SOLUTIONS CLASS XII

CLASS XII- 1
UNIT : 2 SOLUTION (05 MARKS )

1.Solution, solute,solvent 2. Types of solution 3.Methods of expressing the concentration of a
solution 4. Solution process in liquid solvent 5. solubility of gases in liquids 6.solid solutions 7.
Vapour pressure of a liquid 8. Vapour pressure of solutions : Raoults law 9. Ideal and nonideal
solutions 10.Colligative properties 11.Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solution and
Raoults law 12.Elevation of boiling point of solution 13. Depression of freezing point of solution
14.Osmosis and osmotic pressure 15.Isotonic , Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions 16.Reverse
osmosis 17.Abnormal colligative properties 18. Vant Hoff Factor
TOPIC DISCUSSION
1. Solution, solute , solvent :
Solutions: Mixture of two or more components. Depending on size of components, mixtures are classified into 3 types.
a) Coarse mixture:
Definition: The mixture which contains components having relatively bigger size is called as coarse mixture. E.g. Mixture
of salt and sugar.
b) Colloidal dispersion:
Definition:The mixture which is formed when the size of particles dispersed in solvent are in the range of 10 -7 cm to 10-4
cm is called as colloidal dispersion.
Properties of colloidal particles/solutions.
1 1) Colloidal particles carry positive or negative charge which stabilizes colloidal dispersion. E.g. Ferric hydroxide
sol, arsenic sulphide sol.
2 2) Colloidal solutions are heterogeneous and can be easily separated.
c) True solution:
Definition: It is defined as the homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, the composition of which is not fixed
and may be varied within certain limits.
Properties of true solution:
1 1) Size of particles dissolved in the solvent are very small of the order of 10 -8 cm
2 2) It is homogenous.
3 3) It cannot be separated into components by simple mechanical method.
Composition of solution
1 a) Solute: The component which constitutes smaller part of solution is called as solute.
2 b) Solvent: The component which constitutes larger part of solution is called as solvent.
Homogeneous solution: Definition- The solution whose composition is uniform throughout the body of the solution is
called as homogeneous solution.
Formation/Preparation: The homogeneous solution is formed due to force of attraction between the molecules or
particles of solute and solvent.
Heterogeneous solution: It is defined as the mixture of two or more phases.
Solvation: It is defined as the process of interaction of solvent molecules with solute particles to form aggregates.
When water is used as solvent, it is called as hydration or aquation.
Remember:
Extent of dissolution of solute in solvent to form homogenous solution depends on nature of solute and solvent.
Subhasish sau[Type text]
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General rule for solubility is Like dissolves like i.e. polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents. E.g. NaCl in water. or nonpolar solutes are soluble in non-polar solvents. E.g. Iodine in CCl 4
Explain: Water is called universal solvent.
1 1) It is polar in nature hence it dissolves most of polar solutes.
2 2) It has high dielectric constant. Hence, it reduces the force of attraction between ions of solute and offers
them to remain apart.
3 3) Thus, it acts as good medium for greater ionization of the solutes hence it is called as universal solvent.
2.TYPES OF SOLUTION :
Aqueous solution: The solution in which water is used as solvent is called as aqueous solutions.
Non-aqueous solutions: The solution in which solvent other than water is used is called as non-aqueous solution.
Concentration of solutions: It is defined as the amount of solute dissolved in specific amount of solvent.
Dilute solutions: The solutions containing relatively less amount of solute are called as dilute solutions.
Concentrated solution: The solution containing relatively more amount of solute is called as concentrated solution.
p a r tia lly m is c ib le liq : e th e r + w a te r

L IQ U ID S O L U T IO N S
im m is c ib le
liq u id s
w a te r +
m e rc u ry
m is c ib le
liq u id s
w a te r
+ e th a n o l
b in a r y s o lu tio n
g lu c o s e in
w a te r
a q u e o u s s o lu tio n : g lu c o s e
in w a te r
N o n a q s o lu tio n : io d in e in
C C l4
3.METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

Different methods of expressing the concentration of solution1
1) Percentage by mass or weight (W/W) The mass of solute in gram dissolved in solvent to form 100 gram of
solution is called as Mass percentage.
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Where It is independent of temperature as it does not contain term volume.

2) Percentage by volume (v/v) : It is defined as the ratio of number of parts by volume of the solute to one
hundred parts by volume of the solution.
Note :
Used when both the components of solution are in liquid phase.
Total volume of solutions is not equal to sum of volumes of solute and solvent as same solute particles occupy
empty spaces in voids in structure of liquids.
Volume is temperature dependent and hence (v/v) changes with temperature.
(w/v) is mass of solute in grams present in 100 ml of solution.
3) Mole fraction (x): The mole fraction of any component of solution is defined as the ratio of number of moles
of that component present in the solution to the total number of moles of all the components of the solution.
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4) Molarity (M) : It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 dm 3 (lit) volume of the solution.
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1 5) Molality (m): It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1kg of solvent.
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13 Note: Best method to express concentration as it is temperature independent.
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1 6) Normality (N): It is defined as the no. of gram equivalents of solute dissolved in 1 dm 3 of solution.
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7) Parts per million (ppm): It is defined as the mass or volume of solute in gram or cm 3 per 10 gram of 10 cm3
of the solution.
8) Formality : The formality of the solution is the number of gram formula masses of dissolved solute in
one litre of the solution. (F)
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9) Strength in gram per litre : It is the amount of solute present in gram in one litre of the solution.
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26 4.SOLUTION PROCESS IN A LIQUID SOLVENT :
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28 Solubility of solute in solvent. Depending on amount of solute present in given volume of solution it is classified
into 3 categories.
1 1) Saturated solution 2) Unsaturated solution 3) Supersaturated solution
29 Concept of Solubility (Saturated solution)
1 When solute (sugar) is added to solvent (water) , it gets dissolved due to attractive force between solute
particles and solvent molecules.
2 Solute particles are constantly in state of random motion and constantly collide with each other and with
solvent molecules.
3 Solute particles are held together due to/ by physical forces of attraction.
1 If physical forces are not sufficient, dissolved sugar solute crystallizes out.
2 If solute is added continuously, Dissolution and crystallization takes place simultaneously.
3 At low concentration of solute, rate of dissolution is very high and rate of crystallization is very low.
4 With increase in concentration of solute rate of dissolution decreases and rate of crystallization increases.
5 At a particular stage, rate of dissolution and rate of crystallization becomes equal and equillibrium is
established.
6 At this stage solution is called as saturated.
30 Definition:
1 Saturated solution: It is defined as the solution that contains just the amount of dissolved solute necessary
to establish equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solute.
2 Unsaturated solution: A solution which contains less amount of solute than required for forming saturated
solution.
3 Note: Equilibrium does not exist between dissolution and crystallization.
4 Supersaturated solution: A solution which contains excess of solute than required for formation of saturated
solution.
5 Solubility- It is defined as the maximum amount of solute which dissolves completely in given amount of
solvent at a constant temperature.
6 It is expressed as mol/lit.
7 Solubility changes with temperature.
31 Effect of temperature on solubility of solid solute in liquid solvent.
1 Generally solubility of solid in liquid increases with increase in temperature.
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Solubility of solid solute is almost doubled for every rise of temperature by 10 C which is always not true.
The solubility of solid solute in liquid solvent may be exothermic or endothermic process.
Depending on nature of process, solubility may increase or decrease by increasing temperature.
For exothermic process, solubility decreases by increasing temperature while in case of endothermic process,
solubility increases with increase in temperature.
Variations of solubility with temperature for some ionic compounds.
Solubility of NaBr, NaCl, KCl change slightly with temperature.
Solubility of salts like KNO3, NaNO3, KBr increases appreciably with temperature.
Solubilities of Na2SO4 decrease with increase in temperature.
Solubility of NH4NO3 being endothermic process increases with increase in temperature.
Exceptional behavior: solubility of CaCl2 is exothermic process still it is increased when temperature
increases.
By knowing solubility, it is easy to separate individual component from mixture of water soluble salt from
aqueous solutions. This process is called as fractional crystallization.
This technique can be used if the substance is highly soluble at higher temperature and solubility is poor at
lower temperature. E.g. separation of pure NaCl from mixture of NaCl and NaBr at 0 0C. Separation of 80%
dissolved KNO3 from mixture of KNO3 and NaNO3.
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35 Effect of pressure on solubility of solid solute in liquid solvent.
36 Solids are incompressible hence change of pressure has no effect on solubility of solids in liquids.
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How Solubility of gases in liquids depends on their nature?

Gases are soluble in liquids including water.
Being non polar, solubility of gases like oxygen and nitrogen is very low in water.
CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid and ammonia reacts with water to form ammonium hydroxide,
hence CO2 and NH3 are more soluble in water.
HCl is polar; hence its solubility is very high in water.
Effect of change of temperature on solubility of gas in liquid
According to Charles law, volume of given mass of gas increases with increase of temperature.
Thus volume of given mass of dissolved gas in solution increases with increase of temperature.
Due to this, solvent in the solution cannot accommodate the gaseous solute and hence gas bubbles out.
Thus solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
Adverse effect of increase in temperature on solubility of O 2.
Due to this temperature increases and solubility of oxygen gas in water decreases.
This results in difficulty of survival of marine life
Explain why marine life like fish prefers to stay at lower sea level in summer?
In summer hot day, temperature of surface of water is relatively very high and solubility of oxygen at upper
layer is minimum.
While temperature of water at lower level is much less and hence it contains more amount of dissolved oxygen.
Due to this, marine life prefers to stay at lower level for their survival.
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46 ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION :
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48 Enthalpy change of solution
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50 The enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change

when 1 mole of an ionic substance dissolves in water to
give a solution of infinite dilution.
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52 Enthalpies of solution may be either positive or negative - in other words, some ionic substances dissolved
endothermically (for example, NaCl); others dissolve exothermically (for example NaOH).
53 An infinitely dilute solution is one where there is a sufficiently large excess of water that adding any more
doesn't cause any further heat to be absorbed or evolved.
54 So, when 1 mole of sodium chloride crystals are dissolved in an excess of water, the enthalpy change of solution
is found to be +3.9 kJ mol-1. The change is slightly endothermic, and so the temperature of the solution will be
slightly lower than that of the original water.
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56 Thinking about dissolving as an energy cycle
57 Why is heat sometimes evolved and sometimes absorbed when a substance dissolves in water? To answer that it
is useful to think about the various enthalpy changes that are involved in the process.
58 You can think of an imaginary process where the crystal lattice is first broken up into its separate gaseous ions,
and then those ions have water molecules wrapped around them. That is how they exist in the final solution.
59 The heat energy needed to break up 1 mole of the crystal lattice is the lattice dissociation enthalpy.
60 The heat energy released when new bonds are made between the ions and water molecules is known as
the hydration enthalpy of the ion.
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s o lu te
s e p a r a te d s o lu te p a r tic le s
H 1 ( e n th a lp y c h a n g e )
s e p a r a te d s o lv e n t m o le c u le s
H 2 ( e n th a lp y c h a n g e )
s o lv e n t
( S e p a r a te d s o lu te p a r tic le s + s e p a r a te d s o lv e n t
m o le c u le s )
s o lu tio n , H 3 ( e n th a lp y c h a n g e )
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1
2
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Hsoln = H1 + H2 + H3
5.SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS :
Effect of change of pressure on the solubility of gases.
As gases are highly compressible, external pressure affects their solubility.
Increase in external pressure increases solubility of gas.
Henrys law Statement solubility of gas in a liquid at constant temperature is proportional to the pressure of
gas above the solution. Mathematical expression
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75 Where S is solubility of the gas in mol/dm P is pressure of the gas in atmosphere.

