1. Emissions by Country.

In 2008, the top carbon dioxide (CO 2) emitters

were China, the United States, the European Union, India, theRussian
Federation, Japan, and Canada. These data include CO 2emissions from
fossil fuel combustion, as well as cement manufacturing and gas flaring.

The Fourteenth Finance Commission: FAQs

Posted by: Deepa Vasudevan on Sat, Feb 28th, 2015
1.

What is a Finance Commission?

The Finance Commission is a body set up by the President of India every 5 years
under Article 280 of the Constitution. It consists of a Chairman and four
members. The main task of the Commission is to make recommendations about
the distribution of tax revenues between the Centre and states. For doing so, it
consults with various ministries and departments, as well as stake holders and
policy makers at the state and local government level.

2.

What is the Fourteenth Finance Commission?

The Fourteenth Finance Commission (FC-14) was constituted by the President on

2 January 2013. Dr. Y. V. Reddy was appointed as the Chairman. Three full time
members (Ms. Sushama Nath, Dr. M. Govinda Rao and Dr. Sudipto Mundle) and
one part-time member (Prof. Abhijit Sen) were also appointed. The
recommendations of FC-14 cover the five year period from 2015-16 to 2019-20.
The final report was submitted in December 2014, and made public in February
2015[1].

3.

What does the Finance Commission do?

The finance commission makes recommendations on the following:

(i) Vertical Devolution: How gross tax revenues should be distributed between
the Centre and States
(ii) Horizontal Devolution: How the states tax quota should be apportioned
between different states
(iii) The principles on which states should be given grants in aid from the
Consolidated fund of India.
(iv) How to augment the Consolidated Funds of States to add to the resources of
Panchayats and Municipalities

(v) Review the state of finances and debt levels of the Union and States and
review the fiscal consolidation process.
Of these recommendations, (i) and (ii) usually receive the most media attention
since they have an important bearing on the Centres fiscal position as well as
the flow of funds to states.

4.

Why do we need a Finance Commission?

In most federal systems, there are vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances.
Vertical imbalances occur because the central government has the power to levy
and/or appropriate more taxes than the states. As a result states do not have
sufficient tax revenues to fund their expenditures. This is resolved by allocating
some taxes from a common divisible tax pool to states.
Horizontal imbalances occur because states have different levels of
development, income and expenditure. Some states have high incomes, and can
deliver public services such as roads, schools, and hospitals from their own
revenues. Others may struggle to even pay salaries of civil servants. The aim of
the Finance Commission is to ensure that all states have enough resources to
fund a minimum level of expenditure each year.

5.
How did the Fourteenth Finance Commission allocate union taxes
to states?
The Finance commission transfers funds to states in two ways: (i) through
devolution of taxes from the common divisible pool and (ii) through grants.
Grants form a small part of FC transfers; the bulk is through tax devolution.
FC-14 recommended that the share of states in taxes be increased from the
existing 32 per cent to 42 per cent of the divisible tax pool. This is the highest
increase ever by any finance commission. In 2014-15; states received Rs 3.82
trillion as share of taxes; in 2015-16, they will receive Rs.5.79 trillion. By 201920, their share is expected to rise to over Rs.10 trillion.
The central and state governments have opposing views when it comes to
vertical devolution. The Centre was keen to stick to the old devolution rate of
32% in order to retain more fiscal space. Caught between the conflicting goals of
keeping the fiscal deficit within target and simultaneously increasing capital
expenditure on infrastructure projects, the central government needs all the
resources it can get[2]. On the other hand, most state governments want more
devolution, with some states arguing for a share in those centrally levied
surcharges and cess that are not normally shared with states.

6.
How did the Fourteenth Finance Commission allocate taxes
among states?
The distribution of taxes among states will be based on six criteria, each
appropriately weighted to reflect its importance, as shown below.

Pic 1: Horizontal Devolution

Source: Fourteenth Finance Commission Report

The highest weight is assigned to income distance, which is defined as the

distance of actual per capita income of a state from the state with the highest
per capita income[3]. The farther a state is from the highest per capita state, the
more transfers it will get from tax devolutions. Population ranks second in
importance, since states with a higher population tend to have higher
expenditure needs. The population of a state is based on the 1971 census. In
order to take into account changes in the structure of population due to
demographic shifts, changing fertility rates or migration, an additional 10%
weight is assigned to the population according to the 2011 census. Area has a
15% weight in devolution, because a state with a larger area needs more
resources to deliver the same facilities to its residents as compared to a smaller
state. Finally, forest cover is viewed as being critical to maintain ecological
balance, but the trade off is that the land is not available for any economic
activity. Hence forest cover has a moderate weight of 7.5%.

7.
So how does the divisible pool of taxes get divided between the
states?
This table shows the share of the tax pool that will devolve to each state
between 2015 and 2020.

