Design and cetailing of
structural concrete using
strut-and-tie models
}. Schlaich, Professor Dr.Ing.
University of Stuttgart, Germany
K. Schafer, Professor Dring.
University of Stutgart, Germany
Reprinted from The Structural Engineer/Volume 697%0,8/19 March 1991Paper
Pager: Schlaich/Schafec
Design and detailing of structural concrete
using strut-and-tie models
J. Schlaick, Professor Dr. Ing.
University of Stuttgart, Germany
K. Schafer, Professor Dr. Ing.
University of Stuttgart. Germany
Synopsis
So-called ‘derails’ are as important for a structure's behaviour
and safety as the standard problems of design which are
covered in che Codes. unified design concept which covers
42150 che details consistently for oll pes Of Concrete structure
ws described ix ckis pager. (15 aged Om strut-and-twe arodels,
Including the cruss model for beams as special case
“after the princioles of the mechod end che modelling
‘Sess are explained, simplified rules are proposed for
dimensioning all the individual members of the model and
their nodes. Some examples show the application of che
smechod ana! demonstrate, aio. its use for the improvement of
the conceptuat design of details.
Introduction
CCenain pars of structures are ceritea with almost Xaggeraced accuracy
whe other pars are designed using rug. chur or judgment Dazed om
sasc experience. However all ars of 3 race are of similar mmporance
‘A nuit design conetor, which is consent for all Pes of steuseure ane
all eir parc, must be based a0 celle physica! models, Seruc-andoe
trodes, a generalisation of tte well-stown crust agaiogy (or beams, are
propusee nere a he appropiate apptoach for desenung structural concrete,
hich includes both Feiniareed and prestressed vonsree srustures,
Ievasaetually 3 he car ofthe as ceaeury, when Rice and ese”
inroduced ne russ ataiogy. Ths tod slater fines ane expanded
by Leonards. Rusch’, Kupiee™, 204 oehess, une! Thurman Zurich
choot, with Mand! and Wille, created its scetite basis for 2 etonal
anplicaion in craing tee son 9 the eheoty of plastic
Collins and Mitene\” jurenes consicered the derormazions ef the fuss
model ang derived 3 cational design method for Seat and (orion
"various applicaons, Bay, Franc. Leonnardt. Suptes and Thurli
Showa quae nrutana.ie models could be useFaly apDlid o cena Beams
eg QuCROTS ANG Othe
fed caesels, From that point. "he
the lagiute Foe Concrete St
their efforts systematically ce expand Suen model 0 ene seructures and
‘The method had been expand alreny ia some detail in he American
CE Joueaa', The imereted readers feferted to this paper ota Basso
he present contribution, Here. the development oF steurandstie move
and te dimensioning of eeirstrus. ties aad nodes wil be repeated aly
riety. Conezzaing the design of oodes. some material wins oes beraed
ref tis added
“Tuen, the method is applied 10 3 few new example. including ome
eomparison with cext resus. Some of the examples given ynow that the
Serutangtie method is weft oot ayia imensionins ven member ik
ko iA'developing sn ddequate conceptual dewen Ia a etal tat
The structure's Be and D-resions
Those regions pt 2 Meuetue, in which the Resnonil Mypwntesy ol near
sist dscibucion astumed vid will be eter co a Uerezons bee
U stands tor beam OF Ueraoullih, That inter forces OF arene ev
dete Yom moment, shede 28d axial fares analysed by meatal ie
Ca) yet a beats, Frames PES. ee. {FURETIEREE, the WRENS
ate wachanted the
wrutane C, of struts Cf and Cris considered. Sersses vo (Me diagonal
c a€e Soe higher thea in che simple mode!
ides with the gressuce o., = (9°3 N/mm
he strut C. fated
Desa bear
‘The deep Seam texted by Leonhardt & Waleher sal be evalusied wing
he srucanditie method. Dimensions and reinforcement InYOUL Fe vet
in Bg 15
30-2 N/mm? conerese atm scenes
Nine yield seen wf mae eeinforcement
Theses soesmen file ata tort load F, = (195K ater cupture oF che
principal rei
‘For atirs spprosimation gre mode! From Fig 4 wl be sed (Fe 1516?)
neglecting che deviotion of aes near che vwsport ad (he mesh
reinforcement The lever arm of the chara sttumed 10 be ROC muLh larger
than expected fram te theory OF lastiiey
207262 108m
When the tension chord begins (0 veld
Ty eA es Deeded = 9 6KN,
the soresponding toad amounts co
Bev. 6x 1.08
oa
‘Troi already more than the usual design would predict. But only 0%
lf the measured Inure ‘oad
However for an explanatga of the records ltimaty load, the mode
The Structhral Engines! Veiuie BUENO 119 Maceh Etvaper: SchlaichySchater
aaa
Freee re |
a?