76 K is constant of proportionality. i.e. Henrys constant. If P = 1 atm. S = K
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78 Definition of K and its unit. K is defined as solubility of gas in mol/dm at 1 atm pressure and at reference
temperature. Note: for several gases, solubility of gas is calculated by using P as partial pressure of gas in the
mixture. Its unit is mol/dm3 atm-1 , If S considered as mole fraction then the unit of K will be atm -1
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80 Explain Henrys law with suitable example.
1
When carbonated soft drink beverage bottle is seated with cap,it is pressurized by mixture of air and CO 2
2 Due to high partial pressure of CO2, the amount of CO2 in dissolved state is high in soft drinks.
3 When cap is removed external pressure decreases, solubility of CO 2 decreases and excess of CO2 and air in
the bottle escapes out.
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82 Effect of addition of soluble salt on solubility of gases.
83 The solubility of dissolved gas is reduced by addition of soluble salt to the solution of gas.
84 E.g. addition of table salt, to carbonated soft drink decreases solubility of CO 2 gas hence it escapes out with
effervescence.
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86 Example 1
87 What is Henry's constant for neon dissolved in water given: CNe=23.5mL/L solution and STP (22,414 mL/mole
gas) and pressure (1 atm)?
88 SOLUTION
Now we can rearrange our equation from above to solve for the constant: C=kP Ne
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To use C we must convert 23.5 mL/L solution to Molarity. Since Ne is a gas, we can use our standard molar
volume. Thus giving us: (23.5 mL/L soln) (1 mole Ne/22,414 mL)= 0.00105M.
Now we have solved for the solubility of Ne in the solution. C= 0.00105M and we know the pressure at STP is 1
atm, so we can now use our rearranged equation:
K = C /PNe
Where C= 0.00105M, PNe = 1 atm, thus giving us k=0.00105 M/atm
Example 2
Compute the molar solubility in water that is saturated with air.
SOLUTION
To solve the final part of this question, we must use Henry's law again, with different givens. This time, we need
to use constant (k) that we just calculated and our PNe in air.
94 C=k Pgas
95 C=(0.00105M/atm)(0.0341atm) C=(0.00105M/atm)(0.0341atm)
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96 C=3.5810 M
97 Notes
Henry's law only works if the molecules are at equilibrium.
Henry's law does not work for gases at high pressures (e.g., N2(g) at high pressure becomes very soluble and
harmful when in the blood supply).
Henry's law does not work if there is a chemical reaction between the solute and solvent (e.g., HCl(g) reacts with
+
water by a dissociation reaction togenerate H3O and Cl ions).

The reason for the expulsion of dissolved CO2 with a fizzing sound when a soda water bottle is opened, can be
explained with the help of Henrys law
Deep sea divers ( scuba diver) some times face a fatal condition known as bends.
At high altitude climbers some times become weak and are unable to think clearly.
The value of K depends on nature of gas and nature of solvent
On increasing temperature K value increases
The solubility of gas with higher value of K will be less.
98 Validity of Henrys law
valid for dilute solution of gases
valid for nonassociative and nondissociative gases in solvents
not valid when gases reacts with liquid solvents
not valid for too high pressure or too low temperature
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100 Solid solutions A solid solution of two or more metals or of a metal or metals with one or more non metal is
called an Alloy or solid solution.
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104 7.VAPOUR PRESSURE OF LIQUID
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106 Concept of Vapor pressure of liquid
1 Liquid escapes from an open vessel by evaporation.
2 If the vessel is closed, the process of evaporation continues.
1 The molecules of liquid escaping from the surface of liquid remain in the container above the surface of liquid.
2 These molecules of vapour are in continuous random motion
3 They collide with each other, with the walls of the container and with the surface of the liquid and return to
the liquid state. This is reverse of evaporation, called condensation
4 After some time interval, equilibrium is established between two phases of the substance, liquid and its
vapour. At this stage the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation.
5 The pressure exerted by vapour at this stage is called as Vapour pressure.
6 Vapour pressure of a liquid, increases with the increase of temperature.
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Vapour pressure of a liquid depends on nature of liquid.

Note: If the boiling is carried out in an open atmosphere then external pressure is the atmospheric
pressure.
107 Definition of Vapour pressure of Liquid
1 The vapour pressure of a substance is defined as the pressure exerted by the gaseous state of that
substance when it is in equilibrium with the solid or liquid phase.
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109 8. VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS : RAOULTS LAW
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111 Concept of Lowering of vapor pressure of solvent in solution
1 The vapour pressure of a liquid solvent is lowered when a non volatile solute is dissolved in it to form a
solution.
2 In case of pure solvent, its surface area is completely occupied by volatile solvent molecules.
3 In case of solution of nonvolatile solute, its surface area is not completely available for volatile solvent but it
is partly occupied by non volatile solute.
4 Hence, rate of evaporation of the solution will be less as compared to that of pure solvent
5 Thus vapour pressure of solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
6 Definition: The difference between vapour pressures of pure solvent and the vapor pressure of solvent from
solution is called vapour pressure lowering.
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113 Mathematical Expression for lowering of vapour pressure
1 If P10 is the vapour pressure of pure solvent and p is the vapour pressure of the solution of nonvolatile solute
in the same solvent, then p < p10 and the lowering of vapour pressure is,
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115 The relative lowering of vapour pressure: The relative lowering of vapour pressure for the given solution is the
ratio of vapour pressure lowering of solvent from solution to the vapour pressure of pure solvent , thus
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119 Raoults law: The partial vapour pressure of any volatile component of a solution is the product of vapour
pressure of that pure component and the mole fraction of the component in the solution.
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121 Derive expression of Raoults Law for a solution containing both volatile components
1 Consider a solution containing two volatile components A 1 and A2 with mole fraction x1 and x2 respectively.
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126 Note: The solution which obeys Raoults law over the entire range of concentration is called an ideal solution. If
a solution does not obey Raoults law, the solution is non ideal.
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130Derive Expression of Raoults law for a solution of non-volatile solute or Derive Expression for relative
lowering of vapour pressure of solution containing non-volatile solute.
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1 Lowering of vapour pressure is the product of vapour pressure of pure solvent and mole fraction of non-volatile
solute dissolved in volatile solvent to form a solution.
2 The lowering of vapour pressure depends on nature of pure solvent and concentration of solute in mole
fraction.
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139 The relative lowering of vapour pressure is given by,
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142 Hence, relative lowering of vapour pressure = X2 (Mole fraction of non-volatile solute)
143 The above expression proves that the lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property because it depends on
the concentration of non-volatile solute.
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145 Determination of Molar mass of non volatile solute and relative lowering of vapour pressure:
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1 Knowing the masses of non-volatile solute and the solvent in dilute solutions and by determining experimentally
vapour pressure of pure solvent and the solution it is possible to determine molar mass of a non volatile solute.
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9.Ideal and Non-Ideal solution
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Ideal solutions
Non-ideal solutions
154 Positive
Raoult's law
from
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law.
159 2.
neither heat is
evolved nor
absorbed
during dissolution.
160 2.
Endothermic
dissolution; heat is absorbed.
161 2.
Exothermic dissolution; heat
is evolved.
162 3.
total volume of
solution is equal to sum of volumes
of the components.
163 3.
Volume
increased after dissolution.
164 3.
Volume is
decreased during dissolution.
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i.e.,
Do not obey Raoult's
155 Negative
deviation
from Raoult's law
156 1. Obey Raoult's law at

every range of concentration.
4.
1.
deviation
4.
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is
158 1.
Do
Raoult's law.
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4.
not
obey
171 5.
interactions should be same, i.e.,
'A' and 'B' are identical in shape,
size and character.
172 5.
attractive force
should be weaker than
and
attractive forces. 'A'
and 'B' have different shape, size
and character.
173 5.
attractive
force should be greater
than
and
attracti
ve forces. 'A' and 'B' have
different shape, size and
character.
174 6.
Escaping tendency of
'A' and 'B' should be same in pure
liquids and in the solution.
175 6.
'A' and 'B' escape
easily showing higher vapour
pressure than the expected value.
176 6. Escaping tendency

