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CHAPTER I
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something
which is happening at the time of speaking.
Example : Please dont make so much noise. Im studying.
We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something
which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly
at the time of speaking.
Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.
We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around
the present.
Example :Youre working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do
We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation.
Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.
1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED
The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are NOW, RIGHT
NOW, TOMORROW,ETC
1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :
1.3.A. Positive Pattern
S + am/is/are + Verb+ing.Now
S + sedang ..sekarang
Examples :
1. I am studying English now.
2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan)
3. You are singing now.
4. He is making a cake now.
5. she is sewing a shirt now.
6. They are playing football in the field now.
7. Tom and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow.
8. The students are doing sport now.
16 Tenses In English
1.3.b The Negative Pattern
S + am/is/are + Not + Verb+ing Now
S + tidak sedang .sekarang
Example :
1. I am not studying now
2. He is not sleeping now
3. My father is not watching television now.
4. we arent going to Jakarta Tomorrow.
1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern
Am/Is/Are + S + Verb+ing..Now?
Apakah + S + sedang sekarang ?
Examples :
1. Are you studying English now ? Yes, I am/ No, I am not
2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isnt
3. Is your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isnt
1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern
QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4...Now?
QW + yang + S + 4..sekarang?
Examples :
1. what are you doing now ? studying
2. Where is he studying English now ? at school
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English.
1. Jack sedang tidur sekarang
2. Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu
3. Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi
4. Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang
5. Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu.
6. Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang.
7. Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang
8. Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang
9. Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang.
10. Ana, Ani, dan Tom sedang berdiskusi sekarang.
EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
16 Tenses In English
7. Is Maradona playing football in Argentina Now?
CHAPTER 2
PAST TENSE
2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense
We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.
2.2. The Adverbs of time used
16 Tenses In English
The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last.., a week ago,
this morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth,
yesteryear, etc.
2.3. The Patterns of Simple Past Tense
Qw + yang + S + 1.?
Examples:
1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile
2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday
QW + Verb 2.Yesterday? S + did
Communicative English Course
16 Tenses In English
QW + 2..?
Examples :
1. Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did
2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English !
1. Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin
2. Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ?
3. Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu
4. Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ?
5. Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu.
6. Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu.
7. Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya.
8. Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu
9. Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya.
10. Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.
EXERCISE II. Change the following sentences into (+), (-), ( ?), Present
Continous Tense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tom saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday
They played cricket at school last week
Did the policeman arrest the thief last night ?
The teacher did not attend the meeting this morning
Chapter 3
PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
We often use will in this situation:
Offering to do something:
e.g. That bag looks heavy. Ill help with it.
Agreeing and refusing to do something:
e.g. Ive asked john to help me but he wont
Promising to do something.
e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.
Asking someone to do something.
Communicative English Course
16 Tenses In English
Will you close the window,please!
A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + will/shall + Verb 1 Tomorrow
S + akan + 1 .
Example:
1. John will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow
B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + wont/shant + Verb 1 Tomorrow
S + tidak akan + 1 ..
Example:
1. John wont run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva wont play badminton tomorrow
16 Tenses In English
We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to
do, what we intend to do in the future.
e.g. A:Theres a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.
The pattern :
S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1
S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1
Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1.. .?
QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1 ..?
4. PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to
talk about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.
e.g. + The earth goes round the sun
- The earth doesnt go round the sun
? Does the earth go round the sun ?
16 Tenses In English
Do/Does + S + Verb 1Everyday/today?
QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1.Everyday/today?
We use the present simple when wse say how often we do things:
e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ?
Mary doesnt often drink tea.
16 Tenses In English
16 Tenses In English
The pattern:
S + had + verb 3when/before S + V2
S + hadnt + Verb 3 when/before S + V2
Had + S + verb 3 when/before S + V2 ?
QW + had + S + verb 3 when/before S + V2 ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang sudah pergi tidur.
Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur
Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan siang.
To tidak bearada di rumah ketika saya tiba. Dia baru saja keluar.
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16 Tenses In English
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Saya sudah mengetik selama tiga puluh menit ketika listrik itu padam
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16 Tenses In English
S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at..oclock
S + wont be + Verb 4 + O + at..oclock
Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at.oclock ?
QW + will + S + be +Verb 4oclock ?
Example :
-
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16 Tenses In English
S + wont have + Verb 3 + ..by the end.
Will + S + have + Verb 3 + by the end. ?
QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +by the end ?
Example :
- Kita sudah akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore.
+ We will have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon
- We wont have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon
? Will we have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan pekerjaanya menjelang akhir minggu
ini
2. Menjelang minggu depan saya akan selesai membaca buku ini
3. Menjelang bulan depan dia akan membayar hutangnya
4. Kami sudah akan mendapat rumah baru menjelang akhir tahun ini
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16 Tenses In English
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16 Tenses In English
Example :
1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang saya
I would come if you invited me
2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya uang
Tom would travel if he had more money
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16 Tenses In English
-
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-
He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election
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16 Tenses In English
-
The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had
come on time.
= Im
2. You are
= Youre
3. We are
= Were
4. They are
= Theyre
5. He is
= Hes
6. She is
= Shes
7. It is
= Its
8. Will not
= wont
9. Would not
= Wouldnt
10. Do not
= Dont
= Doesnt
= Didnt
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16 Tenses In English
13. Is not
= Isnt
= Arent
= Wasnt
= Werent
= Havent
= Hasnt
= Hadnt
= Cant
= Couldnt
= Mustnt
= Shouldnt
= Mightnt
= Maynt
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16 Tenses In English
1. Present Future Tense: S + will be + V3by
2. Present Future Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3by
3. Present Future Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3
4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being +
V3.
5. Simple Present Tense: S + am/is/are + V3
6. Present Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3
7. Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + been + V3
8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3
9. Past Perfect Tense: S + had been +V3
10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been + being + V3
11. Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3
12. Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being + V3
13. Past Future Tense: S + would be + V3
14. Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be being +V3
15. Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have been + V3
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + would have been + being +
V3
Penjelasan :
1. Kata kerja yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4)
2. Tenses dalam kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya
3. TO BE bisa terdiri dari:
a. Satu kata saja (am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11.
b. Dua kata(will be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihat
nomor1, 7, 9, 13. (am being-is being-are being-was being-were
being) no. 6 dan no. 12.
c. Tiga kata (will be being, will have been, have been being, has been
being, had been being, would be being and would have been) lihat
nomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15.
d. Empat kata (will have been being dan would have been being ) no.
4 dan 16.
4. Being dalam kalimat pasif menunjukan: Continuous.
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16 Tenses In English
tak
akan
tidak
sedang
akan
Example : Rapat tidak sedang akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi.
3. Present Future Perfect Tense
S + Wont have been + V3.(by her)
= S belum akan di
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16 Tenses In English
Example : Pengacau-pengacau itu tidak dikenakan hukuman oleh Hakim.
6. Present Continuous Tense
S + (am not/isnt/arent) + being + V3 (by)
Example : Mobil saya tidak sedang direparasi sekarang
7. Present Perfect Tense
S + (hasnt/havent) + been + V3.(by ..)
Example : Saya belum diajak dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris oleh kawankawan saya.
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16 Tenses In English
Example : Pasien tidak sedang dioperasi ketika ia meninggal kemarin.
No. 13 s/d No. 16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu yang
pertama.
Lihat pada 16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.
Note : Keterangan pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu, bisa
dipakai bila diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap
kalimat yang diucapkan.
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,...
= Yes/No,...
Yes/No,
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16 Tenses In English
Why + ... ? = Because none is hones in
government.
5. Simple Present Tense
(Am /Is/Are) + S + V3. ?
