureties.Theamount,ifany,tobeawardedtoanypartyuponanybondfiledin
accordancewiththeprovisionsofthisRule,shallbeclaimed,ascertained,andgrantedunderthesameprocedureasprescribedin
section20ofRule57.(10a)

RULE61
SupportPendenteLite
Section1.Application.Atthecommencementoftheproperactionorproceeding,oratanytimepriortothejudgmentorfinalorder,
averifiedapplicationforsupportpendentelitemaybefiledbyanypartystatingthegroundsfortheclaimandthefinancialconditions
ofbothparties,andaccompaniedbyaffidavits,depositionsorotherauthenticdocumentsinsupportthereof.(1a)
Section2.Comment.Acopyoftheapplicationandallsupportingdocumentsshallbeservedupontheadverseparty,whoshall
havefive(5)daystocommentthereonunlessadifferentperiodisfixedbythecourtuponhismotion.Thecommentshallbeverified
andshallbeaccompaniedbyaffidavits,depositionsorotherauthenticdocumentsinsupportthereof.(2a,3a)
Section3.Hearing. After the comment is filed, or after the expiration of the period for its filing, the application shall be set for
hearingnotmorethanthree(3)daysthereafter.Thefactsinissueshallbeprovedinthesamemannerasisprovidedforevidenceon
motions.(4a)
Section4.Order.Thecourtshalldetermineprovisionallythepertinentfacts,andshallrendersuchordersasjusticeandequitymay
require,havingtheregardtotheprobableoutcomeofthecaseandsuchothercircumstancesasmayaidintheproperresolutionof
thequestioninvolved.Iftheapplicationisgranted,thecourtshallfixtheamountofmoneytobeprovisionallypaidorsuchotherforms
ofsupportasshouldbeprovided,takingintoaccountthenecessitiesoftheapplicantandtheresourcesormeansoftheadverse
party,andthetermsofpaymentormodeforprovidingthesupport.Iftheapplicationisdenied,theprincipalcaseshallbetriedand
decidedasearlyaspossible.(5a)
Section5.Enforcementoforder.Iftheadversepartyfailstocomplywithanordergrantingsupportpendentelite,thecourtshall,
motupropriooruponmotionissueanorderofexecutionagainsthim,withoutprejudicetohisliabilityforcontempt.(6a)
Whenthepersonorderedtogivesupportpendenteliterefusesorfailstodoso,anythirdpersonwhofurnishedthatsupporttothe
applicantmay,afterduenoticeandhearinginthesamecaseobtainawritofexecutiontoenforcehisrightofreimbursementagainst
thepersonorderedtoprovidesuchsupport.(h)
Section6.Supportincriminalcases.Incriminalactionswherethecivilliabilityincludessupportfortheoffspringasaconsequence
ofthecrimeandthecivilaspectthereofhasnotbeenwaived,reservedandinstitutedpriortoitsfiling,theaccusedmaybeorderedto

providesupportpendentelitetothechildborntotheoffendedpartyallegedlybecauseofthecrime.Theapplicationthereformaybe
filed successively by the offended party, her parents, grandparents or guardian and the State in the corresponding criminal case
duringitspendency,inaccordancewiththeprocedureestablishedunderthisRule.(n)
Section 7. Restitution. When the judgment or final order of the court finds that the person who has been providing support
pendenteliteisnotliabletherefor,itshallordertherecipientthereoftoreturntotheformertheamountsalreadypaidwithlegalinterest
fromthedatesofactualpayment,withoutprejudicetotherightoftherecipienttoobtainreimbursementinaseparateactionfromthe
personlegallyobligedtogivethesupport.Shouldtherecipientfailtoreimbursesaidamounts,thepersonwhoprovidedthesame
maylikewiseseekreimbursementthereofinaseparateactionfromthepersonlegallyobligedtogivesuchsupport.(n)

SpecialCivilActions

RULE62
Interpleader
Section1.Wheninterpleaderproper.Wheneverconflictingclaimsuponthesamesubjectmatterareormaybemadeagainsta
personwhoclaimsnointerestwhateverinthesubjectmatter,oraninterestwhichinwholeorinpartisnotdisputedbytheclaimants,
he may bring an action against the conflicting claimants to compel them to interplead and litigate their several claims among
themselves.(1a,R63)
Section2.Order.Uponthefilingofthecomplaint,thecourtshallissueanorderrequiringtheconflictingclaimantstointerpleadwith
oneanother.Iftheinterestsofjusticesorequire,thecourtmaydirectinsuchorderthatthesubjectmatterbepaidordeliveredtothe
court.(2a,R63)
Section3.Summons.Summonsshallbeservedupontheconflictingclaimants,togetherwithacopyofthecomplaintandorder.(3,
R63)
Section4.Motiontodismiss. Within the time for filing an answer, each claimant may file a motion to dismiss on the ground of
improprietyoftheinterpleaderactionoronotherappropriategroundsspecifiedinRule16.Theperiodtofiletheanswershallbe
tolledandifthemotionisdenied,themovantmayfilehisanswerwithintheremainingperiod,butwhichshallnotbelessthanfive(5)
daysinanyevent,reckonedfromnoticeofdenial.(n)
Section5.Answer and other pleadings. Each claimant shall file his answer setting forth his claim within fifteen (15) days from
serviceofthesummonsuponhim,servingacopythereofuponeachoftheotherconflictingclaimantswhomayfiletheirreplythereto
asprovidedbytheseRules.Ifanyclaimantfailstopleadwithinthetimehereinfixed,thecourtmay,onmotion,declarehimindefault
andthereafterrenderjudgmentbarringhimfromanyclaiminrespecttothesubjectmatter.
Thepartiesinaninterpleaderactionmayfilecounterclaims,crossclaims,thirdpartycomplaintsandresponsivepleadingsthereto,as
providedbytheseRules.(4a,R63)
Section6.Determination. After the pleadings of the conflicting claimants have been filed, and pretrial has been conducted in
accordancewiththeRules,thecourtshallproceedtodeterminetheirrespectiverightsandadjudicatetheirseveralclaims.(5a,R63)
Section7.Docketandotherlawfulfees,costsandlitigationexpensesasliens.Thedocketandotherlawfulfeespaidbytheparty
whofiledacomplaintunderthisRule,aswellasthecostsandlitigationexpenses,shallconstitutealienorchangeuponthesubject
matteroftheaction,unlessthecourtshallorderotherwise.(6a,R63)

RULE63
DeclaratoryReliefandSimilarRemedies
Section1.Whomayfilepetition.Anypersoninterestedunderadeed,will,contractorotherwritteninstrument,orwhoserightsare
affectedbyastatute,executiveorderorregulation,ordinance,oranyothergovernmentalregulationmay,beforebreachorviolation
thereofbringanactionintheappropriateRegionalTrialCourttodetermineanyquestionofconstructionorvalidityarising,andfora
declarationofhisrightsorduties,thereunder.(BarMatterNo.803,17February1998)
Anactionforthereformationofaninstrument,toquiettitletorealpropertyorremovecloudstherefrom,ortoconsolidateownership
underArticle1607oftheCivilCode,maybebroughtunderthisRule.(1a,R64)
Section2.Parties.Allpersonswhohaveorclaimanyinterestwhichwouldbeaffectedbythedeclarationshallbemadeparties
andnodeclarationshall,exceptasotherwiseprovidedintheseRules,prejudicetherightsofpersonsnotpartiestotheaction.(2a,
R64)

Section3.NoticeonSolicitorGeneral.Inanyactionwhichinvolvesthevalidityofastatute,executiveorderorregulation,orany
othergovernmentalregulation,theSolicitorGeneralshallbenotifiedbythepartyassailingthesameandshallbeentitledtobeheard
uponsuchquestion.(3a,R64)
Section4.Localgovernmentordinances.Inanyactioninvolvingthevalidityofalocalgovernmentordinance,thecorresponding
prosecutororattorneyofthelocalgovernmentalunitinvolvedshallbesimilarlynotifiedandentitledtobeheard.Ifsuchordinanceis
allegedtobeunconstitutional,theSolicitorGeneralshallalsobenotifiedandentitledtobeheard.(4a,R64)
Section5.Courtactiondiscretionary.Exceptinactionsfallingunderthesecondparagraphofsection1ofthisRule,thecourt,motu
propriooruponmotion,mayrefusetoexercisethepowertodeclarerightsandtoconstrueinstrumentsinanycasewhereadecision
wouldnotterminatetheuncertaintyorcontroversywhichgaverisetotheaction,orinanycasewherethedeclarationorconstruction
isnotnecessaryandproperunderthecircumstances.(5a,R64)
Section6.Conversionintoordinaryaction.Ifbeforethefinalterminationofthecase,abreachorviolationofaninstrumentora
statute,executiveorderorregulation,ordinance,oranyothergovernmentalregulationshouldtakeplace,theactionmaythereupon
beconvertedintoanordinaryaction,andthepartiesshallbeallowedtofilesuchpleadingsasmaybenecessaryorproper.(6a,R64)

