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City University of Hong Kong

Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering


CA3677: Hydraulics and Hydrology
Tutorial Exercise 1: Internal Flow
Fully Developed Flow in Pipes
1. Water at
(
and
) is flowing steadily in a 0.12 cm
diameter, 15m long pipe at an average velocity of 0.9 m/s. Determine
(a) The pressure drop;
(b) The head loss; and
(c) The pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop.
Water

D = 0.12 cm

0.9 m/s

L = 15 m

Fig. Q1
Ans: (a) 392 kPa; (b) 40.0 m; (c) 0.399 W
2.

In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at

(midway between the wall

surface and the centerline) is measured to be 11 m/s. The velocity profile is

Determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

Fig. Q2
Ans: 14.7 m/s
Minor Losses
3. Water is to be withdrawn from a 8m high water reservoir by drilling a 2.2cm diameter hole at the
bottom surface. Disregarding the effect of the kinetic energy correction factor, determine the flow rate
of water through the hole if
(a) The entrance of the hole is well-rounded; and
(b) The entrance is sharp-edged.
Ans: (a)
; (b)
Piping Systems and Pump Selection
4. The water needs of a small farm are to be met by pumping water from a well that can supply water
continuously at a rate of 4L/s. The water level in the well is 20m below the ground level, and water is
to be pumped to a large tank on a hill, which is 58m above the ground level of the well, using 5cm
internal diameter plastic pipes. The required length of piping is measured to be 420m, and the total
minor loss coefficient due to the use of elbows, vanes, etc. is estimated to be 12. Taking the efficiency
of the pump to be 75 percent, determine the rated power of the pump that needs to be purchased, in kW.
The density and viscosity of water at anticipated operation conditions are taken to be 1000 kg/m3 and
0.00131 kg/m s, respectively. Is it wise to purchase a suitable pump that meets the total power
requirements, or is it necessary to also pay particular attention to the large elevation head in this case?
Explain.
Ans: 6 kW

Flow Rate and Velocity Measurements


5. An orifice with a 4.6cm diameter opening is used to measure the mass flow rate of water at 15C
( = 999.1 kg/m3 and
=
m 1.138 103 kg/m s ) through a horizontal 10cm diameter pipe. A mercury
manometer is used to measure the pressure difference across the orifice. If the differential height of the
manometer is 18cm, determine the volume flow rate of water through the pipe, the average velocity, and
the head loss caused by the orifice meter.

Fig. Q6

Ans: V = 0.006923 m3 /s , V = 0.8815 m/s , hL = 1.43 m H2O.


6.

Air ( = 1.225 kg/m3 and


=
m 1.789 105 kg/m s ) flows in a wind tunnel, and the wind tunnel speed
is measured with a Pitot-static probe. For a certain run, the stagnation pressure is measured to be 472.6
Pa gage and the static pressure is 15.43 Pa gage. Calculate the wind tunnel speed.
Ans: 27.3 m/s

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