Analysis of Buildings

Static and Dynamic Analysis

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Analysis of Buildings
A fact:
Buildings the most frequent civil
engineering structures
Also:
Buildings the most complex civil
engineering structures

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Classification of Buildings
According to use:
- apartment buildings
- office buildings
- combined office and apartment buildings
- industrial buildings
- special purpose buildings (schools, hospitals,
hotels, museums, sport stadiums, etc)

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Classification of Buildings
According to height (number of stories N):
- ground floor buildings (N = 0)
- low rise buildings (say, N < 5 - 10)
- medium rise buildings (N 10 20)
- high rise buildings (say, N < 20 - 100)
- extra high rise buildings (N > 100)
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Classification of Buildings
According to structural regularity, ie. geometric
shape (in plan, in elevation):
- regular (symmetric)
- non-regular (in plan and/or elevation)
According to structural material:
- masonary buildings
- reinforced concrete buildings
- steel buildings
- wooden buildings
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Classification of Buildings
According to distribution of vertical structural
elements and mass:
- symmetric
- non-symmetric
According to mechanical behavior due to horizontal
loads:
- flexural buildings
- shear buildings
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Analysis of Buildings
Buildings are complex space structures with
two groups of structural elements:
- horizontal slabs
- vertical structural elements
Linear analysis principle of superposition:
- gravitational load analysis
- horizontal load analysis
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Horizontal Load Analysis

Main assumptions:
- slabs are infinitely stiff in their planes
- mass of the building is concentrated in slabs
- axial deformation of vertical structural
elements is neglected
- vertical structural elements are plane
structures (usually, not always)
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Horizontal Load Analysis

Therefore, slabs undergo the planar motion
in horizontal planes with 3 DOF each
Vertical structural elements represent
restraints to planar motion of slabs
Generalized coordinates (3 for each slab):
- u, v horizontal translation components
- - rotation about the vertical axis
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

Horizontal Load Analysis

Vertical structural elements (macro-elements)
planar and space structures:
- plane frames
- isolated RC walls
- combined frames and walls
- isolated columns
- space structures (staircase and elevator shafts)

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

10

Vertical Structural Elements

Combined frames and walls

Frames with rigid offsets

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

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Horizontal Load Analysis

3D models (with rigid slabs)

Macro-elements with
rigid slabs
(equivalent cantilever)

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

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Horizontal Load Analysis

Dynamical model of a building macro-elements
ie. equivalent cantilever with 3N DOF
(N number of stories)

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

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Horizontal Load Analysis

Alternative: 3D finite element analysis

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

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Symmetrical Buildings
Planar model for each orthogonal direction
Slabs undergo translation in one direction
Number of DOF: n = N (number of stories)
Story stiffness for each direction (the force
necessary to produce the unit relative
displacement of each story)

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

15

Symmetrical Buildings
z
N

u N (t )

mN

ui (t )

N-1
i

ui (t )

Ki+1
mi
Ki

2
1

Ki (ui ui 1)

u1 (t )
m1
x

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mi Fi (t )

Ki 1 (ui 1 ui )
ui (t )

Ki story stiffness [kN/m]

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

16

Symmetrical Buildings
Story stiffness

Basic stiffness:

u 1

ke

F ke
E, I
h

12 E I e
h3

Ne
K s ke
e 1
Ne: number of vertical elements

Story stiffness Ks force to produce unit relative displacement

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

17

Symmetrical Buildings
Differential equations of motion (one story):
mi ui (t ) Fi (t ) Ki 1 (ui 1 ui ) Ki (ui ui 1)

For all stories (i = 1,2, , N):

[ M ]{u} [ K ]{u} {F (t )}

where

0
m1 0
u1
F1 (t )

[ M ] 0 0 {u} {F (t )}

u
F (t )
0 0 mN
N
N

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

18

Symmetrical Buildings
and the stiffness matrix (tri-diagonal):
K1 K 2
K
2

[K ]