of both components 'A' and
'B' is lowered showing lower
vapour
pressure
than
expected ideally.
177 Examples:
178 Dilute solutions;
179 benzene + toluene:
180 n-hexane + n-heptane;
181 chlorobenzene
+
bromobenzene;
182 ethyl bromide + ethyl
iodide;
183 n-butyl chloride + n-butyl
bromide
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Examples:
Acetone +ethanol
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acetone +
:
water + methanol;
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water + ethanol;
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toluene;
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;
acetone + benzene;
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;
cyclohexane + ethanol
Examples:
Acetone + aniline;
acetone + chloroform;
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199 chloroform + diethyl
ether;
200 water + HCl;
201 acetic acid + pyridine;
202 chloroform + benzene
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1
Graphical representation of ideal and non-ideal solutions
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226Prepared by subhasish sir : 9830523086;8479918168
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CLASS XII- 2
UNIT : 2 SOLUTION (05 MARKS )-2
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1.Solution, solute,solvent 2. Types of solution 3.Methods of expressing the
concentration of a solution 4. Solution process in liquid solvent 5. solubility of gases in
liquids 6.solid solutions 7. Vapour pressure of a liquid 8. Vapour pressure of solutions :
Raoults law 9. Ideal and nonideal solutions 10.Colligative properties 11.Relative lowering
of vapour pressure of solution and Raoults law 12.Elevation of boiling point of solution 13.
Depression of freezing point of solution 14.Osmosis and osmotic pressure 15.Isotonic ,
Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions 16.Reverse osmosis
17.Abnormal colligative
properties 18. Vant Hoff Factor
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TOPIC DISCUSSION
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242 10. Colligative properties :
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Colligative properties: The properties of solutions that depend only on the number of solute
particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particle are called as Colligative properties.
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Colligative properties are used to determine molar masses of non electrolyte solutes.
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The relations derived by measuring colligative properties hold good for dilute solutions, with
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concentration less than or equal to 0.2M.
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Four Colligative Properties
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1. Lowering of vapour pressure of solvent in solution
251 2. Elevation of boiling point of solvent in solution
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3. Depression of freezing point of solvent in solution
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4. Osmotic pressure
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11.Relative lowering of vapour pressure and Raoults law : discussed before
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Limitations of Raoults Law
Raoults law is applicable only to very dilute solutions.
It is applicable to solutions containing non-volatile solute only.
It is not applicable to solutes which dissociate or associate in a particular solution.
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12.Elevation of boiling point :
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Boiling point: Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of liquid
261 becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. It increases with increase in external pressure. Liquids having
greater intermolecular forces have high boiling points.
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Concept of Elevation of boiling point
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The vapour pressure of a solution of non-volatile solute is always less than the vapour pressure
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of pure solvent.
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At the temperature of boiling point of pure solvent, solution will not boil as its vapour pressure
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is less than that of the vapour pressure of pure solvent which is also equal the external
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pressure.
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Thus solution will only boil if its vapour pressure is increased upto external atmospheric pressure.
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The temperature must be increased by
Tb T T0 . Where T is boiling point of solution and
271 T0 that of pure solvent and T . Tb is elevation of boiling point

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Definition - Elevation of boiling point is the difference between boiling points of solution and
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that of pure solvent.
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Show graphical representation of elevation of boiling point of solvent in solution or Show
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Variation of the vapour pressure of pure solvent and solution with temperature.
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292 Raoults law for elevation of boiling point :
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29613. Depression of freezing point :
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.Freezing point: Freezing point of a liquid is a temperature at which the vapour pressure of solid is
equal to the vapour pressure of liquid.
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Depression of freezing point: Solution has lower vapour pressure than pure solvent and
hence freezes at lower temperature than pure solvent. Thus depression of freezing point is the
difference between the freezing point of pure solvent and freezing point of solution containing
non -volatile solute.
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Show graphical representation of freezing point depression of pure solvent by addition
of non - volatile solute.
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AB is the solid vapour sublimation curve of the solid solvent, CD is the liquid-vapour
pressure curve of pure liquid solvent.
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At the freezing point, solid and liquid phases have identical vapour pressures.
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At point B, the two forms have same vapour pressure and therefore T0, the temperature
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corresponding to B, must be the freeing point of pure solvent.
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When solute is dissolved in the solvent, the vapour pressure of solvent lowered and can
no longer freeze at temperature T0 .
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A new equilibrium is established at point E, where vapour pressure of solvent of the
solution and solid solvent becomes identical. It is assumed that solute does not dissolve in solid
solvent
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The temperature T, corresponding to the point E, where the vapour pressure curve of
the solution intersects the sublimation curve, is the freezing point of the solution.
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Derive the expression to calculate the molecular weight of unknown solute by
measuring
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depression in freezing point of pure solvent by addition of non-volatile solute and
Raoults law for depression of freezing point
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326 14. Osmosis and osmotic pressure :
327 Semi permeable membrane:
1 It is a membrane which allows the solvent molecules, but not the solute molecules, to pass through it.
2 The thin films of the copper ferrocyanide,Cu2[Fe(CN)6] deposited in pores of porous porcelain pot is the
best semi permeable membrane.
3 Cellulose, cellulose nitrate, animal bladder, etc. are used as semi permeable membranes.
328
329 Osmosis
1 When a solution is separated from pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane as shown in figure, the solvent
molecules pass through the membrane into the solution and dilute it.
330
1 Similarly, when two solutions of different concentrations are seperated by semipermeable membrane then the
direction of flow of solvent molecules is from the solution of lower concentration to the solution of higher
concentration.
2 Due to flow of solvent into the high concentrated solution, the solution gets diluted.
3 The flow continues till the concentrations of the two solutions become equal.
331
Page 20
332
333 Definition of Osmosis334The spontaneous and unidirectional flow of solvent molecules through a semi permeable membrane, into the
solution or flow of solvent from a solution of lower concentration to the solution of higher concentration through
a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis.
335
336Osmotic Pressure: The excess of pressure on the side of solution that stops the net flow of solvent into
solution through semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.
337
338Note: The osmotic pressure is not the pressure produced by solution. It exists only when the solution is
separated from the solvent by the semipermeable membrane. The resulting osmosis produces an excess
pressure (osmotic pressure) in the solution.
339
340 Alternative Definition of Osmotic Pressure ()
1 Osmotic pressure of a solution can also be defined as the excess mechanical pressure which must be applied
on the side of solution to stop the flow of solvent molecules through semipermeable membrane into the solution.
341
342 15.Types of solution on the basis of osmotic pressure
1 1. Isotonic solution:
2 Two or more solutions exerting the same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions.
3 For example, 0.05M urea solution and 0.05M sucrose solution are isotonic because their osmotic pressures
are the same.
4 If these solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane, there is no flow of solvent in either direction.
5 2. Hypertonic solution:
6 A solution having osmotic pressure higher than that of another solution is said to be hypertonic with that
solution.
7 E.g. 0.1 M urea solution exerts higher osmotic pressure than 0.05 M sucrose solution. Hence, 0.1M urea
solution is hypertonic to 0.05 M sucrose solution.
8 If these solutions are seperated by a semipermeable membrane, the solvent flows from sucrose to urea as
sucrose is having low concentration.
9 3. Hypotonic solution:
10 A solution having osmotic pressure lower than that of another is said to be hypotonic solution with that
solution.
11 For example, 0.05 M sucrose solution has osmotic pressure lower than that of 0.1 M urea solution. Therefore
0.05 M sucrose solution is hypotonic with 0.1 M urea solution.
343 Osmosis in day today life:
1 A raw mango kept in a concentrated salt solution loses water due to osmosis and shrivel into pickle.
2 A limp carrot and celery due to water loss into atmosphere can be placed into water making it firm once again.
Water moves in carrot due to osmosis.
3 People eating lot of salt experience edema i.e. swelling of tissue cells due to water retention in cells.
Page 21
4
5
6
The preservation of fruits by adding sugar protects against bacterial action. Due to osmosis, a bacterium on
candid fruit loses water, shrivels and dies.
0.91 % solution of sodium chloride (called saline water) is isotonic with Human Blood. Thus medicines are mixed
with saline water during intravenous injections which prevents blood cells from shrinking or bursting.
When blood cells are kept in hypertonic solution (5% NaCl), water comes out of the cells and they shrink in
size. While when blood cells are kept in hypotonic solution (Distilled water) water flows into the cell and they
swell or burst..
Osmotic pressure is responsible for transporting water upward from soil to top of trees. In plants the leaves
of the tree loose water to the atmosphere constantly by transpiration. The solute concentration in leaf fluid
increases and water is pulled up by osmotic pressure. In case of some of the tall trees, water reaches to the
height of almost 120 meters by osmosis and capillary action.
344
345 Laws of osmotic pressure:
1 According to the theory, solute molecules in dilute solutions possess kinetic energy and move in random
directions in the solution and behave like gas molecules.
2 On collision against semipermeable membrane, the solute molecules exert osmotic pressure equal to the
pressure, which the solute molecules would exert if it were gas molecules at the same temperature and occupying
the same volume as the solution.
3 Thus the osmotic pressure could be considered to be due to bombardment of solute particles on
semipermeable membrane.
4 The osmotic pressure is thus directly proportional to the number of solute particles or the concentration of
solute at constant temperature.
346
347
348
349
Page 22
350
351
352
353
354
355
35616.Reverse osmosis :
Page 23
357
358
359
360 17. Abnormal colligative properties :
361 Abnormal molecular masses:
1 Dilute solution of non-electrolytes like urea, glucose, etc. exhibit colligative properties like lowering of vapour
pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure.
2 In dilute solutions of non electrolytes in aqueous or nonaqueous solvents, the solute remains in normal
molecular condition and DOES NOT undergo either dissociation or association.
3
4
5
6
7 The solution of nonelectrolytes does not conduct electricity. The colligative properties of solutions of
nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solutes depend on actual number of solute particles present in the solution.
8 Hence, Colligative properties Actual number of solute particles present in solution.
9 Molecular masses of nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solutes from dilute solutions can be determined by using the
value of colligative property. From these equations, it isobserved that colligative property is inversely
proportional to molecular mass of solute. This molecular mass is theoretical molecular mass of solute.
10 In case of solutions of electrolytes, value of observed colligative properties is either exceptionally higher or
lower than the theoretically expected value of colligative property exhibited by solution of non-electrolyte
solute of same concentration.
11 This is because the electrolyte solute i.e. the solute of acid, base or salt when dissolved in solvent can undergo
dissociation or association.
Page 24
12 In case of dissociation of solute, the number of particles in the form of ions is more than actually dissolved.
As the no. of particles increases the value of colligative properties also increases.
13 In general if solute molecules undergoes dissociation producing 2, 3, 4 ions, the observed molecular mass
becomes 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 etc. of the theoretical molecular mass of electrolyte solute.
14 In case of some solutes, two or more molecules associate together to produce large aggregate molecules.
Because of this, effective number of particles of solute in the solution decreases
15 Due to association, observed molecular mass becomes double, triple of the theoretical molecular mass and so
on.
16 In general, observed, lower molecular masses of electrolyte solutes are due to dissociation of solute molecules
or observed higher molecular masses of solutes in nonaqueous solvents are due to association/polymerization and
are called abnormal molecular masses.
362
363
364
365
366
Page 25
367
368
369
370
371
37218. Vant Hoff factor :
373
374
375
376
Page 26
377
378
379
380
381
382 Degree of Association :
383The fraction of the total number of molecules which combine to form bigger molecule.
384Consider one mole of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent. Suppose n simple molecules combine to
form an associated molecule,
385i.e. nA
(A)n
386Let a be the degree of association, then,