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,...
= Yes/No,...
Yes/No,
= Yes/No,
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16 Tenses In English
= Yes/No,
Example : Apakah ia tengah diperbantukan sebelum kepada Departemen
Pendidikan sebelum ia menjadi Menteri ?
How long + . ? = More than 3 year.
11. Simple Past Tense
(Were/Was) + S + V3 . ?
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang
sendiri)
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16 Tenses In English
Rumus-Rumus Causative:
A.
B.
S + to have + something +
Eg: 1. I had my tooth pulled out yesterday
2. Ali has had his hair cut since yesterday
C.
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16 Tenses In English
D.
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16 Tenses In English
THE 16 TENSES
Perhatikan perubahan yang terjadi dari Rumus umum ke TENSES TERTENTU:
S + TO HAVE + SOME ONE + V1 + DST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
V2
had
V3
had
V4
having
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16 Tenses In English
PATTERN EXERCISE:
TASK : Make free statements according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:
A.
Eg :
2.
Do +S + have + Us + V1 .?
Does
Eg :
3.
Eg : When ..
4.
Eg : Who has
5.
Have + someone + V1 + !
= suruhlah !
Eg :
B.
S +1.
wont have + ones house + V3 + etc
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16 Tenses In English
(Kata Dasar)
Past Tense
Past
Participle
V1
V2
V3
to do
did
done
Present
Participle
V4
~ing
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16 Tenses In English
having
2
to have
had
had
~ing
mempunyai
to tell
told
told
~ing
to own
owned
owned
~ing
memiliki
to read
read
read
writing
membaca
to write
wrote
written
~ing
menulis
to listen
listened
~ed
~ing
mendengarkan
to speak
spoke
spoken
~ing
to say
said
said
~ing
berkata, mengatakan
10
to ask
asked
~ed
~ing
11
to answer
answered
~ed
~ing
menjawab
12
to borrow
borrowed
~ed
~ing
meminjam (dari)
13
to lend
lent
lent
giving
meminjamkan (kepada)
14
to give
gave
given
~ing
memberi (kan)
15
to send
sent
sent
~ing
mengirim, menyuruh
16
to repeat
repeated
~ed
~ing
mengulang
17
to buy
bought
bought
~ing
membeli
18
to sell
sold
sold
~ing
menjual
19
to present
presented
~ed
~ing
20
to wait (for)
waited
~ed
~ing
menunggu
21
to see
saw
seen
~ing
22
to visit
visited
~ed
inviting
mengunjungi
23
to invite
invited
~ed
~ing
mengundang, mengajak
24
to reject
rejected
~ed
refusing
menolak
25
to refuse
refused
~ed
improving
26
to inprove
improved
~ed
~ing
memperbaiki, meningkatkan
27
to avoid
avoided
~ed
~ing
menghindari (kan)
28
to deny
denied
denied
arranging
menyangkal, mambantah
29
to arrange
arranged
~ed
~ing
30
to plan
planned
~ned
making
merencanakan
31
to make
made
made
~ing
membuat, menyebabkan
32
to build
buit
built
~ing
membangun, mendirikan
33
to burry
burried
burried
~ing
menguburkan
34
to scold
scolded
~ed
rebuking
memarahi
35
to rebuke
rebuked
~d
bribing
memarahi
36
to bribe
bribed
~d
~ing
menyuap, menyogok
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16 Tenses In English
37
to attack
attacked
~ed
~ing
menyerang
38
to defend
defended
~ed
enforcing
mempertahankan
39
to enforce
enforced
~d
~ing
memaksa, memberlakukan
40
to learn
learnt