RULE64
ReviewofJudgmentsandFinalOrdersorResolutionsoftheCommissiononElectionsandtheCommissiononAudit
Section1.Scope.ThisRuleshallgovernthereviewofjudgmentsandfinalordersorresolutionsoftheCommissiononElections
andtheCommissiononAudit.(n)
Section2.Modeofreview.AjudgmentorfinalorderorresolutionoftheCommissiononElectionsandtheCommissiononAudit
maybebroughtbytheaggrievedpartytotheSupremeCourtoncertiorari under Rule 65, except as hereinafter provided. (n Bar
MatterNo.803,17February1998)
Section 3. Time to file petition. The petition shall be filed within thirty (30) days from notice of the judgment or final order or
resolutionsoughttobereviewed.Thefilingofamotionfornewtrialorreconsiderationofsaidjudgmentorfinalorderorresolution,if
allowedundertheproceduralrulesoftheCommissionconcerned,shallinterrupttheperiodhereinfixed.Ifthemotionisdenied,the
aggrievedpartymayfilethepetitionwithintheremainingperiod,butwhichshallnotbelessthanfive(5)daysinanyevent,reckoned
fromnoticeofdenial.(n)
Section4.Docketandotherlawfulfees.Uponthefilingofthepetition,thepetitionershallpaytotheclerkofcourtthedocketand
otherlawfulfeesanddeposittheamountofP500.00forcosts.(n)
Section5.Formandcontentsofpetition.Thepetitionshallbeverifiedandfiledineighteen(18)legiblecopies.Thepetitionshall
name the aggrieved party as petitioner and shall join as respondents the Commission concerned and the person or persons
interestedinsustainingthejudgment,finalorderorresolutionaquo.Thepetitionshallstatethefactswithcertainty,presentclearlythe
issuesinvolved,setforththegroundsandbriefargumentsrelieduponforreview,andprayforjudgmentannullingormodifyingthe
questionedjudgment,finalorderorresolution.FindingsoffactoftheCommissionsupportedbysubstantialevidenceshallbefinal
andnonreviewable.
Thepetitionshallbeaccompaniedbyaclearlylegibleduplicateoriginalorcertifiedtruecopyofthejudgment,finalorderorresolution
subject thereof, together with certified true copies of such material portions of the record as are referred to therein and other
documentsrelevantandpertinentthereto.Therequisitenumberofcopiesofthepetitionshallcontainplaincopiesofalldocuments
attachedtotheoriginalcopyofsaidpetition.
Thepetitionshallstatethespecificmaterialdatesshowingthatitwasfiledwithintheperiodfixedherein,andshallcontainasworn
certificationagainstforumshoppingasprovidedinthethirdparagraphofsection3,Rule46.
ThepetitionshallfurtherbeaccompaniedbyproofofserviceofacopythereofontheCommissionconcernedandontheadverse
party,andofthetimelypaymentofdocketandotherlawfulfees.
Thefailureofpetitionertocomplywithanyoftheforegoingrequirementsshallbesufficientgroundforthedismissalofthepetition.(n)
Section6.Ordertocomment.IftheSupremeCourtfindsthepetitionsufficientinformandsubstance,itshallordertherespondents
tofiletheircommentsonthepetitionwithinten(10)daysfromnoticethereofotherwise,theCourtmaydismissthepetitionoutright.
TheCourtmayalsodismissthepetitionifitwasfiledmanifestlyfordelayorthequestionsraisedaretoounsubstantialtowarrant
furtherproceedings.(n)
Section7.Commentsofrespondents.Thecommentsoftherespondentsshallbefiledineighteen(18)legiblecopies.Theoriginal
shallbeaccompaniedbycertifiedtruecopiesofsuchmaterialportionsoftherecordasarereferredtothereintogetherwithother
supporting papers. The requisite number of copies of the comments shall contain plain copies of all documents attached to the
originalandacopythereofshallbeservedonthepetitioner.
NootherpleadingmaybefiledbyanypartyunlessrequiredorallowedbytheCourt.(n)

Section8.Effectoffiling.Thefilingofapetitionforcertiorarishallnotstaytheexecutionofthejudgmentorfinalorderorresolution
soughttobereviewed,unlesstheSupremeCourtshalldirectotherwiseuponsuchtermsasitmaydeemjust.(n)
Section9.Submissionfordecision.UnlesstheCourtsetsthecasefororalargument,orrequiresthepartiestosubmitmemoranda,
thecaseshallbedeemedsubmittedfordecisionuponthefilingofthecommentsonthepetition,orofsuchotherpleadingsorpapers
asmayberequiredorallowed,ortheexpirationoftheperiodtodoso.(n)

RULE65
Certiorari,ProhibitionandMandamus
Section1.Petitionforcertiorari.Whenanytribunal,boardorofficerexercisingjudicialorquasijudicialfunctionshasactedwithout
orinexcessitsorhisjurisdiction,orwithgraveabuseofdiscretionamountingtolackorexcessofjurisdiction,andthereisnoappeal,
oranyplain,speedy,andadequateremedyintheordinarycourseoflaw,apersonaggrievedtherebymayfileaverifiedpetitioninthe
propercourt,allegingthefactswithcertaintyandprayingthatjudgmentberenderedannullingormodifyingtheproceedingsofsuch
tribunal,boardorofficer,andgrantingsuchincidentalreliefsaslawandjusticemayrequire.
Thepetitionshallbeaccompaniedbyacertifiedtruecopyofthejudgment,orderorresolutionsubjectthereof,copiesofallpleadings
anddocumentsrelevantandpertinentthereto,andasworncertificationofnonforumshoppingasprovidedinthethirdparagraphof
section3,Rule46.(1a)
Section2.Petitionforprohibition.Whentheproceedingsofanytribunal,corporation,board,officerorperson,whetherexercising
judicial, quasijudicial or ministerial functions, are without or in excess of its or his jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion
amountingtolackorexcessofjurisdiction,andthereisnoappealoranyotherplain,speedy,andadequateremedyintheordinary
courseoflaw,apersonaggrievedtherebymayfileaverifiedpetitioninthepropercourt,allegingthefactswithcertaintyandpraying
thatjudgmentberenderedcommandingtherespondenttodesistfromfurtherproceedingsintheactionormatterspecifiedtherein,or
otherwisegrantingsuchincidentalreliefsaslawandjusticemayrequire.
Thepetitionshalllikewisebeaccompaniedbyacertifiedtruecopyofthejudgment,orderorresolutionsubjectthereof,copiesofall
pleadings and documents relevant and pertinent thereto, and a sworn certification of nonforum shopping as provided in the third
paragraphofsection3,Rule46.(2a)
Section3.Petitionformandamus.Whenanytribunal,corporation,board,officerorpersonunlawfullyneglectstheperformanceof
anactwhichthelawspecificallyenjoinsasadutyresultingfromanoffice,trust,orstation,orunlawfullyexcludesanotherfromtheuse
andenjoymentofarightorofficetowhichsuchotherisentitled,andthereisnootherplain,speedyandadequateremedyinthe
ordinarycourseoflaw,thepersonaggrievedtherebymayfileaverifiedpetitioninthepropercourt,allegingthefactswithcertainty
andprayingthatjudgmentberenderedcommandingtherespondent,immediatelyoratsomeothertimetobespecifiedbythecourt,
todotheactrequiredtobedonetoprotecttherightsofthepetitioner,andtopaythedamagessustainedbythepetitionerbyreasonof
thewrongfulactsoftherespondent.
Thepetitionshallalsocontainasworncertificationofnonforumshoppingasprovidedinthethirdparagraphofsection3,Rule46.
(3a)
Section4.Whenandwherepetitionfiled.Thepetitionshallbefilednotlaterthansixty(60)daysfromnoticeofthejudgment,order
orresolution.Incaseamotionforreconsiderationornewtrialistimelyfiled,whethersuchmotionisrequiredornot,thesixty(60)day
periodshallbecountedfromnoticeofthedenialofsaidmotion.
ThepetitionshallbefiledintheSupremeCourtor,ifitrelatestotheactsoromissionsofalowercourtorofacorporation,board,
officerorperson,intheRegionalTrialCourtexercisingjurisdictionovertheterritorialareaasdefinedbytheSupremeCourt.Itmay
alsobefiledintheCourtofAppealswhetherornotthesameisinaidofitsappellatejurisdiction,orintheSandiganbayanifitisinaid
ofitsappellatejurisdiction.Ifitinvolvestheactsoromissionsofaquasijudicialagency,unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaworthese
Rules,thepetitionshallbefiledinandcognizableonlybytheCourtofAppeals.
Noextensionoftimetofilethepetitionshallbegrantedexceptforcompellingreasonandinnocaseexceedingfifteen(15)days.(4a)
(BarMatterNo.803,21July1998A.M.No.00203SC)
Section5.Respondentsandcostsincertaincases.Whenthepetitionfiledrelatestotheactsoromissionsofajudge,court,quasi
judicialagency,tribunal,corporation,board,officerorperson,thepetitionershalljoin,asprivaterespondentorrespondentswithsuch
publicrespondentorrespondents,thepersonorpersonsinterestedinsustainingtheproceedingsinthecourtanditshallbetheduty
of such private respondents to appear and defend, both in his or their own behalf and in behalf of the public respondent or
respondentsaffectedbytheproceedings,andthecostsawardedinsuchproceedingsinfavorofthepetitionershallbeagainstthe
private respondents only, and not against the judge, court, quasijudicial agency, tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person
impleadedaspublicrespondentorrespondents.
Unlessotherwisespecificallydirectedbythecourtwherethepetitionispending,thepublicrespondentsshallnotappearinorfilean
answer or comment to the petition or any pleading therein. If the case is elevated to a higher court by either party, the public
respondentsshallbeincludedthereinasnominalparties.However,unlessotherwisespecificallydirectedbythecourt,theyshallnot
appearorparticipateintheproceedingstherein.(5a)

