Immigration

Intro/ History/ Definitions:

Migrations take place in the whole history of mankind starting from the moving of the
first human collectives from their original region of East Africa to their present habitat
across the globe. Now the world is very much linked to each other, the global shifting has
become a modern thing that is experienced in all the areas of the world and it makes
changes in the counties of the existence to very distant destinations. The modes of
transportation have turned it very simpler, less expensive and quicker for folks to migrate
from one place to other. Simultaneously, the time change, the financial distrust, inequality
and the absence of the employment are the leading causes that force people to migrate
from their homeland to the other places to look for good opportunities for them and also
to their families. After the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD), the problem of global movement and is link to the progress has been increased
consistently on the issue of global society. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development doesnt merely cover many migration associated issues but also gives
opportunity to the countries to segregate their targets by migratory ranks1.
Migration (human) is the transfer of the humans form one part of the globe to the other
for the sake of staying their permanently especially in other political authorities. People
can choose for migration themselves or they may also be compelled to shift to other parts
of the worlds for some reasons 2. As the word suggests, a global migrating person is the
one who lives in a state that is not the one he/she was born in. for measuring the global
migrant stock, the information on the region of birth are generally check at the time of
availability3.
Migration takes place at number of levels that is between the continents, within the
continents, within the same states and the most prevalent trend of shifting is from rural to
big cities and this is for the reason to get better chances of employment in big cities.
Internal Migration: Shifting from one place to other place inside the same country, state
or continent.
External Migration: Shifting from one place to other in a different state, continent or
country4.
1http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/
migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_Highlights.pdf
2
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguide
student.pdf
3http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/
migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_Highlights.pdf
4
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguide
student.pdf

Illegal immigration: This is the migration where people move from one border to other
in some different country that is a violation of the immigration policy of that next
country. This indulges in the global policy whether moved from water, land or air.

Statistics:
The total proportion of people migrating globally have been increased promptly over the
previous one and half decades ranging from 173 million in 2000, 222 million in 2010 and
244 million 2015. Almost two third of the global migrants are staying in Europe i.e. 76
millions or in Asia with 75 millions. America hosts third largest strength of the global
migrants that is 54 million, Africa has 21 millions; Latin America and Caribbean have 9
millions whole Oceania have 8 million immigrants. Till 2015, 67 percent of the global
immigrants were staying in juts 20 countries. The biggest chunk of the global migrants
stayed in the America that accounts of total 19% of total world. Russian federation and
Germany had the 2nd and 3rd largest immigrants globally and Saudi Arabia has 10 million.
Majority of these people are from the poor countries. From 2000-2015, the strength of
immigrant coming from progressing countries elevated much more quickly than from the
counties with less wage differences. Most of the immigrants are from the countries that
are poor and now live in high earning countries. In 2015, total 43 percent of the migrants
were born in Asia. The Europe was the second number birth place for the migrants with
25 percent account. 15 percent migrants were born in Caribbean and Latin America and
14% were born in Africa. The biggest Diaspora of the world was from India with 16
million and then Mexico had 12 million. Some other countries with similar large
Diaspora were China with 10 million, Russian Federation with 11 million, Bangladesh
with 7 million and Ukraine and Pakistan with 6 million each5.
Refugees and asylum seekers:
The intensity and the complications of the problems coming from the movement of the
asylum lookers and the refuge seekers give too much problem for the biggest destinations
of these migrants. These countries have to work too much to handle this issue among the
control of the country borders and giving safety to a number of homeless people. Too
much conflict is there in the variation of the asylum seekers and the refuges. Often these
words are used in place of each other. The asylum seeker is the person that looks for
global safety and the other refugee seekers are not yet defined but it can be taken as a
5http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/
migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_Highlights.pdf