387The number of unassociated moles = 1-a
388The number of associated moles = a/n
389Total number of effective moles = 1-a+a/n
390
391i = 1- a (11/n)
392Obviously, i < 1
393
394 Degree of Dissociation
395Degree of dissociation means the fraction of the total number of molecules which dissociates in the
solution, that is, breaks into simpler molecules or ions. Consider one mole of an univalent electrolyte like
potassium chloride dissolved in a given volume of water. Let a be its degree of dissociation.
396Then the number of moles of KCI left undissociated will be 1-a. At the same time, a moles of K + ions and
a moles of Cl-ions will be produced, as shown below.
397KCl
K+ + Cl3981399Thus, the total number of moles after dissociation = 1- + + = 1+
400Hence, i = (1+ )/1
401Since, as already, mentioned, osmotic pressure, vapour pressure lowering, boiling point elevation or
freezing point depressions vary inversely as the molecular weight of the solute, it follows that
402i = 1+
= 1+ (21)
403In general, i = 1+ (n1) a, Where, n = number of particles ( ions) formed after dissociation
404From the above formula, it is clear that i > 1
Page 27
405Knowing, the observed molar mass and the Van't Hoff factor, i, the degree of dissociation, a can be easily
calculated.
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
CLASS XII- 3
441
UNIT : 2 SOLUTION-3 (05 MARKS )-PROBABLE QUESTIONS
442
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________
443
444 MCQ ON SOLUTION SET -1
Page 28
4451.pA and pB are the vapour pressure of pure liquid components, A and B, respectively of an ideal binary solution. If
xA represents the mole fraction of component A, the total pressure of the solution will be
446
447pB+ xA (pB pA)
A
448
449pB+ xA (pA pB)
B
450
451 pA+ xA (pB pA)
C
452
453pA+ xA (pA pB)
D
455
4562.Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of
the solution is
457
4581.78 M
A
459
4602.00 M
B
461
4622.05 M
C
463
4642.22 M
D
466
4673.A solution of two liquids boils at a temperature more than the boiling point of either of them. Hence, the binary
solution shows ______.
468
469negative deviation from Raoult's law
A
470
471 positive deviation from Raoult's law
B
472
473no deviation from Raoult's law
C
474
475positive or negative deviation from Raoult's law depending upon the composition
D
477
4784.A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH 3OH is supplied. What is the mole fraction of methyl alcohol
in the solution?
479
4800.050
A
481
4820.100
B
483
4840.190
C
485
4860.086
D
488
4895.The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100 g of urea, [(NH 2)2CO] is added to 0.3000 dm3 of water at STP is
490
491 3.33 102 m
A
492
4930.555 m
B
494
4955.55 104 m
C
496
49733.3 m
D
Page 29
499
5006.1.00 g of non-electrolyte solute (molar mass 250 g mol -1) was dissolved in 51.2 g of benzene. If the freezing
point depression constant, Kf of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol-1, the freezing point of benzene will be lowered by
501
5020.3 K
A
503
5040.5 K
B
505
5060.2 K
C
507
5080.4 K
D
510
511 7.A solution of acetone in ethanol
512
513 shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law
A
514
515 behaves like a near ideal solution
B
516
517 obeys Raoult's law
C
518
519 shows negative deviation from Raoult's law
D
521
5228.18 g of glucose (C6H12O6) is added to 178.2 g of water. The vapour pressure of water for this aqueous solution
at 100C is
523
5247.60 torr
A
525
52676.00 torr
B
527
528752.40 torr
C
529
530759.00 torr
D
532
5339.Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.20 g/mL. The molarity of the solution is [AIEEE 2006]
534
5353.28 mol kg-1
A
536
5372.28 mol kg-1
B
538
5390.44 mol kg-1
C
540
541 2.14 mol kg-1
D
543
54410.A solution has 1 : 4 mole ratio of pentane to hexane. The vapour pressure of pure hydrocarbons at 20C are
400 mm Hg for pentane and 120 mm Hg for hexane. The mole fraction of pentane in the vapour phase would be
545
5460.200
A
547
5480.549
B
549
5500.786
C
551
5520.478
D
Page 30
554
55511.The vapour pressure of two liquids P and Q are 80 and 60 torr respectively. The total vapour pressure of
solution obtained by mixing 3 mol of P and 2 mol of Q would be [CBSE AIPMT 2005]
556
55772 torr
A
558
559140 torr
B
560
561 68 torr
C
562
56320 torr
D
565
56612.A solution of urea (mol. mass = 56 g mol-1) boils at 100.18C at the atmospheric pressure. If K f and Kb for water
are 1.86 and 0.512 K kg mol-1 respectively, then the above solution will freeze at [CBSE AIPMT 2005]
567
5680.654C
A
569
5700.654C
B
571
5726.54C
C
573
5746.54C
D
576
57713.Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner: 480 mL of 1.5 M first
solution + 520 mL of 1.2 M second solution. What is the molarity of the final mixture?
578
5791.20 M
A
580
581 1.50 M
B
582
5831.344 M
C
584
5852.70 M
D
587
58814.Equimolar solution in the same solvent have
589
590same boiling point but different freezing point
A
591
592same freezing point but different boiling point
B
593
594same boiling point and same freezing point
C
595
596different boiling point and different freezing point
D
598
59915.Molarity of 0.2 N H2SO4 is
600A
601 0.2
602B
6030.4
604C
6050.6
606D
6070.1
608 MCQ ON SOLUTION : SET - 2
609
610 1.58.5 gm of NaCl and 180 gm of glucose were separately dissolved in 1000 ml of water. Identify the correct
statement regarding the elevation of boiling point (b.p.) of the resulting solutions.
Page 31
611
612 NaCl solution will show higher elevation of b.p.
A
613
614 Glucose solution will show higher elevation of b.p.
B
615
616 Both the solutions will show equal elevation of b.p.
C
617
618 The b.p. elevation will be shown by neither of the solutions
D
620
621 2..The freezing point (in C) of a solution containing 0.1 g of K 3[Fe(CN)6] (Mol. Wt. 329) in 100 g water
622(Kf = 1.86 K kg mol1) is
623
6242.3 102
A
625
6265.7 102
B
627
6285.7 103
C
629
6301.2 102
D
632
6333.Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in a cold climate. Mass of ethylene glycol which should be added to 4 kg
of water to prevent it from freezing at 6C will be: (K f for water = 1.86 K kg mol1 and molar mass of ethylene
glycol = 62 g mol1)
634
635304.60 g
A
636
637804.32 g
B
638
639204.30 g
C
640
641 400.00 g
D
643
6444.A 5% solution of cane sugar (molar mass 342 is isotonic with 1% of a solution of an unknown solute. The molar
mass of unknown solute in g/mol is
645
64634.2
A
647
648136.2
B
649
650171.2
C
651
65268.4
D
654
6555.A solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol-1) has been prepared by dissolving 68.5 g of sucrose in 100 g of
water. The freezing point of the solution obtained will be (K f for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
656
657+ 0.372C
A
658
659 0.570C
B
660
661 0.372C
C
662
663 0.520C
D
Page 32
665
6666.An aqueous solution is 1.00 molal in KI. Which change will cause the vapour pressure of the solution to
increase?
667
668addition of 1.00 molal KI
A
669
670addition of water
B
671
672addition of NaCl
C
673
674addition of Na2SO4
D
676
6777.25.3 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 is dissolved in enough water to make 250 ml of solution. If sodium
carbonate dissociates completely, molar concentration of sodium Ion, Na + and carbonate ions, CO32- are
respectively (Molar mass of NasCO3 = 106 g mol-1)
678
6791.90 M and 1.910 M
A
680
681 0.477 M and 0.0477 M
B
682
6830.955 M and 1.910 M
C
684
6851.910 M and 0.955 M
D
687
6888.On mixing, heptanes and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid
components (heptanes and octane) are 105 kPa and 45 kPa respectively. Vapour pressure of the solution obtained
by mixing 25.0 g of heptanes and 35 g of octane will be (molar mass of heptanes = 100 g mol -1and of octane = 114
g mol-1)
689
69096.2 kPa
A
691
692144.5 kPa
B
693
69472.0 kPa
C
695
69636.1 kPa
D
698
6999.If sodium sulphate is considered to be completely dissociated into cations and anions in aqueous solution, the
change in freezing point of water (Tf), when 0.01 mol of sodium sulphate is dissolved in 1 kg of water is (K f =
1.86 K kg mol-1)
700
701 0.0744 K
A
702
7030.0186 K
B
704
7050.0372 K
C
706
7070.0558 K
D
709
710 10.The molarity of a NaOH solution by dissolving 4 g of it in 250 ml water is
711
712 0.4 M
A
713 714 0.8 M
Page 33
B
715
716 0.2 M
C
717
718 0.1 M
D
720
721 11.What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.0020 mol dm -3 sucrose (C12H22O11) solution at 20C?
722(Molar gas constant, R = 8.314 JK -1 mol-1, 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3?
723
7244870 Pa
A
725
7264.87 Pa
B
727
7280.00487 Pa
C
729
7300.33 Pa
D
732
73312.The Henry's law constant for the solubility of N 2 gas in water at 298 K is 1.0 105 atm. The mole fraction of
N2 in air is 0.8. The number of moles of N2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of water at 298 K and 5 atm pressure
is
734
7354.0 10-4
A
736
737p class=QuestionPaper style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in'>4.0 10-5
B
738
739p class=QuestionPaper style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in'>5.0 10-4
C
740
741 4.0 10-6
D
743
74413.0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX) is 20% ionized. If K f for water is 1.86 K kg mol-1, the lowering in
freezing point of the solution is
745
7460.56 K
A
747
7481.12 K
B
749
7500.56 K
C
751
7521.12 K
D
754
75514.A solution containing 10 g per dm3 of urea (molecular mass = 60) is isotonic with a 5% solution of a non-volatile
solute. The molecular mass of this non-volatile solute is
756
757300 g mol-1
A
758
759350 g mol-1
B
760
761 200 g mol-1
C
762
763250 g mol-1
D
765
Page 34
76615.Benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solutions. At 20C, the vapour pressure of benzene is 75 torr and that
of toluene is 22 torr. The partial vapour pressure of benzene at 20C for a solution containing 78 g of benzene
and 46 g of toluene in torr is
767A
76825
769B
77050
771 C
77253.5
773D
77437.5
775 MCQ ON SOLUTION : SET -3
776
777
7781.6.02 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL of its solution. The concentration of solution is [NEET 2013]
779
7800.02 M
A
781
7820.01 M
B
783
7840.001 M
C
785
7860.1 M
D
788
7892.How many grams of concentrated nitric acid solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 M HNO 3? The
concentrated acid is 70% HNO3.
790
791 45.0 g conc. HNO3
A
792
79390.0 g conc. HNO3
B
794
C
796
D
799
8003.A 5.25% solution of a substance is isotonic with a 1.5% solution of urea (molar mass = 60 g mol 1) in the same
solvent. If the densities of both the solutions are assumed to be equal to 1.0 g cm 3, molar mass of the substance
will be
801
80290.0 g mol-1
A
803
804115.0 g mol-1
B
805
806105.0 g mol-1
C
807
808210.0 g mol-1
D
810
811 4.At 80C the vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 520 mm Hg and that of pure liquid B is 1000 mm Hg. If a
mixture of solution of 'A and B boils at 80C and 1 atm pressure, the amount of A in the mixture is (1 atm =
760 mm Hg)
812
813 50 mol percent
A
814
815 52 mol percent
B
816
817 34 mol percent
C
818 819 48 mol percent
Page 35
D
821
8225.A 0.0020 m aqueous solution of an ionic compound Co(NH 3)5 (NO2)Cl freezes at 0.00732C. Number of moles of
ions which 1 mol of ionic compound produces on being dissolved in water will be (k f = 1.86C/m)
823
8243
A
825
8264
B
827
8281
C
829
8302
D
832
8336.Solution A contains 7g/L of MgCl 2 and solution B contains 7g/L of NaCl. At room temperature, the osmotic
pressure of:
834
835solution B is greater than A
A
836
837both have same osmotic pressure
B
838
839solution A is greater than B
C
840
841 can't determine
D
843
8447.Which of the following liquid pairs shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law?
845
846Water hydrochloric acid
A
847
848Benzene methanol
B
849
850Water nitric acid
C
851
852Acetone chloroform
D
854
8558.The elevation in boiling point of a solution of 13.44 g of CuCl 2 in 1 kg of water using following information will be
(molecular wt. of CuCl2 = 134.4, Kb = 0.52 K molal1)
856
8570.16
A
858
8590.05
B
860
861 0.1
C
862
8630.2
D
865
8669.After removing the hard shell of an egg by dissolving in dil. HCl, a semipermeable membrane is visible. If such
an egg is kept in a saturated solution of common salt the size of the egg will
867
868shrink
A
869
870grow
B
871
872remain the same
C
Page 36
873
874first shrink and then grow larger
D
876
87710.In an oxidation reduction reaction, dichromate (Cr 2O72) ion is reduced to Cr+3 ion. The equivalent weight of
K2Cr2O7 in this reaction is
878
879Molecular weight/3
A
880
881 Molecular weight/6
B
882
C
884
D
887
8881.Acidified KMnO4 oxidizes oxalic acid to CO2. What is the volume (in litres) of 104m KMnO4 required to
completely oxidize 0.5 litres of 102 M oxalic acid in acid medium
889
890125
A
891
8921250
B
893
894200
C
895
89620
D
898