Section6.Ordertocomment.Ifthepetitionissufficientinformandsubstancetojustifysuchprocess,thecourtshallissueanorder
requiringtherespondentorrespondentstocommentonthepetitionwithinten(10)daysfromreceiptofacopythereof.Suchorder
shallbeservedontherespondentsinsuchmannerasthecourtmaydirecttogetherwithacopyofthepetitionandanyannexes
thereto.
InpetitionsforcertioraribeforetheSupremeCourtandtheCourtofAppeals,theprovisionsofsection2,Rule56,shallbeobserved.
Beforegivingduecoursethereto,thecourtmayrequiretherespondentstofiletheircommentto,andnotamotiontodismiss,the
petition.Thereafter,thecourtmayrequirethefilingofareplyandsuchotherresponsiveorotherpleadingsasitmaydeemnecessary
andproper.(6a)
Section 7. Expediting proceedings injunctive relief. The court in which the petition is filed may issue orders expediting the
proceedings,anditmayalsograntatemporaryrestrainingorderorawritofpreliminaryinjunctionforthepreservationoftherightsof
thepartiespendingsuchproceedings.Thepetitionshallnotinterruptthecourseoftheprincipalcaseunlessatemporaryrestraining
orderorawritofpreliminaryinjunctionhasbeenissuedagainstthepublicrespondentfromfurtherproceedinginthecase.(7a)
Section8.Proceedingsaftercommentisfiled.Afterthecommentorotherpleadingsrequiredbythecourtarefiled,orthetimefor
the filing thereof has expired, the court may hear the case or require the parties to submit memoranda. If after such hearing or
submissionofmemorandaortheexpirationoftheperiodforthefilingthereofthecourtfindsthattheallegationsofthepetitionaretrue,
itshallrenderjudgmentforthereliefprayedforortowhichthepetitionerisentitled.
Thecourt,however,maydismissthepetitionifitfindsthesametobepatentlywithoutmerit,prosecutedmanifestlyfordelay,orthatthe
questionsraisedthereinaretoounsubstantialtorequireconsideration.(8a)
Section9.Serviceandenforcementoforderorjudgment.Acertifiedcopyofthejudgmentrenderedinaccordancewiththelast
precedingsectionshallbeserveduponthecourt,quasijudicialagency,tribunal,corporation,board,officerorpersonconcernedin
such manner as the court may direct, and disobedience thereto shall be punished as contempt. An execution may issue for any
damagesorcostsawardedinaccordancewithsection1ofRule39.(9a)

RULE66
QuoWarranto
Section1.ActionbyGovernmentagainstindividuals.Anactionfortheusurpationofapublicoffice,positionorfranchisemaybe
commencedbyaverifiedpetitionbroughtinthenameoftheRepublicofthePhilippinesagainst:
(a)Apersonwhousurps,intrudesinto,orunlawfullyholdsorexercisesapublicoffice,positionorfranchise
(b)Apublicofficerwhodoesorsuffersanactwhich,bytheprovisionoflaw,constitutesagroundfortheforfeitureofhisoffice
or
(c) An association which acts as a corporation within the Philippines without being legally incorporated or without lawful
authoritysotoact.(1a)
Section2.WhenSolicitorGeneralorpublicprosecutormustcommenceaction.TheSolicitorGeneralorapublicprosecutor,when
directed by the President of the Philippines, or when upon complaint or otherwise he has good reason to believe that any case
specifiedintheprecedingsectioncanbeestablishedbyproof,mustcommencesuchaction.(3a)
Section3.WhenSolicitorGeneralorpublicprosecutormaycommenceactionwithpermissionofcourt.TheSolicitorGeneralora
publicprosecutormay,withthepermissionofthecourtinwhichtheactionistobecommenced,bringsuchanactionattherequest
andupontherelationofanotherpersonbutinsuchcasetheofficerbringingitmayfirstrequireanindemnityfortheexpensesand
costs of the action in an amount approved by and to be deposited in the court by the person at whose request and upon whose
relationthesameisbrought.(4a)
Section4.Whenhearinghadonapplicationforpermissiontocommenceaction.Uponapplicationforpermissiontocommence
suchactioninaccordancewiththenextprecedingsection,thecourtshalldirectthatnoticebegiventotherespondentsothathemay
be heard in opposition thereto and if permission is granted, the court shall issue an order to that effect, copies of which shall be
servedonallinterestedparties,andthepetitionshallthenbefiledwithintheperiodorderedbythecourt.(5a)
Section 5. When an individual may commence such an action. A person claiming to be entitled to a public office or position
usurpedorunlawfullyheldorexercisedbyanothermaybringanactionthereforinhisownname.(6)
Section6.Partiesandcontentsofpetitionagainstusurpation.Whentheactionisagainstapersonforusurpingapublicoffice,
positionorfranchise,thepetitionshallsetforththenameofthepersonwhoclaimtobeentitledthereto,ifany,withanavermentofhis
righttothesameandthattherespondentisunlawfullyinpossessionthereof.Allpersonswhoclaimtobeentitledtothepublicoffice,
positionorfranchisemaybemadeparties,andtheirrespectiverightstosuchpublicoffice,positionorfranchisedetermined,inthe
sameaction.(7a)
Section7.Venue.AnactionundertheprecedingsixsectionscanbebroughtonlyintheSupremeCourt,theCourtofAppeals,orin
theRegionalTrialCourtexercisingjurisdictionovertheterritorialareawheretherespondentoranyoftherespondentsresides,but

whentheSolicitorGeneralcommencestheaction,itmaybebroughtinaRegionalTrialCourtintheCityofManila,intheCourtof
Appeals,orintheSupremeCourt.(8a)
Section8.Period for pleadings and proceedings may be reducedactiongivenprecedence. The court may reduce the period
provided by these Rules for filing pleadings and for all other proceedings in the action in order to secure the most expeditious
determinationofthemattersinvolvedthereinconsistentwiththerightsoftheparties.Suchactionmaybegivenprecedenceoverany
othercivilmatterpendinginthecourt.(9a)
Section9.Judgmentwhereusurpationfound.Whentherespondentisfoundguiltyofusurpinginto,intrudinginto,orunlawfully
holdingorexercisingapublicoffice,positionorfranchise,judgmentshallberenderedthatsuchrespondentbeoustedandaltogether
excludedtherefrom,andthatthepetitionerorrelator,asthecasemaybe,recoverhiscosts.Suchfurtherjudgmentmayberendered
determiningtherespectiverightsinandtothepublicoffice,positionorfranchiseofallthepartiestotheactionasjusticerequires.
(10a)
Section10.Rightsofpersonsadjudgedentitledtopublicofficedeliveryofbooksandpapersdamages.Ifjudgmentberendered
infavorofthepersonaverredinthecomplainttobeentitledtothepublicofficehemay,aftertakingtheoathofofficeandexecuting
any official bond required by law, take upon himself the execution of the office, and may immediately thereafter demand of the
respondentallthebooksandpapersintherespondent'scustodyorcontrolappertainingtotheofficetowhichthejudgmentrelates.If
the respondent refuses or neglects to deliver any book or paper pursuant to such demand, he may be punished for contempt as
havingdisobeyedalawfulorderofthecourt.Thepersonadjudgedentitledtotheofficemayalsobringactionagainsttherespondent
torecoverthedamagessustainedbysuchpersonbyreasonoftheusurpation.(15a)
Section 11. Limitations. Nothing contained in this Rule shall be construed to authorize an action against a public officer or
employeeforhisousterfromofficeunlessthesamebecommencedwithinone(1)yearafterthecauseofsuchouster,ortherightof
thepetitionertoholdsuchofficeorposition,arose,nortoauthorizeanactionfordamagesinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe
nextprecedingsectionunlessthesamebecommencedwithinone(1)yearaftertheentryofthejudgmentestablishingthepetitioner's
righttotheofficeinquestion.(16a)
Section12.Judgmentforcosts.InanactionbroughtinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisRule,thecourtmayrenderjudgment
forcostsagainsteitherthepetitioner,therelator,ortherespondent,orthepersonorpersonsclaimingtobeacorporation,ormay
apportionthecosts,asjusticerequires.(17a)

