Definitions:

Huge urbanization in the advancing word is the main structural change of the new era. If
it is organized in a good way, there can be many benefits in the social inclusive and
providing folks with actual options, along with the sexual wellbeing1. The real description
of the urbanization has been highly affected by the events taken place Europe and its
effects in the last two centuries (e.g. check Easterlin 1996; Williamson
1988).These countries get the impact of industrial boost and
urbanization simultaneously. The economical scenario changed and
didnt only rely on the rural ad agriculture sector and also started
relying on the urbanization and industries. It can be said with no doubt
that the economical progress in the metropolitan parts of countries
enhanced the migration from the rural parts of the countries. Further, a
similar thing happened in many other progressing counties particularly
in the East Asia in the previous few decades. However, there are also
the chances that the events taking place can be the reason (i.e. the
economical progress) and the impact (i.e. the industrialization)2.
Progressing states have seen urbanization on a huge scale since the
mid of 20th century according to World Bank (2009). Even when there is
similar pattern of their industrial growth with the developed states in
the 19th century but there are some contrasts in many different ways.
First, the industrial progress was quite swift in present developing era.
The urbanization became fast in Europe with the arrival of industrial
revolution that rose from 15 percent in 19th century to 40 percent
within that century till 1910 (Figure 1). Both Asia and Africa grew in
almost half duration or with double speed when they started at similar
less level of 15 percent in mid 20th century to approach the 40 percent
in 2010. Further, it can be seen that industrialization is quite linked to
the income in many countries (Henderson, 2010); there is increased
urbanization across the world at stagnant income level (Glaeser,
2013)3
We can take urbanization as the growth of demography in which the
enhancing part of the national population stays within the metropolitan
areas. The settlement of this kind can also be said as urban merely if
a majority of the natives earn most of their living from the nonagricultural professions. In the whole past, the industrialization was the
1 http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10653IIED.pdf
2http://sgfm.elcorteingles.es/SGFM/FRA/recursos/doc/Actos/2009/Ponencias_ingles/Long_term_
Implications/405329082_2192009135719.pdf

3http://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/uploads/content/Demography,_Urbanization_and_Development_Remi_Jedw
ab.pdf

main driver in the economical and human growth 4. The word

urbanization can be defined as a growth in the part of the population
staying in the parts of the country that can be referred to as urban.
Even when many counties utilize various criteria to divide the portions
as metropolitan, the whole urban progress means the shifting of the
community from being 10% urban or even less, to grow till 70% of the
urban population.

The word urban growth that is utilized here suggests the progress in
the strength of folks who stay in the metropolitan areas i.e. in towns.
This is also a chance that the urban progress takes place with no
urbanization, in the present era the two things can take place at the
same time. But this is only a rare case that the urbanization growth in
a country to increase the rural rate. No doubt that the urban rate of the
natural enhancement is same or a little lesser than the urbanization.
Further, it shows that if the urban growth is taking place then this is
due to the rural migration to the urban areas. This shifting lowers the
rural growth rate and increased the population of the metropolitan
areas. Hence, it causes the population to increase in the metropolitan
areas than in the rural areas so it enhances the urban growth.
Similarly, this can be said that the rural to metropolitan migration was
and is the main reason of the urban growth in every event almost5
Urbanization: The way of transforming the rural to the urban
community. According to the statistics, the urban growth shows an
increase in the population that loves in the areas called as
metropolitan areas particularly by total rural to metropolitan migration.
The extent of the urban growth is the number of the whole population
that is staying in the towns and the urban settlements while the rate of
the urban growth is the rate at which it is increased6.
Urbanization the whole phenomena where a growing part of the
whole population stays in the urban settlements, has been shown by
the experts as the major reason of the decrease in the fertility. This is a
well known fact that the urban reproductively is lesser than the rural
reproductively with an exception to the poor slum parts of the cities.
However, this can be seen as a stereotypical fact that the urban people
throughout the globe have more benefits over the rural people with
4 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01068271/document
5http://sgfm.elcorteingles.es/SGFM/FRA/recursos/doc/Actos/2009/Ponencias_ingles/Long_term_
Implications/405329082_2192009135719.pdf