8992.250 ml of a sodium carbonate solution contains 2.65 grams of Na 2CO3. 10 ml of this solution is added to x ml of
water to obtain 0.001 M Na2CO3 solution. What is the value of x in ml?
(Molecular weight of Na2CO3 =106)
900
901 1000
A
902
903990
B
904
9059990
C
906
90790
D
909
910 3.Volume of water needed to mix with 10 mL N HCl to get 0.1 N HCl is
911
912 90 mL
A
913
914 9 mL
B
915
916 900 mL
C
917
918 1000 mL
D
920
921 4.The density (in g mL1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% H 2SO4 (molar mass = 98 g mol1) by mass
will be
922
9231.64
A
924 9251.88
Page 37
B
926
9271.22
C
928
9291.95
D
931
9325.The vapour pressure of pure water at 20C is 17.5 mm Hg. If 18 g of glucose (C 6H12O6) is added to 178.2 g of
water at 20C, the vapour pressure of resulting solution will be
933
93417.325 m Hg
A
935
93617.675 mm Hg
B
937
93815.750 mm Hg
C
939
94016.500 mm Hg
D
942
9436.6.02 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL of its solution. The concentration of urea solution is
944(Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 1023 mol-1)
945
9460.001 M
A
947
9480.01 M
B
949
9500.02 M
C
951
9520.1 M
D
954
9557.Which has minimum osmotic pressure?
956
957200 mL of 2 M NaCl solution
A
958
959200 mL of 1 M glucose solution
B
960
961 200 mL of 2 M urea solution
C
962
963All have same osmotic pressure
D
965
9668.138 grams of ethyl alcohol is mixed with 72 grams of water. The ratio of mole fraction of alcohol to water is
967
9681:4
A
969
9701:2
B
971
9723:4
C
973
9741:1
D
976
9779.If a is the degree of dissociation of Na2SO4, the Van't Hoff factor (i) used for calculating the molecular mass
is
978
9791 a
A
980 981 1 + a
Page 38
B
982
9831 2a
C
984
9851 + 2a
D
987
98810.Molality of an aqueous solution that produces an elevation of boiling point of 1.00 K at 1 atm pressure
(Kb for water = 0.512 K. Kg . mol1)
989
9900.512 M
A
991
9920.915 M
B
993
9941.95 M
C
9965.12 M
995
D
998
9991.In the redox reaction,
1000
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2
1001
the volume of 0.1M. KMnO4 required to Oxidize 25mL of 0.25 M. H2C2O4 solution is
1002
1003
25 L
A
1004
1005
125 Ml
B
1006
1007
25 Ml
C
1008
1009
1.25 L
D
1011
1012
2.In an oxidation reduction reaction, MnO 4 ion is converted to Mn2+. What is the number of equivalents of
KMnO4 (mol. wt = 158) present in 250 ml of 0.04 M KMnO 4 solution?
1013
1014
0.02
A
1015
1016
0.05
B
1017
1018
0.04
C
1019
1020
0.07
D
1022
1023
3.What is the volume (in ml) of 0.1M potassium permanganate solution required to completely oxidize
100ml of 0.5M ferrous sulphate solution in acidic medium?
1024
1025
20
A
1026
1027
200
B
1028
1029
50
C
1030
1031
100
D
1033
1034
4.35.4 mL of HCl is required for the neutralization of a solution containing 0.275 g of sodium hydroxide.
The normality of hydrochloric acid is
Page 39
1035
1036
0.194 N
A
1037
1038
0.142 N
B
1039
1040
0.97 N
C
1041
1042
0.244 N
D
1044
1045
5.The volume of two HCl solutions A(0.5N) and B(0.1N) to be mixed for preparing 2l of 0.2 N HCl solution
1046
1047
0.5 l of A + 1.5 l of B
A
1048
1049
1.5 l of A + 0.5l of B
B
1050
1051
1 l of A + 1 l of B
C
1052
1053
0.75 l of A + 1.25 l of B
D
1055
1056
6.A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol has vapour pressure of 290 mm at 300 K. The vapour
pressure of propyl alcohol is 200 mm. If the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol is 0.6, its vapour pressure (in mm) at
the same temperature will be
1057
1058
300
A
1059
1060
700
B
1061
1062
360
C
1063
1064
350
D
1066
1067
7.Vapour pressure of pure A is 70 mm of Hg at 25C. It forms an ideal solution with B in which mole
fraction of A is 0.8. If the vapour pressure of the solution is 84 mm of Hg at 25C, the vapour pressure of pure
B at 25C is
1068
1069
56 m
A
1070
1071
70 mm
B
1072
1073
140 mm
C
1074
1075
28 mm
D
1077
1078
8.A mixture of ethane and ethene occupies 41 L at 1 atm and 500 K. The mixture reacts completely with
10/3 mole of O2 to produce CO2 and H2O. The mole fractions of ethane and ethene in the mixture are (R = 0.082
L atm K1 mol1) respectively
1079
1080
0.50, 0.50
A
1081
1082
0.75, 0.25
B
1083
1084
0.67, 0.33
C
10851086
0.25, 0.75
Page 40
D
1088
1089
1090
1091
A
1092
1093
B
1094
1095
C
1096
1097
D
1099
1100
1101
1102
A
1103
1104
B
1105
1106
C
1107
1108
D
9.X is dissolved in water. Maximum boiling point is observed when X is ... (0.1 M each):
CaSO4
BaCl2
NaCl
Urea
10.The volume of 10N and 4N HCl required to make 1 litre of 7N HCl are
0.75 litre of 10N HCl and 0.25 litre of 4N HCl
1109
MCQ ON SOLUTION : SET -6
1110
11111.'x' grams of water is mixed in 69 grams of ethanol. Mole fraction of ethanol in the resultant solution is 0.6.
What is the value of 'x' in grams?
1112
1113
54
A
1114
1115
36
B
1116
1117
180
C
1118
1119
18
D
1121
1122
2.An aqueous solution of glucose is 20% in strength. The volume in which 1 g-mole of it is dissolved will be
1123
1124
8L
A
1125
1126
1.8 L
B
1127
1128
9L
C
1129
1130
0.9 L
D
1132
1133
3.Which of the following set of variables give a straight line with a negative slope when plotted? (P =
Vapour pressure; T = Temperature in K)
1134
1135
y-axis
1136
x-axis
1137
(
1138
1140 1141
(
1139
log10 P
1142
1/T
Page 41
1143
(
1144
log10 P
1145
1146
(
1147
log10 P
1148
log10 1/T
1149
1150
Option (1)
A
1151
1152
Option (2)
B
1153
1154
Option (3)
C
1155
1156
Option (4)
D
1158
1159
4.250ml of a solution contains 6.3 grams of oxalic acid (mol. wt. = 126). What is the volume (in litres) of
water to be added to this solution to make it a 0.1N solution?
1160
1161
750
A
1162
1163
7.5
B
1164
1165
0.075
C
1166
1167
0.75
D
1169
1170
5.40% by weight solution will contain how much mass of the solute in 1 L solution, density of the solution
is 1.2 g/mL?
1171
1172
480 g
A
1173
1174
48 g
B
1175
1176
38 g
C
1177
1178
380 g
D
1180
1181
6.By dissolving 5 g substance in 50 g of water, the decrease in freezing point is 1.2C. The molal
depression is 1.85C. The molecular weight of substance is
1182
1183
137.2
A
1184
1185
118.2
B
1186
1187
105.4
C
1188
1189
154.2
D
1191
1192
7.During osmosis, flow of water through a semipermeable membrane is
1193
1194
from both sides of semipermeable membrane with equal flow rates
A
1195 1196
from both sides of the semipermeable membrane with unequal flow rates
Page 42
B
1197
1198
from solution having lower concentration only
C
1199
1200
from solution having higher concentration only
D
1202
1203
8.When 20 g of naphthoic acid (C11H8O2) is dissolved in 50 g of benzene (Kf = 1.72 K kg mol1) a freezing
point depression of 2 K is observed. The Vant Hoff factor i is
1204
1205
0.5
A
1206
1207
1
B
1208
1209
2
C
1210
1211
3
D
1213
1214
9.A 6% solution of urea is isotonic with
1215
1216
0.05 M solution of Glucose
A
1217
1218
6% solution of Glucose
B
1219
1220
25% solution of Glucose
C
1221
1222
1 M solution of glucose
D
1224
1225
10.Dialysis can be used to separate
1226
1227
glucose and fructose
A
1228
1229
protein and starch
B
1230
1231
glucose and protein
C
1232
1233
glucose and NaCl
D
1234
1235
1236
1.3.65 grams of HCl is dissolved in 16.2 grams of water. The mole fraction of HCl in the resulting solution
is
1237
1238
0.4
A
1239
1240
0.3
B
1241
1242
0.2
C
1243
1244
0.1
D
1246
1247
2.One gram of silver gets distributed between 10 cm 3 of molten zinc and 100 cm3 of molten lead at 800C.
The percentage of silver still left in the lead layer is approximately
1248
1249
5
A
Page 43
1250
1251
2
B
1252
1253
1
C
1254
1255
3
D
1257
1258
3.Molarity of a given orthophosphoric acid solution is 3M. Its normality is
1259
1260
1N
A
1261
1262
2N
B
1263
1264
0.3 N
C
1265
1266
9N
D
1268
1269
4.250 ml of a solution carbonate solution contains 2.65 grams of Na 2CO3. If 10 ml of this solution is
diluted to one litre, what is the concentration of the resultant solution? (molecular weight of Na 2CO3= 106)
1270
1271
0.1 M
A
1272
1273
0.001 M
B
1274
1275
0.01 M
C
1276
1277
104 M
D
1279
1280
5.When 25 grams of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in 100 grams of water, the vapour pressure is
lowered by 2.25 101 mm. If the vapour pressure of water at 20C is 17.5 mm, what is the molecular weight of
the solute?
1281
1282
206
A
1283
1284
302
B
1285
1286
350
C
1287
1288
276
D
1290
1291
6.Which one is correct?
1292
1293
Molality changes with temperature
A
1294
1295
Molality does not change with temperature
B
1296
1297
Molarity does not change with temperature
C
1298
1299
Normality does not change with temperature
D
1301
1302
7.Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4 by mass and has a density of 1.80 g mL1.Volume of
acid required to make one litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 is
13031304
5.55 mL
Page 44
A
1305
1306
11.10 mL
B
1307
1308
16.65 mL
C
1309
1310
22.20 mL
D
1312
1313
8.Which of the following can be measured by the Ostwald-Walker dynamic method?
1314
1315
Vapour pressure of the solvent
A
1316
1317
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
B
1318
1319
Lowering of vapour pressure
C
1320
1321
All of these
D
1323
1324
9.Two liquids X and Y form an ideal solution. At 300 K, vapour pressure of the solution containing 1 mole
of X and 3 mole of Y is 550 mm Hg. At the same temperature, if 1 mole of Y is further added to this solution,
vapour pressure (in mm Hg) of X and Y in their pure states will be respectively
1325
1326
200 and 300
A
1327
1328
300 and 400
B
1329
1330
400 and 600
C
1331
1332
500 and 300
D
1334
1335
10.50 cm3 of 0.2 N HCI is titrated against 0.1 N NaOH solution. The titration is discontinued after
adding 50 cm3 of NaOH. The remaining titration is completed by adding 0.5 N KOH. The volume of KOH required
for completing the titration is ______.
1336
1337
10 cm3
A
1338
1339
12 cm3
B
1340
1341
10.5 cm3
C
1342
1343
25 cm3
D
1344
1345
1346
1347
1.The vapour pressure of water at 23C is 19.8 mm. 0.1 mole of glucose is dissolved in 178.2 g of water.
What is the vapour pressure (in mm) of the resultant solution?
1348
1349
19.0
A
1350
1351
19.602
B
1352
1353
19.402
C
13541355
19.202
Page 45
D
1357
1358
2.Equal volumes of 0.1 M and 0.2 M NaCl solutions are mixed. The concentration of nitrate ions in the
resultant mixture will be
1359
1360
0.1 M
A
1361
1362
0.2 M
B
1363
1364
0.05 M
C
1365
1366
0.15 M
D
1368
1369
3.25 mL of a solution of barium hydroxide on titration with 0.1 molar solution of hydrochloric acid gave a
tire value of 35 mL. The molarity of barium hydroxide solution was
1370
1371
0.28
A
1372
1373
0.14
B
1374
1375
0.07
C
1376
1377
0.35
D
1379
1380
4.Equal masses of methane and oxygen are mixed in an empty container at 25C. The fraction of the total
pressure exerted by oxygen is
1381
1382
2/3
A
1383
1384
1/3 273/298
B
1385
1386
1/3
C
1387
1388
D
1390
1391
5.2N HCl solution will have same molar concentration as a
1392
1393
4.0N H2SO4
A
1394
1395
0.5N H2SO4
B
1396
1397
1N H2SO4
C
1398
1399
2N H2SO4
D
1401
1402
6.0.004 M Na2SO4 is isotonic with 0.01 M Glucose. Degree of dissociation of Na 2SO4 is
1403
1404
75%
A
1405
1406
50%
B
1407
1408
25%
C
14091410
85%
Page 46
D
1412
1413
7.10 cm3 of 0.1 N monobasic acid requires 15 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution whose normality is
1414
1415
1.5 N
A
1416
1417
0.15 N
B
1418
1419
0.066 N
C
1420
1421
0.66 N
D
1423
1424
8.20 ml of 0.1 M acetic acid is mixed with 50 ml of Potassium acetate. K a of acetic acid = 1.8 105 at
27C. The concentration of Potassium acetate if pH of the mixture is 4.8
1425
1426
0.1 M
A
1427
1428
0.04 M
B
1429
1430
0.4 M
C
1431
1432
0.02 M
D
1434
1435
9.A binary liquid solution is prepared by mixing n-heptane and ethanol. Which one of the following
statements is correct regarding the behavior of the solution?
1436
1437
The solution is non-ideal, showing +ve deviation from Raoult's Law
A
1438
1439
The solution is non-ideal, showing ve deviation from Raoult's Law
B
1440
1441
n-heptane shows +ve deviation while ethanol shows ve deviation from Raoult's Law
C
1442
1443
The solution formed is an ideal solution
D
1445
1446
10.The empirical formula of a nonelectrolyte is CH 2O. A solution containing 3g of the compound exerts
the same osmotic pressure as that of 0.05 M glucose solution. The molecular formula of the compound is
1447
1448
C2H4O2
A
1449
1450
CH2O
B
1451
1452
C3H6O3
C
1453
1454
C4H8O4
D
1455
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS FOR DISCUSSION
1456
1457
1.Give one example each for (a) gas in liquid type solution (b) solid solution
1458
2.Methanol and water are completely miscible but water and benzene are immisible . Explain.
1459
3.Define molarity and molality of solution .
1460
4.Why do we prefer molality over molarity ?
1461
5. What is the effect of temperature on (a) molarity and (b) mole fraction ?
1462
6.Why does the molality of the solution remains unchanged with temperature ?
1463
7.What is the molality of acetic acid solution containing 6g of acetic acid in 100 g of water ?
Page 47
1464