RULE67
Expropriation
Section1.Thecomplaint.Therightofeminentdomainshallbeexercisedbythefilingofaverifiedcomplaintwhichshallstatewith
certainty the right and purpose of expropriation, describe the real or personal property sought to be expropriated, and join as
defendantsallpersonsowningorclaimingtoown,oroccupying,anypartthereoforinteresttherein,showing,sofaraspracticable,
theseparateinterestofeachdefendant.IfthetitletoanypropertysoughttobeexpropriatedappearstobeintheRepublicofthe
Philippines,althoughoccupiedbyprivateindividuals,orifthetitleisotherwiseobscureordoubtfulsothattheplaintiffcannotwith
accuracyorcertaintyspecifywhoaretherealowners,avermenttothateffectshallbemadeinthecomplaint.(1a)
Section2.Entryofplaintiffupondepositingvaluewithauthorizedgovernmentdepositary.Uponthefilingofthecomplaintoratany
timethereafterandafterduenoticetothedefendant,theplaintiffshallhavetherighttotakeorenteruponthepossessionofthereal
property involved if he deposits with the authorized government depositary an amount equivalent to the assessed value of the
propertyforpurposesoftaxationtobeheldbysuchbanksubjecttotheordersofthecourt.Suchdepositshallbeinmoney,unlessin
lieuthereofthecourtauthorizesthedepositofacertificateofdepositofagovernmentbankoftheRepublicofthePhilippinespayable
ondemandtotheauthorizedgovernmentdepositary.
Ifpersonalpropertyisinvolved,itsvalueshallbeprovisionallyascertainedandtheamounttobedepositedshallbepromptlyfixedby
thecourt.
Aftersuchdepositismadethecourtshallorderthesherifforotherproperofficertoforthwithplacetheplaintiffinpossessionofthe
propertyinvolvedandpromptlysubmitareportthereoftothecourtwithserviceofcopiestotheparties.(2a)
Section3.Defensesandobjections.Ifadefendanthasnoobjectionordefensetotheactionorthetakingofhisproperty,hemay
fileandserveanoticeofappearanceandamanifestationtothateffect,specificallydesignatingoridentifyingthepropertyinwhichhe
claimstobeinterested,withinthetimestatedinthesummons.Thereafter,heshallbeentitledtonoticeofallproceedingsaffectingthe
same.
Ifadefendanthasanyobjectiontothefilingofortheallegationsinthecomplaint,oranyobjectionordefensetothetakingofhis
property, he shall serve his answer within the time stated in the summons. The answer shall specifically designate or identify the
propertyinwhichheclaimstohaveaninterest,statethenatureandextentoftheinterestclaimed,andadduceallhisobjectionsand
defensestothetakingofhisproperty.Nocounterclaim,crossclaimorthirdpartycomplaintshallbeallegedorallowedintheanswer
oranysubsequentpleading.

Adefendantwaivesalldefensesandobjectionsnotsoallegedbutthecourt,intheinterestofjustice,maypermitamendmentstothe
answertobemadenotlaterthanten(10)daysfromthefilingthereof.However,atthetrialoftheissueofjustcompensationwhether
ornotadefendanthaspreviouslyappearedoranswered,hemaypresentevidenceastotheamountofthecompensationtobepaid
forhisproperty,andhemayshareinthedistributionoftheaward.(n)
Section4.Orderofexpropriation.Iftheobjectionstoandthedefensesagainsttherightoftheplaintifftoexpropriatetheproperty
areoverruled,orwhennopartyappearstodefendasrequiredbythisRule,thecourtmayissueanorderofexpropriationdeclaring
that the plaintiff has a lawful right to take the property sought to be expropriated, for the public use or purpose described in the
complaint,uponthepaymentofjustcompensationtobedeterminedasofthedateofthetakingofthepropertyorthefilingofthe
complaint,whichevercamefirst.
Afinalordersustainingtherighttoexpropriatethepropertymaybeappealedbyanypartyaggrievedthereby.Suchappeal,however,
shallnotpreventthecourtfromdeterminingthejustcompensationtobepaid.
Aftertherenditionofsuchanorder,theplaintiffshallnotbepermittedtodismissordiscontinuetheproceedingexceptonsuchterms
asthecourtdeemsjustandequitable.(4a)
Section5.Ascertainmentofcompensation.Upontherenditionoftheorderofexpropriation,thecourtshallappointnotmorethan
three(3)competentanddisinterestedpersonsascommissionerstoascertainandreporttothecourtthejustcompensationforthe
propertysoughttobetaken.Theorderofappointmentshalldesignatethetimeandplaceofthefirstsessionofthehearingtobeheld
bythecommissionersandspecifythetimewithinwhichtheirreportshallbesubmittedtothecourt.
Copiesoftheordershallbeservedontheparties.Objectionstotheappointmentofanyofthecommissionersshallbefiledwiththe
courtwithinten(10)daysfromservice,andshallberesolvedwithinthirty(30)daysafterallthecommissionersshallhavereceived
copiesoftheobjections.(5a)
Section6.Proceedingsbycommissioners.Beforeenteringupontheperformanceoftheirduties,thecommissionersshalltakeand
subscribe an oath that they will faithfully perform their duties as commissioners, which oath shall be filed in court with the other
proceedings in the case. Evidence may be introduced by either party before the commissioners who are authorized to administer
oathsonhearingsbeforethem,andthecommissionersshall,unlessthepartiesconsenttothecontrary,afterduenoticetotheparties,
toattend,viewandexaminethepropertysoughttobeexpropriatedanditssurroundings,andmaymeasurethesame,afterwhich
eitherpartymay,byhimselforcounsel,arguethecase.Thecommissionersshallassesstheconsequentialdamagestotheproperty
nottakenanddeductfromsuchconsequentialdamagestheconsequentialbenefitstobederivedbytheownerfromthepublicuseor
purposeofthepropertytaken,theoperationofitsfranchisebythecorporationorthecarryingonofthebusinessofthecorporationor
persontakingtheproperty.Butinnocaseshalltheconsequentialbenefitsassessedexceedtheconsequentialdamagesassessed,
ortheownerbedeprivedoftheactualvalueofhispropertysotaken.(6a)
Section 7. Report by commissioners and judgment thereupon. The court may order the commissioners to report when any
particularportionoftherealestateshallhavebeenpasseduponbythem,andmayrenderjudgmentuponsuchpartialreport,and
directthecommissionerstoproceedwiththeirworkastosubsequentportionsofthepropertysoughttobeexpropriated,andmayfrom
timetotimesodealwithsuchproperty.Thecommissionersshallmakeafullandaccuratereporttothecourtofalltheirproceedings,
andsuchproceedingsshallnotbeeffectualuntilthecourtshallhaveacceptedtheirreportandrenderedjudgmentinaccordancewith
theirrecommendations.Exceptasotherwiseexpresslyorderedbythecourt,suchreportshallbefiledwithinsixty(60)daysfromthe
datethecommissionerswerenotifiedoftheirappointment,whichtimemaybeextendedinthediscretionofthecourt.Uponthefiling
ofsuchreport,theclerkofthecourtshallservecopiesthereofonallinterestedparties,withnoticethattheyareallowedten(10)days
withinwhichtofileobjectionstothefindingsofthereport,iftheysodesire.(7a)
Section8. Action upon commissioners' report. Upon the expiration of the period of ten (10) days referred to in the preceding
section,orevenbeforetheexpirationofsuchperiodbutafteralltheinterestedpartieshavefiledtheirobjectionstothereportortheir
statementofagreementtherewith,thecourtmay,afterhearing,acceptthereportandrenderjudgmentinaccordancetherewith,or,for
causeshown,itmayrecommitthesametothecommissionersforfurtherreportoffacts,oritmaysetasidethereportandappointnew
commissionersoritmayacceptthereportinpartandrejectitinpartanditmaymakesuchorderorrendersuchjudgmentasshall
securetotheplaintiffthepropertyessentialtotheexerciseofhisrightofexpropriation,andtothedefendantjustcompensationforthe
propertysotaken.(8a)
Section9.Uncertainownershipconflictingclaims.Iftheownershipofthepropertytakenisuncertain,orthereareconflictingclaims
toanypartthereof,thecourtmayorderanysumorsumsawardedascompensationforthepropertytobepaidtothecourtforthe
benefitofthepersonadjudgedinthesameproceedingtobeentitledthereto.Butthejudgmentshallrequirethepaymentofthesumor
sumsawardedtoeitherthedefendantorthecourtbeforetheplaintiffcanenterupontheproperty,orretainitforthepublicuseor
purposeifentryhasalreadybeenmade.(9a)
Section10.Rightsofplaintiffafterjudgmentandpayment.Uponpaymentbytheplaintifftothedefendantofthecompensationfixed
bythejudgment,withlegalinterestthereonfromthetakingofthepossessionoftheproperty,oraftertendertohimoftheamountso
fixedandpaymentofthecosts,theplaintiffshallhavetherighttoenteruponthepropertyexpropriatedandtoappropriateitforthe
publicuseorpurposedefinedinthejudgment,ortoretainitshouldhehavetakenimmediatepossessionthereofundertheprovisions
ofsection2hereof.Ifthedefendantandhiscounselabsentthemselvesfromthecourt,ordeclinetoreceivetheamounttendered,the
same shall be ordered to be deposited in court and such deposit shall have the same effect as actual payment thereof to the
defendantorthepersonultimatelyadjudgedentitledthereto.(10a)
Section11.Entrynotdelayedbyappealeffectofreversal.Therightoftheplaintifftoenteruponthepropertyofthedefendantand
appropriate the same for public use or purpose shall not be delayed by an appeal from the judgment. But if the appellate court