Fg 1S. Beams with pmo openings inthe web: models and
comresponding reinforcement
Bioek-foundanon
The srobiem is given in Fig 19(), Following the load path method. he wo
pressures apolid co he foundation from above ad below art subdivided
ssenecind 26 shown is Fig 19(0), The component F ezpeesents that Fig IR. Fram wh closing moment: (ay (0) mode! and
load which is aiverted co the reinforcement jor similar tensions 9f alumna and bear: (c). (8)
and Fare diverted co the edhe sie, ‘bad model ana reinforcement for disimiar dinentions 0) volumin and
22 U-turn has 0 be arranged in between F, and F, gear: (e), ($008 mocel und veinforceren far disumulat domension®
sit acrossing of sh load paths. The models easly completed of column ang beam
"he nonzofisl compression ang tension enores C, ant T, Theit
coe 9 5 A 20
s sa From Fig 191,
‘The column compression cores &, F, and F, are disnbuted ase in che
tcapsvorsedireeion over the wiath ofthe foundstion and ehereby coeate Since che tension force Tin the coluren ceinforcement ig carried co the
ceaasverse tension. Ty Ti, To 28 Bottom of the founeation and combines chere with the load path of F,
oT
|
=
Hf
‘e () comoresson cro fe) tension crore
Fig {7 Openiag in slob with constant moment
‘The Structural Rnginene! Waleume fin) Mo.fi/ 19 Maccls anitPaper: Schlaich/Schifer
Lig (9. flock Jounchaiom: (4) levout und applied Jorees: th).
Fe) wrt-andetv made: I) correspinding reinforcennen: fe} muds
iy te titration of the iorizomal forces A an! comnhinedt
rinjorceiment if tes mol 8 upped
within the wich « f the column, ts contribution co the ensile chord T,
aH = Fo,
ust be arranged wichin this wiath af well, «.g, By horizontal legs of the
flume reninesement (Fi 19)
Fig 20. Hoe footimes: fat adel fora footne wh roush ious:
(6) model for u footing wich smooth points: fe) tiglified met fo"
the walls in horzontel projection end correiganding cemjorcenet
These legs can be avoided aod the longitudinal reinforcement can be
cvenle distbuted over the whole Foundation width fs accordance With
Fig. 19(e), che additional cansverse tension
T= 0-5 ah oe,
‘also vovered by reinforcement. Loops would Be necessary in his $386
for me anchorage of the column rentorcement Fnear the BpWoM oF che
‘lentil forces have fo be svere by reinforcement, The reinrorcemest
for 1, must be extended 19 the leit end of the foundation and the
transverse restorcement tor Ty, T= T, 38d T, over che whole mth. NO
hooks are accesary foe beter anchorage of horizontal bars appeoximstely
twvouhuds of the necesiary achorsue length of the Code i provides
“pehiad” the aoues af the Mode!
The vorgression sei C, ceeds 20 special check. if the compressionsuper oe
>eeliminary proposals for this detail using see girders embeded in
\erete (Fig 2) were cejented after une strucanducie mde (Fig 20)
‘wed now the cabie Cores could be igroduced immetively withoue any
ing of embedded members ané the associaced high reser and
‘ormations. The compression forces ae applied direc in the aiecton
the iagonai model ute via profiled casc-stee components without
joe dirurbacce of the thin coacrete deck (Fig 2c). Transverse
forcing Sar, weed tothe east stel components, cary the Ce forces
he model, The sees istabution i Further improved by smeating the
Se A over a texcer length ar suggested Oy the cefined mode of Fig 23).
(he check of the conerere comprestion tress applied by the cast seat
sis ag further explanation
Fine cables ac inclined aca considerable angle in acerca suppor she
ge dee, 2 usually the case, a bottom Mange stust be 2zched (0
"eel member (or veriesl DDO of the deck
snetusions
tavand-ie models can be used for eracing the iateenal forees in
plated cetals, They are very helpful in CMe conceatual design of 2
all leading the designer iqtuitively co simple and send soistons.
‘ucancie modes ace alsa a bass (or che quancictive check of deals
dono strutuees, However, the metnod also requires some engine,
islenge ana raining 9 which chs papers itended co contribute with
fy Of prneiples and a few angticscons of the method
ferences
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