RUNNING HEAD: Lab #4: HESSS LAW

Hatch 1

Bryan Hatch
CHEM101L
Excelsior College
Oleg Maksimov

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Hatch 2
Abstract

This three-part lab will demonstrate Hesss Law of energy absorption and
creation. For this lab we will be working with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) to demonstrate Hesss Law. One part of the lab
monitors the neutralization of HCl with NaOH and the energy it emits. The
other two parts take the first reaction but split it into two separate reactions
and monitors the energy emitted. We will then take the results of the two
reactions and check that the total energy emitted from them equals the
energy emitted by the single reaction. My results gave me an energy
released of 98.033 kJ/mol in the single reaction and a combined release of
95.184 kJ/mol in the two separate reactions.

LAB #3: HESSS LAW

Hatch 3
Lab #3: Millikan Oil Drop

Introduction
When a chemical reaction occurs energy is either released or
absorbed. Russian Dr. Germain Hess theorized that the amount of energy
absorbed or released from a reaction would be the same when the reaction
takes place in one step as when it occurs over the course of several steps
(Cohen, n.d.). The first part of this lab is mixing NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq) to see the
neutralization of HCl take place in a single step. The second part of the lab is
to mix NaOH(s) with water and observe the energy released in the form of
heat, this is the first step of the reaction of NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq). Next we will
mix HCl(aq)+NaOH(s) and observe the reaction and its energy that it
releases, this is the second step of the reaction NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq).
After recording the data from all three reactions I will calculate the
temperature change from each reaction. I will use the temperature change to
calculate the total heat released from the reaction and the amount of heat
released per mol of NaOH. Based on Hesss Law my results from the single
reaction should equal the sum of the two-step reactions.

Method and Materials

Materials required
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100% NaOH (granulated form)

NaOH (liquid)
Deionized water
HCl (liquid)
Graduated cylinders

LAB #3: HESSS LAW

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Hatch 4

Beakers (500ml)
Digital thermometer
Stirrer
Stand to hold stirrer and thermometer
Scale
Scoop
Weigh paper
Dewar cup
Journal and pen
Stopwatch or clock
Gloves, face shield, apron that protect from acids

Experimental Procedure
To perform this procedure set up the stand and stirrer above Dewar.
Adjust height of stand such that blades of stirrer are near the bottom of the
Dewar but do not touch the inside of the Dewar. Using the 100ml graduated
cylinder, add 200ml of deionized water to the Dewar. Place the lid on the
Dewar and install the stirrer and thermometer. Turn the thermometer and
stirrer on and allow to sit to establish a baseline temperature. Place a piece
of weigh paper on the scale and then zero the scale. Using the scoop,
measure out approximately 4 grams of NaOH(s). Add the 4g or NaOH(s) to
the Dewar and begin recording the temperature every 10 seconds until
temperature stabilizes. Record the initial and final temperatures in the
Reaction 1 column of Table 1. Pour the Dewar into the appropriate waste
container. Clean and dry the Dewar and return it to the lab table. Wipe any
residual liquid off the stirrer and thermometer.
Using the 100ml graduated cylinder, add 100ml of deionized water to
the Dewar. Place a piece of weigh paper on the scale and then zero the scale.

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Hatch 5

Place the lid on the Dewar and install the stirrer and thermometer. Turn the
thermometer and stirrer on and allow to sit to establish a baseline
temperature. Using the scoop, measure out approximately 4 grams of
NaOH(s). Using the 100ml graduated cylinder measure out 100ml of HCl and
pour into one of the beakers. Pour the HCl into the Dewar and then add the
NaOH, the HCl must be poured in prior to adding the NaOH. Begin recording
the temperature every 10 seconds until temperature stabilizes. Record the
initial and final temperatures in the Reaction 2 column of Table 1. Pour the
Dewar into the appropriate waste container. Clean and dry the Dewar and
return it to the lab table. Wipe any residual liquid off the stirrer and
thermometer.
Using the 100ml graduated cylinder measure out 100ml of HCl(aq) and
pour into one of the beakers. Using the 100ml graduated cylinder measure
out 100ml of NaOH(aq) and pour into a separate beaker. Using the 50ml
graduated cylinder, add 20ml of deionized water to the Dewar. Place the lid
on the Dewar and install the stirrer and thermometer. Turn the thermometer
and stirrer on and allow to sit to establish a baseline temperature. Pour the
HCl(aq) into the Dewar followed by the NaOH(aq). into the Dewar and then
add the NaOH, the HCl must be poured in prior to adding the NaOH. Begin
recording the temperature every 10 seconds until temperature stabilizes.
Record the initial and final temperatures in the Reaction 3 column of Table 1.
Pour the Dewar into the appropriate waste container. Clean and dry the
Dewar and return it to the lab table. Wipe any residual liquid off the stirrer