determines that plaintiff has no right of expropriation, judgment shall be rendered ordering the Regional Trial Court to forthwith
enforce the restoration to the defendant of the possession of the property, and to determine the damages which the defendant
sustainedandmayrecoverbyreasonofthepossessiontakenbytheplaintiff.(11a)
Section12.Costs,bywhompaid.Thefeesofthecommissionersshallbetaxedasapartofthecostsoftheproceedings.Allcosts,
except those of rival claimants litigating their claims, shall be paid by the plaintiff, unless an appeal is taken by the owner of the
propertyandthejudgmentisaffirmed,inwhicheventthecostsoftheappealshallbepaidbytheowner.(12a)
Section13.Recordingjudgment,anditseffect. The judgment entered in expropriation proceedings shall state definitely, by an
adequatedescription,theparticularpropertyorinterestthereinexpropriated,andthenatureofthepublicuseorpurposeforwhichitis
expropriated.Whenrealestateisexpropriated,acertifiedcopyofsuchjudgmentshallberecordedintheregistryofdeedsofthe
placeinwhichthepropertyissituated,anditseffectshallbetovestintheplaintiffthetitletotherealestatesodescribedforsuch
publicuseorpurpose.(13a)
Section14.Powerofguardianinsuchproceedings.Theguardianorguardianadlitemofaminororofapersonjudiciallydeclared
to be incompetent may, with the approval of the court first had, do and perform on behalf of his ward any act, matter, or thing
respecting the expropriation for public use or purpose of property belonging to such minor or person judicially declared to be
incompetent,whichsuchminororpersonjudiciallydeclaredtobeincompetentcoulddoinsuchproceedingsifhewereofageor
competent.(14a)

RULE68
ForeclosureofRealEstateMortgage
Section1.Complaint in action for foreclosure. In an action for the foreclosure of a mortgage or other encumbrance upon real
estate,thecomplaintshallsetforththedateanddueexecutionofthemortgageitsassignments,ifanythenamesandresidencesof
themortgagorandthemortgageeadescriptionofthemortgagedpropertyastatementofthedateofthenoteorotherdocumentary
evidenceoftheobligationsecuredbythemortgage,theamountclaimedtobeunpaidthereonandthenamesandresidencesofall
personshavingorclaiminganinterestinthepropertysubordinateinrighttothatoftheholderofthemortgage,allofwhomshallbe
madedefendantsintheaction.(1a)
Section2.Judgmentonforeclosureforpaymentorsale.Ifuponthetrialinsuchactionthecourtshallfindthefactssetforthinthe
complainttobetrue,itshallascertaintheamountduetotheplaintiffuponthemortgagedebtorobligation,includinginterestandother
chargesasapprovedbythecourt,andcosts,andshallrenderjudgmentforthesumsofounddueandorderthatthesamebepaidto
thecourtortothejudgmentobligeewithinaperiodofnotlessthanninety(90)daysnormorethanonehundredtwenty(120)days
fromtheentryofjudgment,andthatindefaultofsuchpaymentthepropertyshallbesoldatpublicauctiontosatisfythejudgment.(2a)
Section3.Saleofmortgagedpropertyeffect.Whenthedefendant,afterbeingdirectedtodosoasprovidedinthenextpreceding
section,failstopaytheamountofthejudgmentwithintheperiodspecifiedtherein,thecourt,uponmotion,shallorderthepropertyto
besoldinthemannerandundertheprovisionsofRule39andotherregulationsgoverningsalesofrealestateunderexecution.Such
saleshallnotaffecttherightsofpersonsholdingpriorencumbrancesuponthepropertyorapartthereof,andwhenconfirmedbyan
orderofthecourt,alsouponmotion,itshalloperatetodivesttherightsinthepropertyofallthepartiestotheactionandtovesttheir
rightsinthepurchaser,subjecttosuchrightsofredemptionasmaybeallowedbylaw.
Uponthefinalityoftheorderofconfirmationorupontheexpirationoftheperiodofredemptionwhenallowedbylaw,thepurchaserat
theauctionsaleorlastredemptioner,ifany,shallbeentitledtothepossessionofthepropertyunlessathirdpartyisactuallyholding
thesameadverselytothejudgmentobligor.Thesaidpurchaserorlastredemptionermaysecureawritofpossession,uponmotion,
fromthecourtwhichorderedtheforeclosure.(3a)
Section4.Dispositionofproceedsofsale.Theamountrealizedfromtheforeclosuresaleofthemortgagedpropertyshall,after
deductingthecostsofthesale,bepaidtothepersonforeclosingthemortgage,andwhenthereshallbeanybalanceorresidue,after
payingoffthemortgagedebtdue,thesameshallbepaidtojuniorencumbrancersintheorderoftheirpriority,tobeascertainedbythe
court,oriftherebenosuchencumbrancersortherebeabalanceorresidueafterpaymenttothem,thentothemortgagororhisduly
authorizedagent,ortothepersonentitledtoit.(4a)
Section5.Howsaletoproceedincasethedebtisnotalldue.Ifthedebtforwhichthemortgageorencumbrancewasheldisnot
alldueasprovidedinthejudgmentassoonasasufficientportionofthepropertyhasbeensoldtopaythetotalamountandthecosts
due,thesaleshallterminateandafterwardsasoftenasmorebecomesdueforprincipalorinterestandothervalidcharges,thecourt
may,onmotion,ordermoretobesold.Butifthepropertycannotbesoldinportionswithoutprejudicetotheparties,thewholeshallbe
orderedtobesoldinthefirstinstance,andtheentiredebtandcostsshallbepaid,iftheproceedsofthesalebesufficienttherefor,
therebeingarebateofinterestwheresuchrebateisproper.(5a)
Section6.Deficiencyjudgment.Ifuponthesaleofanyrealpropertyasprovidedinthenextprecedingsectiontherebeabalance
duetotheplaintiffafterapplyingtheproceedsofthesale,thecourt,uponmotion,shallrenderjudgmentagainstthedefendantforany
such balance for which, by the record of the case, he may be personally liable to the plaintiff, upon which execution may issue
immediatelyifthebalanceisalldueatthetimeoftherenditionofthejudgmentotherwisetheplaintiffshallbeentitledtoexecutionat
suchtimeasthebalanceremainingbecomesdueunderthetermsoftheoriginalcontract,whichtimeshallbestatedinthejudgment.
(6a)

Section7.Registration.Acertifiedcopyofthefinalorderofthecourtconfirmingthesaleshallberegisteredintheregistryofdeeds.
Ifnorightofredemptionexists,thecertificateoftitleinthenameofthemortgagorshallbecancelled,andanewoneissuedinthe
nameofthepurchaser.
Wherearightofredemptionexists,thecertificateoftitleinthenameofthemortgagorshallnotbecancelled,butthecertificateofsale
and the order confirming the sale shall be registered and a brief memorandum thereof made by the registrar of deeds upon the
certificateoftitle.Intheeventthepropertyisredeemed,thedeedofredemptionshallberegisteredwiththeregistryofdeeds,anda
briefmemorandumthereofshallbemadebytheregistrarofdeedsonsaidcertificateoftitle.
Ifthepropertyisnotredeemed,thefinaldeedofsaleexecutedbythesheriffinfavorofthepurchaserattheforeclosuresaleshallbe
registeredwiththeregistryofdeedswhereuponthecertificateoftitleinthenameofthemortgagorshallbecancelledandanewone
issuedinthenameofthepurchaser.(n)
Section8.Applicabilityofotherprovisions.Theprovisionsofsections31,32and34ofRule39shallbeapplicabletothejudicial
foreclosureofrealestatemortgagesunderthisRuleinsofarastheformerarenotinconsistentwithormayservetosupplementthe
provisionsofthelatter.(8a)