6
http://www.unisdr.org/files/31104_linkagesbetweenpopulationdynamicsur.pdf

regards to the reasons that impact on the reproductively levels that

also includes the education and the jobs of females, gender equal
rights and good approach to almost all the facilities 7. The standards
show that the urban growth particularly by the rural migration to the
urban areas is in a result of increased wages in the cities (Harris &
Todaro, 1970). This wage difference can be caused by a rural push or
urban pull. Also many other reasons are there. If there is a green
revolution in the country, the increase in the yield of the food leaves
the labor for advanced parts and the population transfer to the urban
areas (Schultz, 1953; Matsuyama, 1992; Caselli & Coleman II, 2001;
Gollin, Parente & Rogerson, 2002). The poverty levels in the rural areas
because of the pressure of land or some calamities lead to the shifting
of the population from rural to the urban settlements (Barrios, Bertinelli
& Strobl, 2006; da Mata et al., 2007; Henderson, Storeygard &
Deichmann, 2013). Also there are many other reasons in the attraction
of the cities. If the country sees a revolution in the industry, the wages
in the cities increase that makes more labor to move to the cities
(Lewis, 1954; Hansen & Prescott, 2002; Lucas, 2004; Alvarez-Cuadrado
& Poschke, 2011; Henderson, Roberts & Storeygard, 2013).
If the government picks up the city centrred schemes, the city wages
also grow (Lipton, 1977; Henderson, 1982; Ades & Glaeser, 1995; Davis
& Henderson, 2003). If a country sells natural products to the other
counties then urbanization also improves if the export money is spent
on the urban products that also increases the city wages (Gollin,
Jedwab & Vollrath, 2013; Jedwab, 2013; Cavalcanti, Mata & Toscani,
2014). 8
Pull factors: the chances in the urban settlements like more salaries in
the urban areas that are given by the multinational companies.
Push factors: bad situation in the rural areas like the health, farm
areas, less employment chances, and also less earning chances.
Relation with Transition Theory and Economic progress
Eventually, a population can face the urban growth due to the
demography events. This is that the part of the population transfer
from rural areas to the city areas in major numbers by mortality,
shifting and fertility. But, most of the time migration and the
economical situation that affect are given more focus. It is especially
factual as comparison to the study on the urban progress in the
7 http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10653IIED.pdf
8http://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/uploads/content/Demography,_Urbanization_and_Development_Remi_Jedw
ab.pdf

present growing world. Hence, as said by Preston (1979), there are

many chances that the migration is the reason of the urbanization to
ignore the influence of the urban enhancement. There are also the
chances that the quick urbanization independent of the rapid
population increase in general terms9. By seeing this, the fertility was
much more in the conventional rural communities for giving the
required workers and to deal with more mortality rate. Economical and
societal alterations like the urbanization and the improved education
increased the death rate. As the result the economical rate was
decreased and the cost to support a family in city areas also increase
that affect on the desire of parents to get better health for their child
and get less children that is the decreased fertility in the progressed
countries. This is also an expectation that this trend will be followed in
the progressing countries too10.
The traditional demographic transition theory focused more on the
urban community as this area was more lined with the less fertility and
sees more decrease in the fertility as compared to the rural
communities. It is true that in last few years this standard theory has
seen many facts of the death rate and the reproduction rate happening
in the areas that are not rural or metropolitan as well. May be the most
significant result if this is the increasing awareness, or now this is a
well known fact among the people that the increased death rate is the
main reason of the reproductive decrease. This shows that the main
process of the reproduction rate decrease is linked with another main
process of the death rate. All the situations that affect the reproduction
rate lowers in various populations are particularly not of first
importance.

This shows that staying in the metropolitan areas, increases the affect
on smaller family size-choices and also affects the fertility 11.Hence the
population of the metropolitan areas prefers smaller family size and
restricts their reproduction with good approach to the knowledge to
more advanced techniques to avoid children and also they have good

9http://sgfm.elcorteingles.es/SGFM/FRA/recursos/doc/Actos/2009/Ponencias_ingles/Long_term_Implications
/405329082_2192009135719.pdf

10 http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10653IIED.pdf
11http://sgfm.elcorteingles.es/SGFM/FRA/recursos/doc/Actos/2009/Ponencias_ingles/Long_term_Implicatio
ns/405329082_2192009135719.pdf