8.Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol and water in a solution in which 46 g of ethanol and 90 g of
water have been mixed.
1465
9.What is the molarity of glucose of the aq solution of glucose in which 0.090 g of glucose in 10 dm 3 of
the solution ?
1466
10 A 250 cm3 solution of sodium sulphate contains 3.01X10 22 sodium ions. What is the molarity of the
solution ?
1467
11.Battery acid contains 13% by mass of sulphuric acid. What is the molality of the solution ?
1468
12.If 2.8 g potash is dissolved in 200 cm3 of the solution what shall be the difference in its normality and
molarity ?
1469
13.What is the relationship between molarity and molality ?
1470
14.A litre of sea water ( equal to 1030 g ) contains 6.0X10 -3 g dissolved oxygen . Express the
concentration in parts per million.
1471
15.State Henrys law with mathematical form .
1472
16.List the factors on which the Henrys law constant depends .
1473
17.The partial pressure of oxygen at the sea level is 0.21 atm. Calculate the solubility of oxygen in
milligrams per litre. (KH for oxygen is 1.3X10-3 molL-1atm-1)
1474
18.How does the temperature affect the solubility of a gas in liquid ?
1475
19.Why are the aquatic species more comfortable in cold water rather than warm water ?
1476
20.Giev two examples of solid solution in which the atoms of one substance displaces some atoms of the
other substance in the crystal lattice.
1477
21.What do you mean by vapour pressure of liquid ?
1478
22. What are the factors on which the vapour pressure of a liquid depends ?
1479
23.Two liquids X and Y boil at 1100C and 1400C respectively. Which of them has higher vapour pressure at
0
50 C ?
1480
24.State Raoults law for a solution containing two miscible volatile liquids.
1481
25.State Raoults law for a solution in which the solvent alone is volatile .
1482
26.How is relative lowering of vapour pressure is related to molefraction of solute ?
1483
27.State the conditions under which the Raoults law holds good.
1484
28.What are ideal liquid solutions ?
1485
29.What does an ideal solution mean at the molecular level ?
1486
30 Draw a labelled diagram to express the relationships at constant temperature between vapour
pressure and mole fraction of ideal solutions .
1487
31. The vapour pressure of a pure liquid A is 30 mm Hg at 320K . The vapour pressure of this liquid in a
solution with liquid B is 28 mmHg at the same temperature. What is the mole fraction of B in the solution if it
obeys Raoults law .
1488
32. Which of the mixture containing the following pairs is / are expected to obey Raoults law (i) nhexane n-heptane (ii) chloroform acetone
1489
33.When does a solution deviate from ideal behaviour ?
1490
34.What type of nonidealities exhibited by (i) acetic acid pyridine (ii) Cyclohexanol-water mixture ?
1491
35 Give an example of a solution where A-B interaction is greater than A-A or B-B interaction.
1492
36.When two liquids X and Y are mixed the solution becomes hot . When pair of liquids Y and z are mixed
, the solution becomes cold. Which of these solutions will exhibit negative deviations from Raoults law ?
1493
37.Define azeotropic mixture ?
1494
38.What are different types of azeotropes ? give one example of each.
1495
39.When water and nitric acid are mixed together, a rise in temperature is being observed. What tyoe of
azeotropic mixture is obtained ?
1496
40.If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g/L and contains 92 g Na + ions per kg of water , calculate
the molality of Na+ in the lake .
1497
41. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs (i) nhexane n-octane (ii) I2 and CCl4 (iii) NaClO4 and water (iv) methanol and acetone (v) acetonitrile ( CH 3CN) and
acetone
1498
42.Based on solvent-solvent interaction, arrange the following in the increasing order of increasing
solubility in n-octane
Page 48
1499
Cyclohexane , KCl , CH3OH , CH3CN
1500
43.Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble , partially soluble and highly soluble in
water ?
1501
(i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid (iv) ethylene glycol (v) chloroform (vi) pentanol
1502
44. Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised ?
1503
45.Mention some of the important applications of Henrys law.
1504
46.Why is the vapour pressure of a solvent lowered by the addition of non-volatile solute ?
1505
47.What happens to the vapour pressure of a liquid when (i) volatile solute dissolves in it (ii) a nonvolatile solute dissolves in it .
1506
48.Give any two characteristics and two examples of ideal solution .
1507
49.Why do some solutions show positive deviations from ideal behaviour ? Illustrate your answer with
diagram.
1508
50.With the help of suitable diagrams , illustrate the two types of nonideal solution..
1509
51.What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoults law and how is the sign H sol realted
to positive and negative deviations from raoults law ?
1510
52.Ethanol and water solutions show positive deviations from Raoults law . Explain in terms of
differences in the structure/polarity of the two components.
1511
53.Write the mathematical equations relating the relative lowering of vapour pressure with the molality
of the solution.
1512
54.Write the expression to calculate the molar mass of a non-volatile solute usuing the relative lowering
of vapour pressure.
1513
55.Why is the vapour pressure of glucose solution in water lower than that of pure water ?
1514
56.What do you mean by boiling point elevation ?
1515
57. How is boiling point elevation is realted to molality of the solution ?
1516
58.Define ebulliscopic constant. Giev its SI unit.
1517
59.How is the elevation of boiling point related to the molar mass of solute ?
1518
60.What is freezing point depression ?
1519
61.Write the realationship between the depression of freezing point and concentration of dilute solution.
1520
62.Define molal freezing point depression constant and give its unit.
1521
63.Write the relationship between the depression of freezing pointand molar mass of solute.
1522
64.The freezing point depression for water is 1.86 KKg/mol, what is the freezing point of a 1 molal sugar
syrup ?
1523
65.Name one substance which is used as an antifreeze for water.
1524
66.Why do we keep ice cream in a mixture containing ice and common salt ?
1525
67.Define osmosis.
1526
68.What happens when two solutions of the same solvent are separated by a semipermeable membrane ?
1527
69.What do you mean by osmotic pressure ?
1528
70.How is the osmotic pressure of a solution related to its concentration ?
1529
71.How is osmotic pressure dependent on the number of moles of a solute ?
1530
72.Name any one inorganic compound which can be used for obtaining semipermeable membrane.
1531
73.A previously dried vegetables and fruits swells up when put into water for some time. Why ? How does
the temperature affect this process ?
1532
74.What are isotonic solutions ?
1533
75. Which of the two solutions : 1M glucose and 1M urea has a higher osmotic pressure ?
1534
76.Write the expression for calculating the molecular mass of a solute using the osmotic pressure.
1535
77.why is the osmotic pressure measurements preferred for the determination of molecular mass of
proteins ?
1536
78. What is the value of Vant Hoff factor for KCl in dil aq solution ?
1537
79.When is the value of Vant Hoff factor more than one ?
1538
80.How does Vant Hoff factor modify the equation for elevation of boiling point ?
1539
81.Which of the following solution has the lowest freezing point and why ? 0.1 m glucose , 0.1 m KCl, 0.1 m
Na2SO4
1540
82.Explain why molarity is used in osmotic pressure calculations .
Page 49
1541
83.Explain the following phenomenon (a) hemolysis (b) crenation
1542
84.Why do we observe abnormal molecular masses ?
1543
85.Define Vant Hoff factor.
1544
86. Arrange the following aq solutions each of concentrations 0.1 m , in order of increasing boiling point.
Give reason for your answer : barium phosphate , sodium sulphate , potassium nitrate , glucose
1545
87.sodium chloride and calcium chloride are spread on roadways to melt ice. Explain
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
ANSWER TO MCQ
1553
Set-1
1554
1-b , 2-c , 3-a , 4-d , 5-c , 6-d , 7-a , 8-c , 9-b , 10-d , 11-a , 12-b , 13-c , 14-c 15-d
1555
1556
Set-2
1557
1-a , 2-a , 3-b , 4-d , 5-c , 6-b , 7-d , 8-c , 9-d ,10-a , 11-a , 12-a , 13-d , 14-a , 15-b
1558
1559
Set-3
1560
1-b, 2-a , 3-d , 4-a , 5-d , 6-a , 7-b , 8-a , 9-a , 10-b
1561
1562
Set-4
1563
1-d , 2-b , 3-a , 4-c , 5-a , 6-b , 7-b , 8-c , 9-d , 10-c
1564
1565
Set-5
1566
1-c , 2-b , 3-d, 4-a , 5-a , 6-d , 7-c , 8-c , 9-b , 10-d
1567
1568
Set-6
1569
1-d , 2-d , 3-b , 4-d , 5-a , 6-d , 7-b , 8-a , 9-d , 10-c
1570
1571
Set-7
1572
1-d , 2-d , 3-d , 4-b , 5-c , 6-b , 7-a , 8-b , 9-c , 10-a
1573
1574
Set-8
1575
1-b , 2-c , 3-c , 4-c , 5-a , 6-a , 7-c , 8-b , 9-a , 10-a
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
Page 50
1591
1592
1593
Page 51
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
Page 52
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
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2.
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3.
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5.
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6.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
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7.
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8.
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9.
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10.
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11.
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12.
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13.
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14.
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15.
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16.
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17.
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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( FOR HOME WORK )
1656
1657
1. Define the following terms:
1658
a) molarity b) molality c) mole fraction d) mass% e) volume % f) parts per million g) azeotrope.
1659
2. What is the effect of temperature on the molarity of the solution ?
1660
3. molality, mole fraction, and mass% are independent of temperature. Why?
1661
4. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of
1662
a) solid in a liquid b) gas in a liquid ?
1663
5. State Henry's law. Give the mathematical expression for the law.
1664
6. Mention three applications of Henry's law.
1665
7. State Raoult's law for a solution containing two volatile solvents. Give the mathematical
1666
expression for the law.
1667
8. Derive the mathematical expression to show that the relative lowering of vapour pressure of a
solution containing a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
1668
9. Mention the condition where Raoult's law becomes a special case of Henry's law.
1669
10. What are ideal solutions? Mention the conditions for a solution to behave ideally.Draw a graph
of vapor pressure vs mole fraction for an ideal solution.
1670
11. What are non ideal solutions? Mention the conditions for a solution to behave non ideally.
1671
12. Explain the type of deviation exhibited by a mixture of
1672
a) ethanol and acetone b) acetone and chloroform. c) phenol and aniline. Draw a graph of vapor
pressure vs mole fraction in each case.
1673
13. What do you mean by the terms
1674
a) maximum boiling azeotrope b) minimum boiling azeotrope. Give one example each.
1675
14. What are colligative properties? Give four examples.
1676
15. Explain the following colligative properties with suitable graphs. a) elevation of boiling point
1677
b) depression of freezing point.
1678
16. Define Kf and Kb. Give mathematical expression to show that Kf and Kb depends on the nature
of the solvent.
1679
17. Define osmosis and osmotic pressure. Why is osmotic pressure method is considered as a better
method when compared to other colligative properties to determine molar mass of the
1680
solute.
1681
18. What is reverse osmosis? Mention one application of the same.
1682
19. What do you mean by abnormal molar mass? How does it occur due to a) association of solute? b)
dissociation of solute?
1683
20. What is Van't Hoff factor i? Give its value for a) association of solute. b) dissociation of solute.
c) solute which is neither associates nor dissociates
1684
21. Which is more concentrated? 1 molar or 1 molal solution. Why?
1685
22. What do you mean by the terms
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1687
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1698
1699
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a) isotonic solution. b) hypertonic solution c) hypotonic solution?

