ENGLISH

Annie= 1980, Lea Salonga is the lead role.

-

Tomorrow=Famous song

Les Misrables= Jean Valjean, Cosette,

Fantine
-

Victor Hugo

The Mousetrap= longest running

broadway musical
-

1952

Romeo and Juliet= William Shakespeare

-

Wherefore art thou, Romeo= Why

are you, Romeo

William Shakespeare= 1700 invented

words
Julius Caesar= Friends, Romans,
countrymen, lend me your ears
-

Marc Anthony

Thalia= COMEDIC mask associated with

music, song, and dance
Melpomene= TRAGIC mask associated
with tragedy
GREEK THEATRE HISTORY
-

6th Century BCE

Athens was the center of all Greek
theatrical traditions
Tragedy, Comedy, and Satyr plays
were most common

The Great Theatre of Epidaurus=

Theatre where most plays are played
Thespis of Icaria= 1st stage actor in
Greek drama
-

Started tragedy

Trag-dia= Sacrifice of the goats to

Dionysus
-

First to break the tradition by having

a single person deliver a dialogue

Most famous Greek tragic playwrights:

1. Sophocles
2. Euripides
3. Aeschylus

Chorus= Used to sing/chant the script lead

by the Choragus.
Aeschylus= introduced the idea of using
second/third characters to allow more
interactions amongst the characters
Sophocles= continued the creation by
using the chorus less and more dialogue.
HISTORY OF ROMAN THEATRE
-

240 BC
Heavily influenced with Greek Drama
Specifically, their festival to honor
their gods.
Less serious than Greeks
COMEDY was the popular theatre
form
Introduced Slapstick Comedy
Have the concept of Characters
First to introduce Stock Characters

STOCK CHARACTERS:
1. Adulescens= hero who is young,
rich and not too brave
2. Senex= several incarnations
3. Leno= runs a brothel. Love interest
of an Adulescen. Interested only in
money.
4. Miles Gloriosus= Loves himself
more than anything else. Narcissist.
Sees himself as handsome but is
actually stupid.
5. Parasitus= lives only for himself.
6. Servi= Often has the dialogues.
Very clever. Often finds the truth out
at the end of the play
7. Ancilla= Maid/nurse of no particular
age. Used to move the plot by
presenting information to develop
another character. Messenger.
8. Meretrix= Experienced Prostitutes.
Very attractive with complexed
hairdo and outfit.
9. Virgo= Another love interest of
Adulescens. Treated as a prize.

The Oedipus Plays= Sophocles; most

famous
1. Oedipus Rex
2. Oedipus at Colonus
3. Antigone

ROMAN AND GREEK GODS/GODDESSES:

DESCRIPTION
King of Gods
Goddess of Marriage

GREEK
Zeus
Hera

ROMAN
Jupiter
Juno

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and Childbirth
God of the Sea
Goddess of Love
God of the
Underworld
God of Sculptors,
metals, fire, and
volcanoes
Goddess of Harvest
God of Music and
Medicine
Goddess of Wisdom
Goddess of the Hunt
God of War
Messenger of the
Gods
God of Wine
God of Love

STAGE AND THEATRE ARTS

Poseidon
Aphrodite
Hades

Neptune
Venus
Pluto

Hephaestus

Vulcan

Demeter
Apollo

Ceres
Apollo

Athena
Artemis
Ares
Hermes

Minerva
Diana
Mars
Mercury

Dionysus
Eros

Bacchus
Cupid

Lucius Livius Andronicus= Founder of

Roman epic poetry/drama
Most Notable Roman Playwrights:
1. Titus Maccius Platus= added
Roman allusions to Greek plays.
Latin dialogue. Used witty and
slapstick comedy.
2. Publius Terenis Afer= wrote in
simple Latin. Used Greek originals.
Wrote tragedies with complex plots.
3. Lucius Annaeus Seneca= Famous
for his tragedies. Most of his plays
were adapted such as Oedipus and
Medea.
TECHNICAL ELEMENTS
1. Scenery= Curtains, platforms,
backdrops, flats and other theatrical
equipment that establish the setting.
2. Costume= Clothing and accessories
worn by the actors onstage.
3. Props=Movable object like swords,
etc. that appear on stage which
cannot be classified as part of
scenery/costume.
4. Lights= Highlights the scenery and
suggest the feeling or mood of the
play.
5. Sound= Used to intensify a scene.
6. Makeup= Includes the painting,
enhancing or altering of the face to
transform them into the characters
they portray.

Theatre Arts= collaborative form of fine

art that uses live performers to present the
experience of a real/imagined event before
a live audience in a stage.
TYPES OF THEATRE STAGE
1. Proscenium Stage= picture
framed, placed around the front of
the playing area of an end stage.
2. Thrust Stage=Surrounded by
audience on 3 sides.
3. End Stage= Extended wall to wall.
Audience is just on 1 side.
4. Arena Theatre= Central stage,
surrounded by audience on all sides.
STAGE DIRECTIONS
Upstage:
Upstage Right= Romantic scenes; Well
suited for horror scenes
Upstage Center= Remote and cold but
quite strong. Good area to begin important
scenes that will move downstage later.
Upstage Left= Soft, remote, weak. Used
for unimportant scenes but effective for
horror. WEAKEST STAGE.
Downstage:
Downstage Right= Intimate love scenes,
informal calls, confessions, gossips, long
narratives.
Downstage Center= Quarrels, fights,
crises, climaxes
Downstage Left= Conspiracies, casual
love scenes, soliloquies, formal calls,
business matters.
Center Stage= STRONGEST STAGE. Most
important scenes happen here.
Script= written version of what youre
saying
-

scrbre= Latin- to write

Piece of writing written in the form of
drama.
Written in special form and has to be
sound effective.