medical facilities. This also affects their preference about marriages

that they postpone12.
In the last few hears the urban growth can be described by focus on
the economical factors of the rural-city migration, particularly the
difference in the salary that comes from the industrialization in the
cities. This fact comes from the Friedrich Engels focus on the effect of
industry in getting the migrants from rural areas to the urban area
(Todaro, 1969). This is observed that the rural people shifted to the
urban settings even when there were less chances of job in cities but
they were expecting good earning in the future (check Kelley &
Williamson, 1984) for more detail). This is seen in the urban growth in
the North America and Europe. But previous urban growth in the
progressing countries and particularly in the sub-Saharan Africa is
continued even with very less salary difference and also with no
industry progress. Many theories exist to describe the urban growth in
African areas but recent information from the experts showed that the
death rate decrease is the main reason of the changes in the
demography and this has played the main contribution while
describing the advanced urban growth (Dyson, 2011; Fox, 2012).
The more clear process where the death rate decreases that can affect
the urban growth is by an elevation in the population of countryside
and the resulting population increase above the normal level. The
other important process suggests a normal relation among the rural
death rate decrease as increased population leads to less job
opportunities and hence the migration occurs form rural to city areas.
The third most important cause is that the urban death rate decrease
and the resulting growth of the population to the limit in which the
rural population growth is more. The final main reason is that
decreased death rate causes more migration to the cities as people
move to the urban areas to get better medical services 13
Megacities:
One property of present day urban growth is the consistent increase of
the megacities. The big cities have been increasing from 1950 to 1995
from one to 23 and 17 of these cities are in the developing countries.
Till 2015, the number is expected to increase to 36 where 23 of these
big cities will be present in Asia. Though a good deal of big urban areas
is growing, majority of city population stays in the small cities. At the

12 http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10653IIED.pdf
13 http://personal.lse.ac.uk/BANDYOPS/BGurb.pdf

start of 20th century one fourth of worlds total population was in the
city areas that was actually 500,000 people.14

In the mid 20th century, 30% of the total population stayed in the urban
areas and at the start of 21st century, total 47% of the total people
lived in the cities. After 7 years around half of the worlds population
i.e. 3.3 billion people were expected to be living in the cities. Till 2030,
almost 60% might be living in the city areas. This prompt increase of
the urban growth especially in the progressing counties leads to many
chances and hurdles as well.
Megacities can be described as the city parts of country that have
above five million populations. The experts have the estimation that by
2015 there can be around 60 megacities in the world who will house
above 600 million inhabitants. In these cities as well most of the urban
growth of world will be taking place. These cities are not only just the
big cities. Their demography cause many impacts and complications
and can lead to many new processes i.e. in society and economy.
These cities involve many complicated coordination among different
sectors from economy, politics, and other ecological areas.
Big cities going through the economical progress many times create
many big chances and also some burden of change that also leads to
atmospheric disturbance.
In the progressing countries, the big cities develop quicker than their
main structure. This increased urban growth increase the traffic, and
industrial yield along with ecological burden, uncontrolled land and
market, decreased housing progress and sometimes, too much
difference in the social status that leads to social disturbance 15. Some
big cities see various stages just like the lives of humans. Some face
being stuck and hence these cities can be divided in three levels of
maturation.
Low maturity megacities like Kinshasa, Dhaka and Lagos are the
developing at rapid pace and have more young people with many
unorganized slum areas, small buildings and large economy. These
urban areas have many inequalities, comparatively weaker
management, small public transportation, over crowdedness and lack
of some main facilities.
14 http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/urbanhealth/PDFs/Urban-sec2_Baqui.pdf
15 http://yearofplanetearth.org/content/downloads/Megacities.pdf

Medium maturity megacities like Sao Paulo, Shanghai and Mexico are
progressing at relatively slow pace and they have middle age people.
The management is good and people are wealthier as compared to low
maturity megacities and the major trouble in these cities is the traffic
management as too many people have cars that lead to over
crowdedness on roads.

High maturity megacities London, New York, Tokyo and Paris people
are quite older and there is more modernization. People are too much
wealthy. These areas have more facilities. In London, there is Thames
that protects the city form flood.

The transport system is quite progressed and living cost has too much
gap between the wealthy and poor people that leads to social division16
Conclusion:
The big city lifestyle changes the system and the natural setup and
scenery, affecting the biodiversity and the capability of the ecosystem
to handle the result of human actions. These urban areas progressed
very fast and in some unorganized way as well with less basic facilities
and system for an increasing population. At some level this creates a
bad idea about the urbanization resulting in many schemes that
attempted to deal with this increasing the rural progress. This must be
taken in account that the progress of the urban areas and the
population in those cities dont affect the progress of rural areas. These
two things actually are complementary. The urban people need food
and some items and are dependant of rural resources. But even when
there is more agricultural yield, it doesnt cause more jobs in the rural
areas. Hence, more yield and rural progress may not cause more

16https://www.allianz.com/v_1448643898000/media/press/document/Allianz_
Risk_Pulse_Megacities_20151130-EN.pdf

population in the rural areas. As a result, more diversity and more

yields in cities give more employment chances and more earning 17

17
http://www.unisdr.org/files/31104_linkagesbetweenpopulationdynamicsur.pdf