RULE69
Partition
Section1.Complaintinactionforpartitionofrealestate.Apersonhavingtherighttocompelthepartitionofrealestatemaydoso
asprovidedinthisRule,settingforthinhiscomplaintthenatureandextentofhistitleandanadequatedescriptionoftherealestateof
whichpartitionisdemandedandjoiningasdefendantsallotherpersonsinterestedintheproperty.(1a)
Section2.Orderforpartitionandpartitionbyagreementthereunder.Ifafterthetrialthecourtfindsthattheplaintiffhastheright
thereto,itshallorderthepartitionoftherealestateamongallthepartiesininterest.Thereuponthepartiesmay,iftheyareableto
agree,makethepartitionamongthemselvesbyproperinstrumentsofconveyance,andthecourtshallconfirmthepartitionsoagreed
uponbyalltheparties,andsuchpartition,togetherwiththeorderofthecourtconfirmingthesame,shallberecordedintheregistryof
deedsoftheplaceinwhichthepropertyissituated.(2a)
Afinalorderdecreeingpartitionandaccountingmaybeappealedbyanypartyaggrievedthereby.(n)
Section3.Commissionerstomakepartitionwhenpartiesfailtoagree.Ifthepartiesareunabletoagreeuponthepartition,the
courtshallappointnotmorethanthree(3)competentanddisinterestedpersonsascommissionerstomakethepartition,commanding
themtosetofftotheplaintiffandtoeachpartyininterestsuchpartandproportionofthepropertyasthecourtshalldirect.(3a)
Section4.Oathanddutiesofcommissioners.Beforemakingsuchpartitionthecommissionersshalltakeandsubscribeanoath
thattheywillfaithfullyperformtheirdutiesascommissioners,whichoathshallbefiledincourtwiththeotherproceedingsinthecase.
Inmakingthepartition,thecommissionersshallviewandexaminetherealestate,afterduenoticetothepartiestoattendatsuchview
and examination, and shall hear the parties as to their preference in the portion of the property to be set apart to them and the
comparativevaluethereof,andshallsetapartthesametothepartiesinlotsorparcelsaswillbemostadvantageousandequitable,
havingdueregardtotheimprovements,situationandqualityofthedifferentpartsthereof.(4a)
Section5.Assignmentorsaleofrealestatebycommissioners.Whenitismadetoappeartothecommissionersthattherealstate,
oraportionthereof,cannotbedividedwithoutprejudicetotheinterestsoftheparties,thecourtmayorderitassignedtooneofthe
partieswillingtotakethesame,providedhepaystotheotherpartiessuchamountasthecommissionersdeemequitable,unlessone
of the interested parties asks that the property be sold instead of being so assigned, in which case the court shall order the
commissionerstoselltherealestateatpublicsaleundersuchconditionsandwithinsuchtimeasthecourtmaydetermine.(5a)
Section6.Reportofcommissionersproceedingsnotbindinguntilconfirmed.Thecommissionersshallmakeafullandaccurate
reporttothecourtofalltheirproceedingsastothepartition,ortheassignmentofrealestatetooneoftheparties,orthesaleofthe
same.Uponthefilingofsuchreport,theclerkofcourtshallservecopiesthereofonalltheinterestedpartieswithnoticethattheyare
allowed ten (10) days within which to file objections to the findings of the report, if they so desire. No proceeding had before or
conductedbythecommissionersandrenderedjudgmentthereon.(6a)
Section7.Action of the court upon commissioners report. Upon the expiration of the period of ten (10) days referred to in the
precedingsectionorevenbeforetheexpirationofsuchperiodbutaftertheinterestedpartieshavefiledtheirobjectionstothereport
or their statement of agreement therewith the court may, upon hearing, accept the report and render judgment in accordance
therewith,or,forcauseshownrecommitthesametothecommissionersforfurtherreportoffactsorsetasidethereportandappoint
newcommissionersoracceptthereportinpartandrejectitinpartandmaymakesuchorderandrendersuchjudgmentasshall
effectuateafairandjustpartitionoftherealestate,orofitsvalue,ifassignedorsoldasaboveprovided,betweentheseveralowners
thereof.(7)
Section8.Accountingforrentandprofitsinactionforpartition.InanactionforpartitioninaccordancewiththisRule,apartyshall
recoverfromanotherhisjustshareofrentsandprofitsreceivedbysuchotherpartyfromtherealestateinquestion,andthejudgment
shallincludeanallowanceforsuchrentsandprofits.(8a)

Section9.Powerofguardianinsuchproceedings.Theguardianorguardianadlitemofaminororpersonjudiciallydeclaredtobe
incompetentmay,withtheapprovalofthecourtfirsthad,doandperformonbehalfofhiswardanyact,matter,orthingrespectingthe
partitionofrealestate,whichtheminororpersonjudiciallydeclaredtobeincompetentcoulddoinpartitionproceedingsifhewereof
ageorcompetent.(9a)
Section10.Costsandexpensestobetaxedandcollected.Thecourtshallequitablytaxandapportionbetweenoramongthe
partiesthecostsandexpenseswhichaccrueintheaction,includingthecompensationofthecommissioners,havingregardtothe
interestsoftheparties,andexecutionmayissuethereforasinothercases.(10a)
Section 11. The judgment and its effect copy to be recorded in registry of deeds. If actual partition of property is made, the
judgmentshallstatedefinitely,bymetesandboundsandadequatedescription,theparticularportionoftherealestateassignedto
eachparty,andtheeffectofthejudgmentshallbetovestineachpartytotheactioninseveraltytheportionoftherealestateassigned
tohim.Ifthewholepropertyisassignedtooneofthepartiesuponhispayingtotheothersthesumorsumsorderedbythecourt,the
judgmentshallstatethefactofsuchpaymentandoftheassignmentoftherealestatetothepartymakingthepayment,andtheeffect
ofthejudgmentshallbetovestinthepartymakingthepaymentthewholeoftherealestatefreefromanyinterestonthepartofthe
other parties to the action. If the property is sold and the sale confirmed by the court, the judgment shall state the name of the
purchaserorpurchasersandadefinitedescriptionoftheparcelsofrealestatesoldtoeachpurchaser,andtheeffectofthejudgment
shallbetovesttherealestateinthepurchaserorpurchasersmakingthepaymentorpayments,freefromtheclaimsofanyofthe
partiestotheaction.Acertifiedcopyofthejudgmentshallineithercaseberecordedintheregistryofdeedsoftheplaceinwhichthe
realestateissituated,andtheexpensesofsuchrecordingshallbetaxedaspartofthecostsoftheaction.(11a)
Section12.NeitherparamountrightsnoramicablepartitionaffectedbythisRule.NothinginthisRulecontainedshallbeconstrued
soastoprejudice,defeat,ordestroytherightortitleofanypersonclaimingtherealestateinvolvedbytitleunderanyotherperson,or
bytitleparamounttothetitleofthepartiesamongwhomthepartitionmayhavebeenmade,norsoastorestrictorpreventpersons
holding real estate jointly or in common from making an amicable partition thereof by agreement and suitable instruments of
conveyancewithoutrecoursetoanaction.(12a)
Section13.Partitionofpersonalproperty.TheprovisionsofthisRuleshallapplytopartitionsofestatescomposedofpersonal
property,orofbothrealandpersonalproperty,insofarasthesamemaybeapplicable.(13)

RULE70
ForcibleEntryandUnlawfulDetainer
Section1.Whomayinstituteproceedings,andwhen.Subjecttotheprovisionsofthenextsucceedingsection,apersondeprived
ofthepossessionofanylandorbuildingbyforce,intimidation,threat,strategy,orstealth,oralessor,vendor,vendee,orotherperson
against whom the possession of any land or building is unlawfully withheld after the expiration or termination of the right to hold
possession,byvirtueofanycontract,expressorimplied,orthelegalrepresentativesorassignsofanysuchlessor,vendor,vendee,or
otherperson,may,atanytimewithinone(1)yearaftersuchunlawfuldeprivationorwithholdingofpossession,bringanactioninthe
proper Municipal Trial Court against the person or persons unlawfully withholding or depriving of possession, or any person or
personsclaimingunderthem,fortherestitutionofsuchpossession,togetherwithdamagesandcosts.(1a)
Section2.Lessortoproceedagainstlesseeonlyafterdemand.Unlessotherwisestipulated,suchactionbythelessershallbe
commencedonlyafterdemandtopayorcomplywiththeconditionsoftheleaseandtovacateismadeuponthelessee,orbyserving
writtennoticeofsuchdemanduponthepersonfoundonthepremisesifnopersonbefoundthereon,andthelesseefailstocomply
therewithafterfifteen(15)daysinthecaseoflandorfive(5)daysinthecaseofbuildings.(2a)
Section3.Summaryprocedure.Exceptincasescoveredbytheagriculturaltenancylawsorwhenthelawotherwiseexpressly
provides,allactionsforforcibleentryandunlawfuldetainer,irrespectiveoftheamountofdamagesorunpaidrentalssoughttobe
recovered,shallbegovernedbythesummaryprocedurehereunderprovided.(n)
Section4.Pleadingsallowed.Theonlypleadingsallowedtobefiledarethecomplaint,compulsorycounterclaimandcrossclaim
pleadedintheanswer,andtheanswersthereto.Allpleadingsshallbeverified.(3a,RSP)
Section5.Actiononcomplaint.Thecourtmay,fromanexaminationoftheallegationsinthecomplaintandsuchevidenceasmay
beattachedthereto,dismissthecaseoutrightonanyofthegroundsforthedismissalofacivilactionwhichareapparenttherein.Ifno
groundfordismissalisfound,itshallforthwithissuesummons.(n)
Section6.Answers.Withinten(10)daysfromserviceofsummons,thedefendantshallfilehisanswertothecomplaintandservea
copythereofontheplaintiff.Affirmativeandnegativedefensesnotpleadedthereinshallbedeemedwaived,exceptlackofjurisdiction
over the subject matter. Crossclaims and compulsory counterclaims not asserted in the answer shall be considered barred. The
answertocounterclaimsorcrossclaimsshallbeservedandfiledwithinten(10)daysfromserviceoftheanswerinwhichtheyare
pleaded.(5RSP)
Section7.Effectoffailuretoanswer.Shouldthedefendantfailtoanswerthecomplaintwithintheperiodaboveprovided,thecourt,
motupropriooronmotionoftheplaintiff,shallrenderjudgmentasmaybewarrantedbythefactsallegedinthecomplaintandlimited
towhatisprayedfortherein.Thecourtmayinitsdiscretionreducetheamountofdamagesandattorney'sfeesclaimedforbeing
excessive or otherwise unconscionable, without prejudice to the applicability of section 3 (c), Rule 9 if there are two or more

