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Potentiometer
A potentiometer informally a pot, is a threeterminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms
an adjustable voltage divider.[1] If only two terminals are used,
one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable
resistor or rheostat.
A potentiometer measuring instrument is essentially a voltage
divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an
implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume
controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be
used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are
rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the
power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the
controlled load.
Potentiometers comprise a resistive element, a sliding contact (wiper) that
moves along the element, making good electrical contact with one part of it,
electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that moves the
wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and
wiper.
Many inexpensive potentiometers are constructed with a resistive element
formed into an arc of a circle usually a little less than a full turn and a wiper
sliding on this element when rotated, making electrical contact. The resistive
element, with a terminal at each end, is flat or angled. The wiper is connected to
a third terminal, usually between the other two. On panel potentiometers, the

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wiper is usually the center terminal of three. For single-turn potentiometers, this
wiper typically travels just under one revolution around the contact.

Integrated Circuits

An integrated
circuit or monolithic integrated
circuit (also referred to as an IC,
a chip, or a microchip) is a set
of electronic circuits on one small
plate ("chip") of semiconductor
material, normally silicon. This
can be made much smaller than
a discrete circuit made from independent components. ICs can be made very
compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic
components in an area the size of a fingernail. The width of each conducting
line in a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in
2008 it dropped below 100 nanometres,[1] and now is tens of nanometers.[2]
ICs were made possible by experimental discoveries showing
that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubesand by
mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device
fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip
was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using
discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass
production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit
design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized integrated circuits in place of
designs using discrete transistors.

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ICs have two main advantages over discrete circuits: cost and performance.
Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit
by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time.

Capacitors

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric
field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The
conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive
electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's
charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum,
paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical
circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor
does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of
an electrostatic field between its plates.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a
capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the
dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative
charge Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a
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capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the
capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a twolead semiconductor light source. It is a pnjunction diode, which emits light when activated.
[6]

When a suitable voltage is applied to the

leads, electrons are able to recombine

with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the
color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less
than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape
its radiation pattern.[7]
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[8] the earliest LEDs
emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as
transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote
controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs
were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across
the visible,ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing
small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in
the form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

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Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task

lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness,
smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in
applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, and camera flashes.

Resistor
A resistor is a passive twoterminal electrical
component that
implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element.
Resistors act to reduce current
flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In
electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal
levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses.
High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test
loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly
with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as
sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as
discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
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The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common

commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of
magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance will fall within a manufacturing
tolerance.

IC 555:-

The 555, in fig. 1 and fig. 2 above, come in two packages, either the round
metal-can called the 'T' package or the more familiar 8-pin DIP 'V' package.
About 20-years ago the metal-can type was pretty much the standard (SE/NE
types). The 556 timer is a dual 555 version and comes in a 14-pin DIP package,
the 558 is a quad version with four 555's also in a 14 pin DIP case.

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Inside the 555 timer, at fig. 3, are the equivalent of over 20 transistors, 15
resistors, and 2 diodes, depending of the manufacturer. The equivalent circuit, in
block diagram, providing the functions of control, triggering, level sensing or
comparison, discharge, and power output. Some of the more attractive features
of the 555 timer are: Supply voltage between 4.5 and 18 volt, supply current 3
to 6 mA, and a Rise/Fall time of 100 nSec. It can also withstand quite a bit of
abuse.

The Threshold current determine the maximum value of Ra + Rb. For 15 volt
operation the maximum total resistance for R (Ra +Rb) is 20 Mega-ohm.

The supply current, when the output is 'high', is typically 1 milli-amp (mA) or
less. The initial monostable timing accuracy is typically within 1% of its
calculated value, and exhibits negligible (0.1%/V) drift with supply voltage.
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Thus long-term supply variations can be ignored, and the temperature variation
is only 50ppm/C (0.005%/C).

IC TL071:Description

The TL07xx JFET-input operational amplifier family is

designed to offer a wider selection than any previously developed operational
amplifier family. Each of these JFET-input operational amplifiers incorporates
well-matched, high-voltage JFET
and bipolar transistors in a
monolithic integrated circuit.
The devices feature high slew
rates, low-input bias and offset
currents, and low offset-voltage
temperature coefficient. The low
harmonic distortion and low noise make the TL07xseries ideally suited for high-

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fidelity and audio pre-amplifier applications. Offset adjustment and external

compensation options are available within the TL07x family.
Description
The TL07xx JFET-input operational amplifier family is designed to offer a
wider selection than any previously developed operational amplifier family.
Each of these JFET-input operational amplifiers incorporates well-matched,
high-voltage JFET and bipolar transistors in a monolithic integrated circuit.
The devices feature high slew rates, low-input bias and offset currents, and low
offset-voltage temperature coefficient. The low harmonic distortion and low
noise make the TL07xseries ideally suited for high-fidelity and audio preamplifier applications. Offset adjustment and external compensation options are
available within the TL07x family.

