ROADS - is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has

been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance,
including a horse, cart, bicycle, or motor vehicle.
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consist of one or two roadways (British English: carriageways), each with one or
more lanes and any associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and road
verges.

PAVEMENTS - is the actual travel surface especially made durable and serviceable to
withstand the traffic load commuting upon it. Pavement grants friction for the vehicles
thus providing comfort to the driver and transfers the traffic load from the upper surface
to the natural soil.

ARE ALL ROADS ARE PAVEMENTS? ARE ALL PAVEMENTS ARE ROADS?
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS (ASPHALTED)
- is the actual travel surface especially made durable and serviceable to withstand the
traffic load commuting upon it.
- it consists of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous material and aggregates placed on a
bed of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in layers over the subgrade.
- The design of flexible pavement is based on the principle that for a load of any
magnitude, the intensity of a load diminishes as the load is transmitted downwards from
the surface by virtue of spreading over an increasingly larger area, by carrying it deep
enough into the ground through successive layers of granular material.
LAYERS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
a.) BITUMINOUS SURFACE is made up of a mixture of various selected aggregates
bound together with asphalt cement or other bituminous binders.
- this surface prevents the penetration of surface of surface water to the base course;
provides a smooth, well-bonded surface free from loose particles, which might endanger
aircraft or people; resists the stresses caused by aircraft loads; and supplies a skidresistant surface without causing undue wear on tires.

b.) BASE COURSE it serves as the principal structural component of the flexible
pavement.
- it must have sufficient quality and thickness to prevent failure in the subgrade or
subbase.
c.) SUBBASE it is used in areas where frost action is severe or the subgrade soil is
extremely weak.
- the material requirements for the subbase are not as strict as those for the base
course since the subbase is subjected to lower load stresses.
- it consists of stabilized or properly granular material.
d.) FROST PROTECTION LAYER - Some flexible pavements require a frost protection
layer. This layer functions the same way in either a flexible or a rigid pavement.
e.) SUBGRADE is the compacted soil layer that forms the foundation of the pavement
system.
- they are subjected to lower stresses than the surface, base, and subbase courses.
- usually lies at the top of the subgrade.

BITUMEN is an essential component of any pavement and is used widely throughout

the world.
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is a naturally occurring material and is found in large quantities in the solid or semi
solid forms of petroleum. It is also manufactured artificially in vast amounts globally.
the main purpose of bitumen in flexible pavements is to strongly bind and hold the
other pavement components together and provide a smooth and leveled surface for
the moving vehicles.

PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

1. ADHESIVE - the main purpose of bitumen in flexible pavements is to strongly bind
and hold the other pavement components together and provide a smooth and leveled
surface for the moving vehicles.
2. WATER PROOF - Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an effective sealant
3. STRONG - Though the coarse aggregates are the main load bearing component in a
pavement, bitumen or asphalt also play a vital role in distributing the traffic loads to the layers
beneath.

4. DURABLE - Bitumen lives up to twenty years if maintained properly throughout the pavement
life.

5. VERSATILE - Bitumen is a relatively easy to use material because of its thermoplastic property.
It can be spread easily along the underlying pavement layers as it liquefies when heated making the
job easier and hardens in a solid mass when cooled.
6. ECONOMICAL - It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the world.

BITUMINOUS MATERIALS USED IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

1. ASPHALT -