ELEMENTS OF A SCRIPT
1. Scene Heading= a.k.a sluglines;
tells the reader of the script where
the scene takes place.
- Indoors= INT; Outdoors= EXT

Len F.

2. Action= sets the scene, describes

the setting, allows to introduce the
character.
- Written in REAL TIME.
- Active voice
3. Character Name= Can be an actual
name or description or occupation.
- Characters first introduction= ALL
CAPS
4. Dialogue= conversational passage;
spoken or written exchange of
conversation between 2 people.
5. Parentheticals= remarks that can
be an attitude, verbal direction,
action-direction. Short and direct to
the point.
6. Extension= technical note placed
directly to the right of the character
name. Denotes how the characters
voice will be heard by the audience.
Protasis= 1 part of an ancient drama
where characters are introduced and the
subject is proposed.
st

Debate= exchange of arguments

Terms:
Adjudication= Legal process of resolving
a dispute
Analysis= logical reason behind every
argument. Evidence.
Chair Judge= Person who controls the
debate, manages the adjudication and
feedback to teams.
Chief Adjudicator= person responsible for
ranking judges and setting the motions in
the competition.
Claim= Controversial statement that a
debater supports or refutes with evidence
and reasoning.
Drop= When a debate does not respond to
the argument.
Government= Side in favor of the motion.
A.k.a Proposition/Appositive/Pro
Motion= Statement in a debate

Epitasis= the part of an ancient drama

following the protasis where the main
action is developed.

Opening Government= 1st person on the

government side. Responsible for defining
the motion, present the teams 1st
argument.

Catastrophe= the point at which the

circumstances overcome the central
motive, introducing the close or conclusion,
denouement. Concluding part.

Opening Opposition= 1st person on the

opposition side. Responsible for presenting
arguments against the motion and
rebutting opening government.
Opposition= Side against the motion

Play Analysis= Opinionated in nature

Act I

= Prologue =Protasis

Act II = Conflict

=Epitasis

Act III =Rising Action

=Epitasis

=Climax

=Epitasis

Act IV =Falling Action

=Catastrophe

Act V =Denouement

=Catastrophe

VERBALS
1. Gerund= -ing form of the verb;
functions as a noun
2. Infinitives= to+ base form of the
verb
3. Participle= -ing or ed form of the
verb; functions as an adjective
ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE
Argument= opinion + evidence

Rebuttal= Explanation of why the

arguments made by the other side is
wrong.
Opening Government= Constructive
Speech
Opening Opposition= Interpellation
3Ms of Debate
1. Manner= What is said
2. Matter= How it is organized
3. Method= How it is said
Parliamentary Debate= Consists of 2
Teams
-

POI= Point of Information

British Parliamentary Debate= Common

form of academic debate.
-

Consists of 4 teams
a. First Proposition
b. Second Proposition

Len F.

c. First Opposition
d. Second Opposition
Speeches are usually 5-7 minutes

Legislative Debate= Focuses on bills and

resolutions. A.k.a Congressional Debate.
FALLACIES
1. Circular Reasoning= Supports an
argument by restating the same
argument over and over.
- Circulus in probando= Circle in
proving
2. Either- or Fallacy= Imposes 2
options for a situation
- Black and White Fallacy/ FalseDilemma
3. Oversimplification=Reducing a
complex idea to a simpler one, as if
it were much simpler than it actually
is.
- Fallacy of Reduction
4. Overgeneralization= Makes an
unfair assumption about a group of
people/things.
- Hasty Generalization
5. Stereotyping= Categorizing people
based on gender, ethnicity, race or
group.
6. Name-Calling= Attacking the
person making the argument
- Argumentum Ad Hominem=
Attacking the Person
7. Evading the Issue= It answers an
argument with ideas that are far or
not related from the issue
- Red Herring Fallacy
8. Non Sequitur= The conclusion
reached does not follow the previous
statement.
- It does not follow

9. False Causality= Assumption that

an event happened because of
another event that occurred before
it.
- Non causa pro causa= Non-cause for
cause
- Correlation is not causation
- Sequence is not causation
Deductive Reasoning= Starts from
general details down to specific.
Inductive Reasoning= Starts from
specific details down to general.
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
A blessing in
disguise
Actions speak louder
than words
A piece of cake
Beating around the
bush
Big task on your
hand
Break a leg
Cant stand
Check out that
Close but no cigar
Dont sweat it
Driving me bananas
Easier said than
done
Get out of town
Get over it
Gone off track

Seems bad, but is

actually good
Actions are more
important than words
Easy
Not discussing what is
important
Having something
important to finish
Wishing someone to
do well
To dislike something
Give that a look
Close but failed at the
end
Dont worry about it
Making me feel crazy
Easy to say, but hard
to do
I dont believe you
Forget about the past
Forgot about your
future goal

Len F.