person who lives outside his/her birth country because of the fear of punishment due to
religion, race, or nationality or for political ideas.6 These both people are compelled to
migrate and hence they run away from punishment in the country of their birth. The
whole number of refugees in 2014 across the globe was 19.5 million. The largest refugee
protecting country was turkey where there were 1.6 million refugees. In Pakistan there
were 1.5 million Lebonan had 1.2 million and Iran had 1..0 million refugees.
Almost 53% of the total world refugees originated from three countries i.e. Syrian Arab
Republic (3.9 million), Afghanistan (2.6 million), and Somalia (1.1 million). Progressing
countries had 86% of the world refugees and this remained same for almost 20 years. The
least progressed countries hosted as an asylum to 3.6 million people that covers almost
1/4th of the total global number 7. These people are encouraged by the media that misuse
the welfare setups nd supports the immigrants8
Immigrant dependency ratio:
-Immigration has generally the small fiscal impact. Talented migrants who came
particularly to the progressed countries participate too much and those migrants that
come from less progressed counties only cause costs to the government than they actually
pay in the taxes. In majority of the counties the fiscal excess of the talented migrants
increase the loss by the migrants so the overall effect of the migrants on the total
government expenditure is null9.
-Immigrants are hence a pressure to the public facilities and they cannot be helpful in the
overall problems. In majority of the world, other than the small proportion of the older
immigrants the other immigrants pay more taxes and contribute more in society than they
actually get the advantages. However, many people dont come for the advantages; they
just wanted to have jobs and make loving for their families. Hence, the integration of
immigrants in the country cannot be taken as an investment of expenditure for the
country10

Consequences
6 http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/sp/asylumfacts.pdf
7http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/
migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_Highlights.pdf
8 http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Rowthorn_Immigration.pdf
9 http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Rowthorn_Immigration.pdf
10 https://www.oecd.org/migration/OECD%20Migration%20Policy%20Debates
%20Numero%202.pdf

-Immigration assists in handling with the aging issue of the population that is resulted due
to less birth rate and people having long lifespan. This shows that less taxes from the
present population as the immigrants give more taxes as compared to what they get form
government. In this mean the immigration can effectively help the age demography of the
country with the help temporary migrates.
The labors join the countries when they are adults, give taxes and go back before they get
old to become a pressure on the government. But, the temporary labor schemes are hard
to manage particularly in the democratic countries where people cannot be forced back to
leave the country after some a long time 11
- Illegal immigration may be against the laws and affect the capacity of the government to
implement the laws of the workforce. This leads to move the workers at some certain
place in the society. Expectations of the welfare advantages given to the kids of the illegal
migrants and other facilities like the housing may enhance the public costs. The illegal
aliens can also enhance the crime scene of the destination country and may lead to
political disturbance12.
-migrations on massive scales are also carried out that made population pressures at the
host country. More migration may pose threat to the nationality and people tend to rely
more on the welfare and can also pose threat to the safety leading to terrorism. If the
immigrants are welcomed to the new country want to participate in the country and
diversify the community that assist in mutual comprehension. The new country gets more
talented and skilled people who are usually young and sometimes well-qualified form the
previous countries.
Comprehending such effects is significant if the communities are to discuss the impact of
migration. Such discussions are important to carve new schemes in departments like
work force and education that increase the advantages of the migration particularly by
increasing the jobs for immigrants.

Recommendations/concluding remarks:
11 http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Rowthorn_Immigration.pdf
12 http://www.google.ae/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=20&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUK
Ewi_q97SmrnRAhXDuhoKHWZ4BcE4ChAWCE4wCQ&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fcontent%2Fpublications%2Fattachments
%2FImmigrationCSR26.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEH_n8oj23aWPfpThhDvPp57hBzPA&
sig2=J8CFxVmfud9meBoi83ddvw&bvm=bv.143423383,d.ZWM

If the migration is given support by certain schemes, it can be participating and helpful in
the economical growth and progress for both the destination and original country.
In 2014, immigrants from the progressing countries sent a total of US $436 billion to
their homes back in their counties that are increased by 4.4 percent total from the 2013
net amount according to World Bank (2015). This money is normally utilized to enhance
the life standards of the families and the societies and invested much in the health,
education, sanitation, and building etc. the host countries can also get advantages from
these immigrants as the people worked as a labor force to cover labor gap and also cerate
employments by new start ups. They also pay more taxed and contribute in social safety13

13http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/Migrati
onReport2015_Highlights.pdf