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K2
K 2 K3

0
K3

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

0
0

0
0

0
0

K N 1

K N 1 K N
KN

KN
KN

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Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Generalized coordinates: u, v, of each slab
Displacement of a point P(xp, yp):
u u y p v v x p
y

d P {u , v ,0}
v

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P (xp, yp)
u

x
Prof dr Stanko Brcic

20

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
All slabs and all points P on the same vertical
line:
{u } {u} [Y ]P {} {v } {v} [ X ]P {}

where

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u1
v1
1
u
v

2
2
2
{u} , {v} , { }



u N
v N
N
[ X ]P diag ( xP ), [Y ]P diag ( y P )
Prof dr Stanko Brcic

21

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Buildings with orthogonal vertical elements
(planar structures frames, walls, columns)
y

xj

vj

S yj
v, Fy

, M z

i=1,2,..nx
j=1,2,..ny
Reactive forces

S xi
i

u, Fx

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{S xi } [ K x ]i {u }i

ui
yi

Fx,Fy,Mz Active forces

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

{S yj } [ K y ] j {v } j
x
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Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Equilibrium of active and reactive forces:
nx
{Fx } {S x }i {0}
i 1
ny
{Fy } {S y } j {0}
j 1
nx
{M z } [Y ]i {S x }i
i 1
07/05/2014

ny
[ X ] j {S y } j
j 1

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

{0}
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Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Since {S x }i [ K x ]i {u }i [ K x ]i ({u} [Y ]i {})
{S y } j [ K y ] j {v } j [ K y ] j ({v} [ X ] j { })

equilibrium conditions may be obtained as:

[ K xx ]
[0]
[ K x ] {u} {Fx }

[ K yy ] [ K y ] {v} {Fy }
[0]
[ K x ] [ K y ] [ K ] { } {M z }

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

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Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Where submatrices of the stiffness matrix are
nx
[ K xx ] [ K x ]i
i 1

[ K yy ]

ny
[K y ] j
j 1

nx
[ K x ] [ K x ] [ K x ]i [Y ]i
i 1
ny
T
[ K y ] [ K y ] [ K y ] j [ X ] j
j 1
T

nx
[ K ] [Y ]i [ K x ]i [Y ]i
i 1
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ny
[ X ] j [K y ] j [ X ] j
j 1

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

25

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Or, in a more compact form: [ K ]{ } { f }
where
K xx
0
K x

[K ] 0
K x

u

{ } v

3 N
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K yy
K y

K y
K
3 N ,3 N

Fx

{ f } Fy
M
z 3 N

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

26

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Differential equations of motion of one slab:

dK
FR
dt

where

K mvS

(S )
D [ J ]{}

(S )
dD ( S )
MR
dt

is the momentum, and

is the moment of momentum of

the slab

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

27

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Scalar form of differential equations of
*
motion:

K ma F
x

sx

Rx
*
K y m asy FRy

( s )*
s

Dz J z M Rz
asx , asy are components of acceleration of the mass center S
of the slab, while m is the mass and Jz mass moment of inertia
( s )*
*
*
FRx
, FRy
, M Rz
are resultants of active and reactive (elastic)
forces
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

28

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Writing equations for all slabs, it may be
obtained:
*

[ M ]{ } {F }
where [M] is the mass matrix:
[0]
[mYs ]
[ m]
[ M ] [0]
[ m]
[mX s ]

A
[mYs ] [mX s ] [ J z ] 3 N ,3 N
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

29

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
while
{u}

{ } {v}
{ }
3 N

{Fx*}

*
*
{F } { F y }
A*
{M z }3 N

Also, the load vector is given as the sum of external and

internal (elastic) forces:

{F } { f } {S} { f } [ K ]{ }
*

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

30

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Therefore, differential equations of motion
are obtained as:
[ M ]{} [ K ]{ } { f }
Also, damping may be included:
[ M ]{} [C ]{} [ K ]{ } { f }
where [C] is the proportional damping matrix
[C]=[M][K]
07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

31

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
If the referent point is chosen to be the center
of mass of each slab: A S, then the mass
matrix is diagonal:
[m]

[M ]
[ m]

[
J
]

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

32

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
Buildings with arbitrary configuration of
vertical structural elements (frames, walls, ..)
y

u
07/05/2014

x
Prof dr Stanko Brcic

33

Non-Symmetrical Buildings
More complicated stiffness matrix (local and
global coordinates, transformation matrix):
K11
[ K ]i [T ]Ti [ K ]i [T ]i K 21

K 31

K12
K 22
K 32

K13
K 23

K 33 3 N ,3 N

Symmetrical matrix [Kij] = [Kji]

07/05/2014

Prof dr Stanko Brcic

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