IC CA3140:-

Description
The CA3140A and CA3140 are integrated circuit operational amplifiers that
combine the advantages of high voltage PMOS transistors with high voltage
bipolar transistors on a single monolithic chip.

The CA3140A and CA3140 BiMOS operational amplifiers feature gate

protected MOSFET (PMOS) transistors in the input circuit to provide very high
input impedance, very low input current, and high speed performance. The
CA3140A and CA3140 operate at supply voltage from 4V to 36V (either single
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or dual supply). These operational amplifiers are internally phase compensated

to achieve stable operation in unity gain follower operation, and additionally,
have access terminal for a supplementary external capacitor if additional
frequency roll-off is desired. Terminals are also provided for use in applications
requiring input offset voltage nulling. The use of PMOS field effect transistors
in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capability down to
0.5V below the negative supply terminal, an important attribute for single
supply applications. The output stage uses bipolar transistors and includes builtin protection against damage from load terminal short circuiting to either supply
rail or to ground.FN957 The CA3140A and CA3140 are intended for operation
at supply voltages up to 36V (18V).
Key Features

MOSFET Input Stage

Very High Input Impedance (ZIN) -1.5T (Typ)
Very Low Input Current (Il) -10pA (Typ) at 15V
Wide Common Mode Input Voltage Range (VlCR) - Can be Swung 0.5V

Below Negative Supply Voltage Rail

Output Swing Complements Input Common Mode Range
Directly Replaces Industry Type 741 in Most Applications
Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)

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IC UM3561

The UM 3561 is a low cost siren generator designed for

use in toy applications. The IC has an inbuilt oscillator
and tone selection pins. It is easy to make a siren
generator with only a few external components. Only one
external resistor and a speaker driver transistor are sufficient to make a simple
siren generator.

Inside the UM3561

Inside the IC, there is an oscillator circuit and the frequency of oscillations is
controlled by the external resistor connected to OSC 1(Pin 7) and OSC2 (Pin 8).
A 220 K resistor will give satisfactory results. The oscillations thus generated
will be then transferred to a control circuit which function based on the tone
selection through the connections of SEL 1 (Pin 6) and SEL2 (Pin 1) . The
control circuit passes the signal to an address counter and then to the ROM. The
tone pulses thus generated will be available from the output pin 3. Since the
sound is weak, an amplifier is necessary to get loud sound. A single NPN
transistor will amplify the sound.

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Transistor BC 548

The BC548 is a general purpose

NPN bipolar junction transistor
found commonly in European
electronic equipment and present-day
designs in Australian and British
electronics magazines where a
commonly-available low-cost NPN
transistor is required. It is a part of a
family of NPN and PNP epitaxial
silicon transistors that include higher-quality
variants, originating in 1966 when Philips
introduced the metal-cased BC108 family of
transistors which became the most used transistors
in Australia and taken up by many European
manufacturers. The BC548 is the modern plastic
packaged BC108, and can be used in any circuit
designed for the BC108 or BC148, which includes
many Mullard and Philips published designs.
The BC546 and BC547 are essentially the same as the BC548 but selected with
higher breakdown voltages while the BC549 is low noise version, and the
BC550 both high-voltage and low-noise. The BC556 to BC560 are the PNP
counterparts of the BC546 to BC550, respectively.

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BD139

Product Description
This series of plastic, medium-power NPN transistors
are designed for use as audio amplifiers and drivers
utilizing complementary or quasi complementary
circuits.
Features

DC Current Gain - hFE = 40 (Min) @ IC = 0.15 Adc

BD 135, 137, 139 are complementary with BD 136, 138,
140
Pb-Free Package is Available*

Copper Foil
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Copper is a reddish coloured metal which is

malleable and ductile. It has excellent thermal
and electrical conductivities and good
corrosion resistance. It is found in sulphide
ores and as carbonate, arsenide and chloride
(abundance in the Earth's crust is 50 ppm).
Extraction of the metal involves roasting the
ore to produce the oxide, followed by reduction and purification by electrolysis.
The element is inert to non-oxidising acids but reacts with oxidising agents. In
air, it will weather to produce the characteristic green patina of the carbonate.
Copper will combine with oxygen on heating to produce CuO at red heat, and
Cu2O at elevated temperatures.

Pure copper has an electrical conductivity second only to that of silver and
hence its main application is in the electrical industry. Copper is also the basis
of many important alloys (e.g. brass, bronze and aluminium bronze) and has
been traditionally considered to be one of the coinage metals, along with silver
and gold, but being more common, is the least valued. It is one of the first
metals ever to have been worked by man and is thought to have been mined for
more than 5000 years.

Peizo Element:

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A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure

changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting
them to an electrical charge. The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'.
Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control, and for research
and development in many industries. Pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectric
effect in 1880, but only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use the
piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring
principle has been increasingly used, and has become a mature technology with
excellent inherent reliability.

It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical,

aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a tilt sensor in consumer
electronicsor a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the
automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion
when developing internal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly
mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is
equipped with a built-in miniature piezoelectric sensor.

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Piezo Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may
be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric.
Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as
a mouse click or keystroke.