23. Account for the following:
a) intravenous injection is given by using 0.9% NaCl (mass/volume) solution.
b) Dried fruits and vegetables swell when kept in fresh water.
c) The tanks used by scuba divers are diluted with helium.
d) Mountain climbers sometimes get symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.
e) Calcium chloride is added to clear the roads covered by snow.
f) Raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution shrivel in to pickle.
g) People suffering from high blood pressure are advised to take minimum quantity of salty food.
h) People taking lot of salty food get affected by edema.
i) Meat is preserved by salting and fruits are preserved by adding sugar.
24. What will happen when a blood cell is placed in
a) solution having NaCl concentration less than 0.9/~(mass/volume)
b) solution having NaCl concentration higher than 0.9/~(mass/volume)?
1701
1702
NUMERICALS FOR HOME WORK

Concentration of solutions (Numerical)
1703
1. A sample of drinking water contains 15 ppm of CHCI 3 (by mass) Express this in % mass.Also find
1704
out
1705
the molality of the solution.
1706
2. Concentrated H2SO4 is 49% by mass. Density of the solution is 1.5 g/ cm3. Determine the
molality and
1707
molarity of the solution.(Molar mass of H2S04 = 98)
1708
3. Concentated HN03 is 68% by mass. Density of the solution is 1.5 g/ cm3. Calculate the volume of
the
1709
solution containing 20 grams of HN03.
1710
4. Na2C03 and NaHC03 mixture containing 1 gram is completely neutralised by 0.1 M HCI.
Determine the
1711
volume of HCI needed if the mixture contains equimolar mixture of Na 2C03 and NaHC03.
1712
5. Calulate the molality of 1M solution of NaN0 3.Density of solution is 1.25 g/ cm3. Molar mass of
NaN03 =
1713
85.
1714
6. Calculate the number of moles of CH 30H in 5 litres of 2 molal solution. Density of the solution is
0.981
1715
g/ cm3
1716
7. Calculate the molality , molarity and mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass)
aqueous
1717
solution of KI is 1.2 g/ cm3
1718
8. I f the solubility product of CuS is 6x10 -6. Calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous
solution.
1719
9. Calculate the volume of 80% H2SO4 (D= 1.8 g/ cm3) needed to prepare 1 litre of 20% H 2 S04
(D=1.25
1720
g/cm3.)
1721
10. I f the density of lake water is 1.25 g/ cm3 and contains 92 grams of Na+ ion per Kg of water,
1722
determine the molality of Na+ ion in solution.
1723
1724
Henry's law (Numerical)
1725
I. How many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water at 293K? N2 gas exerts a
pressure of
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1726
1727
What
1728
1729
1730
ml
1731
1732
298K.
1733
1734
1735
0.987 bar. KH for N2 at 293 K is 76.4 kilo bar.

2. Partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56x10 -2 gram of ethane is 1 bar.
will be the partial pressure of the gas if it contains 5x 10-2 grams of ethane.
3. Solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m. Calculate KH.
4. KH for CO2 in water is 1.67X108 at 298K. Calculate the mass of C02 that can be dissolved in 500
of water at a pressure of 2.5 atmosphere at 298K. ( 1 atm= 1.013 x 10 5 Pa)
5. Air is a mixture gases. It contains 20% by volume of O2 gas and 79% by volume of N2 gas at
Water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atmospheres. K H for O2 and N2 at 298 K are
3.30x107 mm and 6.51X107 mm respectively. Determine the composition of these gases in water.
1736
Raoult's law and Colligative properties. (Numerical)
1737
1. Vapour pressure of CHCI3 and CH2Cl2 at 298K are 200 mm Hg and 415mm Hg respectively.
1738
(i) Calulate the vapour pressure of the solution by mixing 25.5 g of CHCI 3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at
298K
1739
(ii) mole fraction of each component in vapour phase. (Molar mass CHCI 3 =118.5 CH2CI2 = 85)
1740
2. The vapour pressures of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively at 350K. Find
the
1741
composition of liquid mixture if the total pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition in
vapour
1742
phase.
1743
3. Calculate the mass of non volatile solute which should be dissolved in 114 g of octane to reduce
its
1744
vapour pressure to 80% (Molar mass of solute=40, Molar mass of octane=114)
1745
4. Benzene and naphthalene forms ideal solution at 300K. Vapour pressure of pure benzene and
1746
naphthalene are 50.71 and 32.06 mm Hg respectively at 300K. Find the mole fraction of each
components
1747
in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene mixed with 100 g naphthalene.(Moar mass enzene = 78,
naphthalene
1748
= 128)
1749
5. Benzene and toluene forms an ideal solution at 300K Vapour pressure of pure benzene and pure
1750
toluene are 160 mm and 60 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the total pressure of the solution under
the
1751
following conditions :
1752
a) mixing equal number of moles of benzene and toluene.
1753
b) equal mass of benzene and toluene. Also find the composition of benzene and toluene in vapour
phase
1754
in each case.
1755
6. Vapour pressure of solution containing benzene and toluene is (180x+120) mm Hg where x is the
mole
1756
fraction of toluene. Find the P0 benzene and p0 toluene respectively.
1757
7. A solution containing 1 mole of X and 3 moles of Y gave a vapour pressure of 550 mm Hg. The
same
1758
solution containing 1 mole of X and 4 moles of Y gave a vapour pressure of 560 mm Hg. Find vapour
1759
pressure of pure X and pure Y.
1760
8. Vapour pressure of dilute solution of glucose is 750 mm Hg at 373K. Find the mole fraction and
molality
1761
of glucose in solution.
Page 57
1762
9. Vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300K. Calculate the vapour pressure of 1 molal solute in
it.
1763
10. A solution containing 30 g of non volatile solute in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa
at
1764
300K. Further 18 g of water added to the solution changed the vapour pressure to 2.9kPa. Calculate
the
1765
molar mass of the solute added and vapour pressure of water at 300K.
1766
11. Vapour pressure of pure benzene at 300K is 640 mm Hg. 2.175 g of non volatile solute in 39 g of
1767
benzene gave a vapour pressure of 600 mm Hg. Find the molar mass of solute added.(Molar mass of
1768
benzene=78)
1769
12. A very small amount of solute in 60 ml of benzene gave a vapour pressure of 98.88 mm Hg.
Vapour
1770
pressure of pure benzene is 100 mm Hg at this temperature. Find the molality of the solution. If
Tf =
1771
0.73K find Kf of benzene.
1772
13. 34.2 g of sucrose and 36 g of glucose dissolved in 81 g of water at 300K find the vapour
pressure of
1773
the solution. Vapour pressure of water at 300K= 30 mm Hg. Molar mass of sucrose=342, glucose =
180.
1774
14.Two elements A and B forms two compounds AB2 and AB4 respectively. When dissolved in 20 g of
1775
benzene 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3K while 1 g of AB4 decreased the freezing point
by
1776
1.3K. Calculate the atomic masses of A and B. Kf of benzene= 5.1 K Kg mole -1
1777
15. At 300K 36 g of glucose in 1 liter solution exerted an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. What would
be the
1778
concentration of the solution at 300K if it exerts a pressure of 1.52 bar.
1779
16. 5% solution of sucrose (Molar mass =342) is isotonic with 0.877% solution of urea. Determine
the
1780
molar mass of urea.
1781
17. Calculate the freezing point and boiling point of 1M solution of KCI. Density of the solution =
1.04 g/ml
1782
Molar mass of KCI= 74.5 Kb = 0.52 K Kg mole-1 Kf = 1.86 K Kg mole-1 Assume KCl undergoes 90%
1783
dissociation.
1784
18. BaCl2 and KC1 mixed in 1: 1 molal ratio showed a boiling point elevation of 2.6K. Determine the
mass
1785
of each solute in 100 g water. Kb = 0.52 K Kg mole-1 Assume that both the solute undergoes 100%
1786
dissociation. ~ o l amr ass KC1 = 74.5 BaC12= 208
1787
19. Kf of benzene is 4.90 K Kg mole-'. 3.26 g of Se in 226 gram of benzene showed a freezing point
1788
depression of 0 . 1 1 2 ~ ~D.e termine the molecular formula of Se. Atomic mass of Se= 78.8
benzene = 78
1789
20. 1.8 g of glucose in 100 ml is added to 34.2 g of sucrose in 100 ml. Find the osmotic pressure of
the
1790
resulting solution. R= 0.0821 1 atm mol-' K-'
1791
21. 2 grams of benzoic acid (molar mass =122) in 25 g benzene gave ATf = 1.62K Kf of benzene is
4.90 K
1792
Kg mole-' Find and O/O association of benzoic acid if it exists as a dimmer.
1793
22. 0.6 ml of acetic acid having density 1.06 g/ml is dissolved in 1 liter of water.ATf =0.02050C.
Find the
1794
Van't Hoff factor and dissociation constant of the acid. Molar mass of acetic acid = 60 Kf = 1.86 K
Kg
Page 58
1795
mole-'
1796
23. 5% solution of sucrose has a freezing point of 71K.Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in
water.
1797
Freezing point of water is 273.15K.
1798
24. Which of the following solution in water will have
1799
a) lowest freezing point
1800
b) highest freezing point.
1801
c) lowest boiling point
1802
d) highest boiling point? O.1M NaCI, 0.1 M BaCI2, 0.1 M urea and 0.1 M A12 ( ~ 0 ~ ) ~
1803
25. Calculate the depression in freezing point of water when 10 g of 2-Chloro butanoic acid is added
to
1804
250 g of water. Ka = 1 . 4 ~ Kf = 1.86 K Kg mole-' Molar mass of 2-Chloro butanoic acid =122.5
1805
26. 19.5 g of Fluoro ethanoic acid (molar mass =78) is dissolved in 500 g of water. Tf = 1c
.Calculate
1806
the Van't Hoff factor and dissociation constant of the acid.
1807
27. Determine the amount of CaC12(i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litres of water such that its osmotic
pressure
1808
is 0.75 atm at 300K.
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SOLUTIONS CLASS XII

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CLASS XII- 1

UNIT : 2 SOLUTION (05 MARKS )

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p a r tia lly m is c ib le liq : e th e r + w a te r

3.METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

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Where It is independent of temperature as it does not contain term volume.

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How Solubility of gases in liquids depends on their nature?

50 The enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change

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75 Where S is solubility of the gas in mol/dm P is pressure of the gas in atmosphere.

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water by a dissociation reaction togenerate H3O and Cl ions).

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Vapour pressure of a liquid depends on nature of liquid.

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9.Ideal and Non-Ideal solution

Do not obey Raoult's

156 1. Obey Raoult's law at

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176 6. Escaping tendency

Graphical representation of ideal and non-ideal solutions

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The temperature must be increased by

Tb T T0 . Where T is boiling point of solution and

271 T0 that of pure solvent and T . Tb is elevation of boiling point

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386Let a be the degree of association, then,

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444 MCQ ON SOLUTION SET -1

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