defendants.
(6,RSP)
Section8.Preliminaryconferenceappearanceofparties.Notlaterthanthirty(30)daysafterthelastanswerisfiled,apreliminary
conferenceshallbeheld.TheprovisionsofRule18onpretrialshallbeapplicabletothepreliminaryconferenceunlessinconsistent
withtheprovisionsofthisRule.
Thefailureoftheplaintifftoappearinthepreliminaryconferenceshallbecauseforthedismissalofhiscomplaint.Thedefendantwho
appearsintheabsenceoftheplaintiffshallbeentitledtojudgmentonhiscounterclaiminaccordancewiththenextprecedingsection.
Allcrossclaimsshallbedismissed.(7,RSP)
If a sole defendant shall fail to appear, the plaintiff shall likewise be entitled to judgment in accordance with the next preceding
section.Thisprocedureshallnotapplywhereoneoftwoormoredefendantssuedunderacommoncauseofactiondefenseshall
appearatthepreliminaryconference.
Nopostponementofthepreliminaryconferenceshallbegrantedexceptforhighlymeritoriousgroundsandwithoutprejudicetosuch
sanctionsasthecourtintheexerciseofsounddiscretionmayimposeonthemovant.(n)
Section9.Recordofpreliminaryconference.Withinfive(5)daysaftertheterminationofthepreliminaryconference,thecourtshall
issueanorderstatingthematterstakenuptherein,includingbutnotlimitedto:
1.Whetherthepartieshavearrivedatanamicablesettlement,andifso,thetermsthereof
2.Thestipulationsoradmissionsenteredintobytheparties
3.Whether,onthebasisofthepleadingsandthestipulationsandadmissionmadebytheparties,judgmentmayberendered
withouttheneedoffurtherproceedings,inwhicheventthejudgmentshallberenderedwithinthirty(30)daysfromissuanceof
theorder
4.Aclearspecificationofmaterialfactswhichremainconvertedand
5.Suchothermattersintendedtoexpeditethedispositionofthecase.(8,RSP)
Section10.Submission of affidavits and position papers. Within ten (10) days from receipt of the order mentioned in the next
precedingsection,thepartiesshallsubmittheaffidavitsoftheirwitnessesandotherevidenceonthefactualissuesdefinedinthe
order,togetherwiththeirpositionpaperssettingforththelawandthefactsrelieduponbythem.(9,RSP)
Section 11. Period for rendition of judgment. Within thirty (30) days after receipt of the affidavits and position papers, or the
expirationoftheperiodforfilingthesame,thecourtshallrenderjudgment.
However, should the court find it necessary to clarify certain material facts, during the said period, issue an order specifying the
matters to be clarified, and require the parties to submit affidavits or other evidence on the said matters within ten (10) days from
receiptofsaidorder.Judgmentshallberenderedwithinfifteen(15)daysafterthereceiptofthelastaffidavitortheexpirationofthe
periodforfilingthesame.
Thecourtshallnotresorttotheforegoingprocedurejusttogaintimefortherenditionofthejudgment.(n)
Section12.Referralforconciliation.Casesrequiringreferralforconciliation,wherethereisnoshowingofcompliancewithsuch
requirement,shallbedismissedwithoutprejudice,andmayberevivedonlyafterthatrequirementshallhavebeencompliedwith.
(18a,RSP)
Section13.Prohibitedpleadingsandmotions.Thefollowingpetitions,motions,orpleadingsshallnotbeallowed:
1.Motiontodismissthecomplaintexceptonthegroundoflackofjurisdictionoverthesubjectmatter,orfailuretocomplywith
section12
2.Motionforabillofparticulars
3.Motionfornewtrial,orforreconsiderationofajudgment,orforreopeningoftrial
4.Petitionforrelieffromjudgment
5.Motionforextensionoftimetofilepleadings,affidavitsoranyotherpaper
6.Memoranda
7.Petitionforcertiorari,mandamus,orprohibitionagainstanyinterlocutoryorderissuedbythecourt
8.Motiontodeclarethedefendantindefault
9.Dilatorymotionsforpostponement
10.Reply

11.Thirdpartycomplaints
12.Interventions.(19a,RSP)
Section14.Affidavits.TheaffidavitsrequiredtobesubmittedunderthisRuleshallstateonlyfactsofdirectpersonalknowledgeof
theaffiantswhichareadmissibleinevidence,andshallshowtheircompetencetotestifytothemattersstatedtherein.
Aviolationofthisrequirementmaysubjectthepartyorthecounselwhosubmitsthesametodisciplinaryaction,andshallbecauseto
expungetheinadmissibleaffidavitorportionthereoffromtherecord.(20,RSP)
Section15.Preliminaryinjunction.Thecourtmaygrantpreliminaryinjunction,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofRule58hereof,
topreventthedefendantfromcommittingfurtheractsofdispossessionagainsttheplaintiff.
Apossessordeprivedofhispossessionthroughforciblefromthefilingofthecomplaint,presentamotionintheactionforforcible
entryorunlawfuldetainerfortheissuanceofawritofpreliminarymandatoryinjunctiontorestorehiminhispossession.Thecourt
shalldecidethemotionwithinthirty(30)daysfromthefilingthereof.(3a)
Section 16. Resolving defense of ownership. When the defendant raises the defense of ownership in his pleadings and the
questionofpossessioncannotberesolvedwithoutdecidingtheissueofownership,theissueofownershipshallberesolvedonlyto
determinetheissueofpossession.(4a)
Section17.Judgment.Ifaftertrialcourtfindsthattheallegationsofthecomplaintaretrue,itshallrenderjudgmentinfavorofthe
plaintiff for the restitution of the premises, the sum justly due as arrears of rent or as reasonable compensation for the use and
occupationofthepremises,attorney'sfeesandcosts.Ifacounterclaimisestablished,thecourtshallrenderjudgmentforthesum
foundinarrearsfromeitherpartyandawardcostsasjusticerequires.(6a)
Section 18. Judgment conclusive only on possession not conclusive in actions involving title or ownership. The judgment
renderedinanactionforforcibleentryordetainershallbeconclusivewithrespecttothepossessiononlyandshallinnowisebind
thetitleoraffecttheownershipofthelandorbuilding.Suchjudgmentshallnotbaranactionbetweenthesamepartiesrespectingtitle
tothelandorbuilding.
ThejudgmentorfinalordershallbeappealabletotheappropriateRegionalTrialCourtwhichshalldecidethesameonthebasisof
theentirerecordoftheproceedingshadinthecourtoforiginandsuchmemorandaand/orbriefsasmaybesubmittedbytheparties
orrequiredbytheRegionalTrialCourt.(7a)
Section19.Immediateexecutionofjudgmenthowtostaysame.Ifjudgmentisrenderedagainstthedefendant,executionshall
issue immediately upon motion unless an appeal has been perfected and the defendant to stay execution files a sufficient
supersedeasbond,approvedbytheMunicipalTrialCourtandexecutedinfavoroftheplaintifftopaytherents,damages,andcosts
accruing down to the time of the judgment appealed from, and unless, during the pendency of the appeal, he deposits with the
appellatecourttheamountofrentduefromtimetotimeunderthecontract,ifany,asdeterminedbythejudgmentoftheMunicipalTrial
Court.Intheabsenceofacontract,heshalldepositwiththeRegionalTrialCourtthereasonablevalueoftheuseandoccupationof
thepremisesfortheprecedingmonthorperiodattheratedeterminedbythejudgmentofthelowercourtonorbeforethetenthdayof
eachsucceedingmonthorperiod.ThesupersedeasbondshallbetransmittedbytheMunicipalTrialCourt,withthepapers,tothe
clerkoftheRegionalTrialCourttowhichtheactionisappealed.
Allamountssopaidtotheappellatecourtshallbedepositedwithsaidcourtorauthorizedgovernmentdepositarybank,andshallbe
held there until the final disposition of the appeal, unless the court, by agreement of the interested parties, or in the absence of
reasonablegroundsofoppositiontoamotiontowithdraw,orforjustifiablereasons,shalldecreeotherwise.Shouldthedefendantfail
tomakethepaymentsaboveprescribedfromtimetotimeduringthependencyoftheappeal,theappellatecourt,uponmotionofthe
plaintiff,anduponproofofsuchfailure,shallordertheexecutionofthejudgmentappealedfromwithrespecttotherestorationof
possession,butsuchexecutionshallnotbeabartotheappealtakingitscourseuntilthefinaldispositionthereofonthemerits.
After the case is decided by the Regional Trial Court, any money paid to the court by the defendant for purposes of the stay of
executionshallbedisposedofinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthejudgmentoftheRegionalTrialCourt.Inanycasewhereinit
appears that the defendant has been deprived of the lawful possession of land or building pending the appeal by virtue of the
executionofthejudgmentoftheMunicipalTrialCourt,damagesforsuchdeprivationofpossessionandrestorationofpossessionand
restorationofpossessionmaybeallowedthedefendantinthejudgmentoftheRegionalTrialCourtdisposingoftheappeal.(8a)
Section20.Preliminarymandatoryinjunctionincaseofappeal.Uponmotionoftheplaintiff,withinten(10)daysfromtheperfection
of the appeal to the Regional Trial Court, the latter may issue a writ of preliminary mandatory injunction to restore the plaintiff in
possessionifthecourtissatisfiedthatthedefendant'sappealisfrivolousordilatoryorthattheappealoftheplaintiffisprimafacie
meritorious.(9a)
Section21.Immediate execution on appeal to Court of Appeals or Supreme Court. The judgment of the Regional Trial Court
againstthedefendantshallbeimmediatelyexecutory,withoutprejudicetoafurtherappealthatmaybetakentherefrom.(10a)