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List of components used:COMPONENTS

PRICE

IC 555

Rs. 15

Transistor

Rs. 4

Battery

Rs. 15

Buzzer

Rs. 25

Resistor

Rs. 5

Capacitor

Rs. 10

PCB

Rs. 30

Relay

Rs. 12

Diode

Rs. 3

Switch

Rs. 10

Total

Rs. 129

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Bibliography1) Book References:

a)Modern Digital Electronics-R.P.Jain

b) DigitalCoputer Electronics- A.P.Malvino&J.A.Brown
c)Basic Electronics- B.Grob
d)Electronic Principle-A.P.Malvoni
e) Principles of Electronics- V.K.Mehta
f) Electrical Technology-Huges
g) Integrated Electronics-Millmum

2) WEBSITES-

a)www.wikipedia.org
b)www.electronicsforyou.com

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Anti Bag Snatching Alarm:

Introduction:
Nowadays people always remains terrified of snatchers. Day by day it is
increasing in a society. Specially, the women are not safe with their purse
outside. For this reason, to remove snatching the American inventors Richard
W. Dixon invented purse theft alarm on 1971. it was the first use of theft alarm.
It was based on the theory that a sudden pull or jerking force exerted by the
purse handle will cause the alarm to be actuated. A few years ago, in 2010
Tsang-Chu SHH was invented Burglar proof purse. A burglar proof purse
installs a control switch and an alarm for issuing a warning sound at hidden
positions of the purse, and a closed and opened loop is distributed all over each
surface of the purse and connected to the control switch and the alarm.
Here is a very simple as well as very useful project anti bag snatching
alarm, used in bag or suitcase in order to prevent from snatching. The heart of
this entire circuit anti bag snatching alarm is operational amplifier IC CA3140
(IC1), configured as a comparator. The two inputs (inverting and non
inverting) is given to pin no 3 and 2 of operational amplifier respectively and
output is obtained from pin no 6. Here IC2 (timer IC NE555) is used as
monostable multivibrator. The timing component of anti bag snatching alarm is
R5, VR1, and capacitor C2 with the given value in this circuit diagram lets the
time of timer is about 1 minute. For audio section, IC3 is used as alarm tone
generator with an inbuilt oscillator. Finally the output is obtained from pin no 3
of IC3 and amplified by transistor T1 in order to get desire level and lastly fed to
loudspeaker for output.

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Circuit Diagram:

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Working principle of Anti-bag snatching alarm

The output from pin 6 of IC1 is fed to trigger pin 2 of IC NE555 (IC2) via
coupling capacitor C1 (0.0047 F). IC2 is configured as a monostable.
Its trigger pin 2 is held high by resistor R4 (10 kilo-ohms). Normally, the
output of IC2 remains low and the alarm is off.
Resistor R6, along with capacitor C3 connected to reset pin 4 of IC2,
prevents any false triggering. Resistor R5 (10 mega-ohms), preset VR (10
mega- ohms) and capacitor C2 (4.7 F, 16V) are timing components.
With these values, the output at pin 3 of IC2 is about one minute, which
can be increased by increasing either the value of capacitor C2 or preset
VR.
When there is an attempt at snatching, the plug connected to the circuit
detaches. At that moment, the voltage at the inverting input of IC1
exceeds the voltage at the non-inverting input and sub-sequently its
output goes low.
This sends a low pulse to trigger pin 2 of IC2 to make its output pin 3
high. Consequently, the alarm circuit built around IC UM3561 (IC3) gets
the supply voltage at its pin 5. IC UM3561 is a complex ROM with an
inbuilt oscillator. Resistor R8 forms the oscillator component.
Its output is fed to the base of single-stage transistor amplifier BD139
(T1) through resistor R9 (1 kilo-ohm). The alarm tone generated from
IC3 is amplified by transistor T1.

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A loudspeaker is connected to the collector of T1 to produce the alarm.

The alarm can be put off if the plug is inserted into the socket again.
Transistor T1 requires a heat-sink.
Resistor R7 (330 ohms) limits the current to IC3 and zener diode ZD1
limits the supply voltage to IC3 to a safe level of 3.3 volts. Resistor R9
limits the cur- rent to the base of T1.
The circuit can be easily constructed on a vero board or general-purpose
PCB. Using a small case for housing the circuit and 9V battery. The
speaker should be small so as to make the gadget handy. Connecting a
thin plastic wire to the plug and securing it in hand or tie up somewhere
else so that when the bag is pulled, the plug detaches from the socket
easily.
List of components with price
Name of component

Quantity

Price Rs.

Resistors(100K,10K,

18

10M,220K,1K,330)
Capacitors(0.0047, 0.01,4.7)F

20

Variable Resistor(1M)

10

Op-amp IC(CA3140)

30

Timer IC(NE555)

15

Complex ROM with an inbuilt

30

oscillator (UM3561)
Loud speaker(8 0.5W)

45

Transistor(BD139)
Zener Diode (3.3v)
Battery (4.5V)
Mono jack with mono socket

1
1
2
1

15
5
90
40

and switch and connecting

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wire
Total price =

Department of Electronics

318 TK.