learnt
~ing
belajar
41
to study
studied
studied
~ing
mempelajari
42
to copy
copied
copied
composing
menyalin
43
to compose
composed
~d
~ing
menyusun, mengarang
44
to review
reviewed
~ed
~ing
mengulang kembali
45
to interview
intervived
~ed
~ing
mewawancarai
46
to repair
repaired
~ed
~ing
mereparasi
47
to know
knew
known
~ing
48
to understand
understood
understood
taking
mengerti
49
to take
took
taken
~ing
mengambil, mengantarkan
50
to eat
ate
eaten
~ing
makan
51
to drink
drank
drunk
subtituting
minum
52
to substitute
~d
~d
~ing
mengganti
53
to succeed
~ed
~d
dividing
berhasil, menggantikan
54
to devide
~d
~d
nominating
membagi
55
to nominate
~d
~d
~ing
mencalonkan
56
to cook
~ed
~ed
receiving
memasak
57
to receive
~d
~d
believing
menerima
58
to believe
~d
~d
~ing
percaya
59
to agree
~d
~d
~ing
setuju
60
to disagree
~d
~d
proposing
tidak setuju
61
to propose
~d
~d
opposing
mengusulkan
62
to oppose
~d
~d
~ing
menentang, melawan
63
to predict
~ed
~ed
~ting
meramalkan
64
to let
~ed
~ed
~ting
membiarkan, mengijinkan
65
to put
~ed
~ed
~ting
meletakkan
66
to cut
~ed
~ed
~ing
memotong
67
to continue
~d
~d
~ing
meneruskan, melanjutkan
68
to draw
drew
drawn
~ing
menggambar, menarik
69
to think
thought
thought
~ing
berpikir, berpendapat
70
to express
~ed
~ed
proving
menyatakan, mengutarakan
71
to prove
~d
~d
~ing
membuktikan
72
to remember
~ed
~ed
~ing
ingat
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16 Tenses In English
73
to remind
~ed
~ed
~ing
mengingatkan
74
to warn
~ed
~ed
memorizing
memperingatkan
75
to memorize
~d
~d
~ting
mengingat-ingat, menghafal
76
to forget
forgot
forgotten
admiring
melupakan
77
to admire
~d
~d
praising
mengagumi, memuji
78
to praise
~d
~d
~ing
memuji
79
to insult
~ed
~ed
~ting
menghina
80
to submit
~ted
~ted
~ing
menyerahkan
81
to report
~ed
~ed
~ing
melaporkan
82
to open
~ed
~ed
~ting
membuka
83
to shut
~ed
~ed
closing
menutup
84
to close
~d
~d
~ing
menutup
85
to mark
~ed
~ed
~ing
86
to weigh
~ed
~ed
measuring
menimbang
87
to measure
~d
~d
evaluating
mengukur
88
to evaluate
~d
~d
tasting
mengevaluasi
89
to taste
~d
~d
~ing
90
to hold
held
held
~ing
memegang, mengadakan
91
to touch
~ed
~ed
~ing
menyentuh, meraba
92
to teach
taught
taught
~ing
mengajar
93
to return
~ed
~ed
~ing
mengembalikan
94
to reply
replied
replied
~ing
menjawab
95
to pay
~ed
~ed
calculating
membayar
96
to calculate
~d
~d
~ing
menghitung
97
to throw
threw
thrown
~ting
melempar
98
to hit
~ed
~ed
~ing
memukul
99
to beat
~ed
~ed
~ing
memukul
100
to bite
bit
beaten
hiding
menggigit
101
to hide
hid
hid
serving
bersembunyi
102
to serve
~d
~d
~ing
melayani, menghidangkan
103
to explain
~ed
~ed
~ing
menerangkan
104
to interpret
~ed
~ed
~ing
menafsirkan
105
to predict
~ed
~ed
activating
meramalkan
106
to activate
~d
~d
motivating
mengaktifkan, menggiatkan
107
to motivate
~d
~d
memotivasi, menggerakan
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16 Tenses In English
Note : tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti Kata Dasar (Infinitive)
Contoh : to work ~ ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst.
to pada Infinitive, tidak dipakai sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat (Lihat Rumus)
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