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Hatch 6

and thermometer. Return all equipment and chemicals to their proper

storage location.
Find the change in temperature for each reaction by subtracting the
initial temperature from the final temperature and record the result in the T
(C) row of Table 2. Next calculate the mass of the reaction mixture for each
reaction. For this calculation assume that all liquids have the same density as
pure water (1.0g/ml) and that the added solid does not change the volume of
the solution. Multiply the volume of liquid by the density of the liquid and
add the mass of the solid NaOH added (except for reaction 3) and record
these results in the Mass of Reaction Mixture (g) row of Table 2.
Next calculate the total heat released from each reaction by
multiplying the mass of the reaction mixture by the change in temperature
and the specific heat capacity of the solution. For this calculation assume
that all solutions have the same specific heat capacity as pure water (4.184
J/Kg). Record the results in the Total Heat Released (J) row of Table 2.
Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used in all three reactions. For
reactions 1 and 2 divide the mass of NaOH used by the molar weight and
record the results in Mol of NaOH columns of Table 2 for reactions 1 and 2.
For reaction 3 multiply the volume of NaOH(aq) used by the molarity of the
solution (1.000mol/L) and record the result in the Mol of NaOH column of
Table 2 for reaction 3.
Calculate the energy released per mol for each reaction by dividing the
total heat released by the mol of NaOH. Record the results in the Heat

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Hatch 7

released per mol of NaOH (kJ/mol) column of Table 2. Using these results
calculate the percent difference between the heat of reaction 2 and the sum
of heat from reactions 1 and 3.

Results and Discussion

My results show that mixing NaOH(s) directly with HCl(aq) produces
the greatest heat release and therefore is the base reaction to work off of.
This was split into two steps by mixing NaOH(s) with deionized water and
mixing NaOH(aq) with HCl(aq). My results show a greater heat release from
NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq) than NaOH(s)+H2O. However this shows that as the NaOH
reacts with the HCl it will also continue to react with the H2O and release
additional heat.
The base reaction can be written out as NaOH(s)+H+(aq)+Cl(aq)=H2O+Na+(aq)+Cl-(aq)+H where H is the heat released from the
reaction. This explains why reaction 2 created more heat than reactions 1
and 3. This is also why the sum of heat of reactions 1 and 3 was less than the
heat of reaction 3.
Based on my results I had a 2.88% difference between the heat
released in reaction 2 and the sum of heat released in reactions 1 and 3. I
attribute this to heat losses to ambient as well as heat being absorbed by the
Dewar, stirrer, and thermometer. The published result I found was for
reaction 3, which was -54kJ/mol, giving me a 6% margin for error
(Calorimetry, n.d.).

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The equipment used in this lab created some room for error. The
Dewar, stirrer, and thermometer can absorb some heat from the reaction
giving incorrect temperature indication and thus skewing the final results.
The written procedure needs to be reworded in several steps as it can be
confusing, specifically the step instructing me to calculate the mass of the
reaction mixture.

Conclusion
In conclusion, my sum of heat released in reactions 1 and 3 did not
equal the heat released in reaction 2. This could be due to heat being
absorbed by equipment and mathematical errors on my part. Hesss Law is
correct, the amount of heat released or absorbed in a chemical reaction will
be the same if the reaction occurs in one step or many steps.

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Hatch 9
Tables

Table 1
Parameter
Mass of NaOH

Reaction 1

Reaction 2

Reaction 3

Reaction 2

Reaction 3

Reaction 2
4.0012

Reaction 3

25.00
36.49

25.00
31.06

(g)
Initial Temp (C)
Final Temp (C)
Table 2
Pressure (atm)
Mass of Reaction

Reaction 1

Mixture (g)
T (C)
Total Heat Released
(J)
Mol of NaOH
Heat released per
mol of NaOH
(kJ/mol)
Table 3
Parameter
Mass of NaOH
(g)
Initial Temp (C)
Final Temp (C)

Reaction 1
3.9983
25.00
30.21

100ml

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Table 4
Pressure (atm)
Mass of Reaction
Mixture (g)
T (C)
Total Heat Released

Reaction 1

Reaction 2

Reaction 3

203.9983

204.0012

200

5.21

11.49

6.06

(J)
Mol of NaOH
Heat released per

4446.89

9807.19

5071

0.099965

0.10004

0.1

mol of NaOH

44.484

98.033

50.71

(kJ/mol)

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Hatch 11
References

Calorimetry (n.d.) Retrieved 20 Oct 2015 from

https://chemistry.osu.edu/~woodward/ch121/ch5_cal.htm
Cohen, S. (n.d.) Hesss Law. Retrieved from
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Ther
modynamic_Cycles/Hess's_Law
Woodfield, B. F., Asplund, M. C., Haderline, S. (2014) Hesss Law. In A.
Jaworski & T. Haugen (Eds.), Virtual ChemLab General Chemistry
Laboratory v.4.5 (pp. 93-96). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.