RULE71
Contempt

Section1.Directcontemptpunishedsummarily.Apersonguiltyofmisbehaviorinthepresenceoforsonearacourtastoobstruct
orinterrupttheproceedingsbeforethesame,includingdisrespecttowardthecourt,offensivepersonalitiestowardothers,orrefusalto
beswornortoanswerasawitness,ortosubscribeanaffidavitordepositionwhenlawfullyrequiredtodoso,maybesummarily
adjudgedincontemptbysuchcourtandpunishedbyafinenotexceedingtwothousandpesosorimprisonmentnotexceedingten
(10)days,orboth,ifitbeaRegionalTrialCourtoracourtofequivalentorhigherrank,orbyafinenotexceedingtwohundredpesos
orimprisonmentnotexceedingone(1)day,orboth,ifitbealowercourt.(1a)
Section2.Remedytherefrom. The person adjudged in direct contempt by any court may not appeal therefrom, but may avail
himself of the remedies of certiorari or prohibition. The execution of the judgment shall be suspended pending resolution of such
petition,providedsuchpersonfilesabondfixedbythecourtwhichrenderedthejudgmentandconditionedthathewillabidebyand
performthejudgmentshouldthepetitionbedecidedagainsthim.(2a)
Section3.Indirectcontempttobepunishedafterchargeandhearing.Afterachargeinwritinghasbeenfiled,andanopportunity
giventotherespondenttocommentthereonwithinsuchperiodasmaybefixedbythecourtandtobeheardbyhimselforcounsel,a
personguiltyofanyofthefollowingactsmaybepunishedforindirectcontempt
(a)Misbehaviorofanofficerofacourtintheperformanceofhisofficialdutiesorinhisofficialtransactions
(b)Disobedienceoforresistancetoalawfulwrit,process,order,orjudgmentofacourt,includingtheactofapersonwho,after
beingdispossessedorejectedfromanyrealpropertybythejudgmentorprocessofanycourtofcompetentjurisdiction,enters
or attempts or induces another to enter into or upon such real property, for the purpose of executing acts of ownership or
possession,orinanymannerdisturbsthepossessiongiventothepersonadjudgedtobeentitledthereto
(c)Anyabuseoforanyunlawfulinterferencewiththeprocessesorproceedingsofacourtnotconstitutingdirectcontempt
undersection1ofthisRule
(d)Anyimproperconducttending,directlyorindirectly,toimpede,obstruct,ordegradetheadministrationofjustice
(e)Assumingtobeanattorneyoranofficerofacourt,andactingassuchwithoutauthority
(f)Failuretoobeyasubpoenadulyserved
(g)Therescue,orattemptedrescue,ofapersonorpropertyinthecustodyofanofficerbyvirtueofanorderorprocessofa
courtheldbyhim.
Butnothinginthissectionshallbesoconstruedastopreventthecourtfromissuingprocesstobringtherespondentintocourt,orfrom
holdinghimincustodypendingsuchproceedings.(3a)
Section4.Howproceedingscommenced. Proceedings for indirect contempt may be initiated motupropio by the court against
whichthecontemptwascommittedbyanorderoranyotherformalchargerequiringtherespondenttoshowcausewhyheshouldnot
bepunishedforcontempt.
Inallothercases,chargesforindirectcontemptshallbecommencedbyaverifiedpetitionwithsupportingparticularsandcertifiedtrue
copiesofdocumentsorpapersinvolvedtherein,anduponfullcompliancewiththerequirementsforfilinginitiatorypleadingsforcivil
actions in the court concerned. If the contempt charges arose out of or are related to a principal action pending in the court, the
petitionforcontemptshallallegethatfactbutsaidpetitionshallbedocketed,heardanddecidedseparately,unlessthecourtinits
discretionorderstheconsolidationofthecontemptchargeandtheprincipalactionforjointhearinganddecision.(n)
Section5.Wherechargetobefiled.WherethechargeforindirectcontempthasbeencommittedagainstaRegionalTrialCourtor
a court of equivalent or higher rank, or against an officer appointed by it, the charge may be filed with such court. Where such
contempthasbeencommittedagainstalowercourt,thechargemaybefiledwiththeRegionalTrialCourtoftheplaceinwhichthe
lowercourtissittingbuttheproceedingsmayalsobeinstitutedinsuchlowercourtsubjecttoappealtotheRegionalTrialCourtof
suchplaceinthesamemannerasprovidedinsection11ofthisRule.(4aBarMatterNo.803,21July1998)
Section6.Hearingreleaseonbail.Ifthehearingisnotorderedtobehadforthwith,therespondentmaybereleasedfromcustody
uponfilingabond,inanamountfixedbythecourt,forhisappearanceatthehearingofthecharge.Onthedaysettherefor,thecourt
shallproceedtoinvestigatethechargeandconsidersuchcomment,testimonyordefenseastherespondentmaymakeoroffer.(5a)
Section7.Punishmentforindirectcontempt.IftherespondentisadjudgedguiltyofindirectcontemptcommittedagainstaRegional
TrialCourtoracourtofequivalentorhigherrank,hemaybepunishedbyafinenotexceedingthirtythousandpesosorimprisonment
notexceedingsix(6)months,orboth.Ifheisadjudgedguiltyofcontemptcommittedagainstalowercourt,hemaybepunishedbya
finenotexceedingfivethousandpesosorimprisonmentnotexceedingone(1)month,orboth.Ifthecontemptconsistsintheviolation
ofawritofinjunction,temporaryrestrainingorderorstatusquoorder,hemayalsobeorderedtomakecompleterestitutiontotheparty
injuredbysuchviolationofthepropertyinvolvedorsuchamountasmaybeallegedandproved.
The writ of execution, as in ordinary civil actions, shall issue for the enforcement of a judgment imposing a fine unless the court
otherwiseprovides.(6a)
Section8.Imprisonmentuntilorderobeyed.Whenthecontemptconsistsintherefusaloromissiontodoanactwhichisyetinthe
poweroftherespondenttoperform,hemaybeimprisonedbyorderofthecourtconcerneduntilheperformsit.(7a)

Section9.Proceedingwhenpartyreleasedonbailfailstoanswer.Whenarespondentreleasedonbailfailstoappearontheday
fixed for the hearing, the court may issue another order of arrest or may order the bond for his appearance to be forfeited and
confiscated,orbothand,ifthebondbeproceededagainst,themeasureofdamagesshallbetheextentofthelossorinjurysustained
bytheaggrievedpartybyreasonofthemisconductforwhichthecontemptchargewasprosecuted,withthecostsoftheproceedings,
andsuchrecoveryshallbeforthebenefitofthepartyinjured.Ifthereisnoaggrievedparty,thebondshallbeliableanddisposedof
asincriminalcases.(8a)
Section10.Courtmayreleaserespondent.Thecourtwhichissuedtheorderimprisoningapersonforcontemptmaydischargehim
fromimprisonmentwhenitappearsthatpublicinterestwillnotbeprejudicedbyhisrelease.(9a)
Section11.Reviewofjudgmentorfinalorderbondforstay.Thejudgmentorfinalorderofacourtinacaseofindirectcontempt
maybeappealedtothepropercourtasincriminalcases.Butexecutionofthejudgmentorfinalordershallnotbesuspendeduntila
bondisfiledbythepersonadjudgedincontempt,inanamountfixedbythecourtfromwhichtheappealistaken,conditionedthatif
theappealbedecidedagainsthimhewillabidebyandperformthejudgmentorfinalorder.(10a)
Section 12. Contempt against quasijudicial entities. Unless otherwise provided by law, this Rule shall apply to contempt
committed against persons, entities, bodies or agencies exercising quasijudicial functions, or shall have suppletory effect to such
rulesastheymayhaveadoptedpursuanttoauthoritygrantedtothembylawtopunishforcontempt.TheRegionalTrialCourtofthe
placewhereinthecontempthasbeencommittedshallhavejurisdictionoversuchchargesasmaybefiledtherefor.(n)

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