Pic 2 State-wise Share of Tax Pool

Source: Fourteenth Finance Commission Report

The highest share goes to Uttar Pradesh (17.9%), simply because of its
population (highest), and low per capital state domestic product (the lowest was
Bihar, UP was the second from the bottom). Bihar also gets a high portion of
union taxes (9.7%) as its income is quite far from all-states average per capita
income. The north-eastern states receive a very low share of union taxes,

because they are covered by special unconditional central aid that covers their
expenditures.

8.

Is the distribution of taxes fair?

The distribution of taxes may seem unfair because there is no provision to

reward states for fiscal discipline, or sound revenue management, or even
progress on human indicators. The existing criteria actually reward poorly
performing states: the lower they are on the per capita income scale; the more
they get from the union tax pool. Many states had suggested that the length of
time for which they maintain fiscal discipline should also be given a significant
weight to encourage consistent fiscal prudence; but FC-14 has dropped fiscal
performance altogether as a criterion for horizontal devolution.
It must be noted that the finance commission is not a body that rewards
economic performance; its aim is to ensure that distribution among states
creates more equitable resources. Poorer states, or states with larger populations
and large areas need more funds to compete with those that have advantages in
these areas.

9.

What will be the impact of FC-14 recommendations?

States are keen that the bulk of transfers from the centre flow as tax devolutions
or untied grants. There has been an increase in grants for Centrally Sponsored
Schemes in recent years. Such grants require states to make matching
contributions and do not give them the autonomy to design or implement the
schemes. They are also one-size-fits-all schemes; as they are not tailored to
the specific ground level requirements of each state. FC-14 strongly recommends
that the centre reduce the number of Centrally Sponsored Schemes, and instead
move the resources directly to the states so that they can design, implement and
monitor the end use of funds at the state and local level.
Co-operative federalism- the aim of the present government- is best served
through formula based, non-discretionary transfers such as tax devolution. The
increase in tax devolution rate, therefore, may be an important step towards
shifting the institutional mechanism towards transfers that promote states fiscal
autonomy.

[1] The complete report of FC-14 is available

at http://fincomindia.nic.in/ShowContentOne.aspx?id=9&Section=1
[2] Other grants from FC-14 are expected to add an amount equal to add 5%-6%
between 2015-19; so that total transfers from the commission to states would be

about 48% of the divisible pool. That leaves just over 51% available to the centre
for its expenditures.
[3] Per capita income is measured as the average over the years 2011-12, 201213, 2013-14

Government of India
Ministry of Commerce& Industry
Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion
Office of the Economic Adviser
Index of Eight Core Industries (Base: 2004-05=100)
June, 2015
1. The summary of the Index of Eight Core Industries (base: 2004-05) is
given at the Annexure.
2. The Eight Core Industries comprise nearly 38 % of the weight of items
included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The combined Index of
Eight Core Industries stands at 171.2 in June, 2015, which was 3.0 % higher
compared to the index of June, 2014. Its cumulative growth during April to
June, 2015-16 was 2.4 %.
Coal
3. Coal production (weight: 4.38 %) increased by 6.3 % in June, 2015 over
June, 2014. Its cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 increased by
7.3 % over corresponding period of previous year.
Crude Oil
4. Crude Oil production (weight: 5.22 %) declined by 0.7 % in June, 2015
over June, 2014. Its cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 declined
by 0.9 % over the corresponding period of previous year.
Natural Gas
5. The Natural Gas production (weight: 1.71 %) declined by 5.9 % in June,
2015. Its cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 declined by 4.2 %
over the corresponding period of previous year.
Page 2 of 4
Refinery Products (93% of Crude Throughput)
6. Petroleum Refinery production (weight: 5.94%) increased by 7.5 % in
June, 2015. Its cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 increased by
4.2 % over the corresponding period of previous year.
Fertilizers
7. Fertilizer production (weight: 1.25%) increased by 5.8 % in June, 2015.
Its cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 increased by 2.4 % over the
corresponding period of previous year.
Steel (Alloy + Non-Alloy)
8. Steel production (weight: 6.68%) increased by 4.9 % in June, 2015. Its
cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 increased by 2.8 % over the
corresponding period of previous year.
Cement
9. Cement production (weight: 2.41%) increased by 2.6 % in June, 2015.

Its cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 increased by 0.9 % over the
corresponding period of previous year.
Electricity
10. Electricity generation (weight: 10.32%) increased by 0.2 % in June,
2015. Its cumulative index during April to June, 2015-16 increased by 1.5 %
over the corresponding period of previous year.
Note 1: Data are provisional. Revision has been made based on revised data
received for corresponding month of previous year in respect of Coal, Crude
Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Product, Steel, Cement and Electricity.
Accordingly, indices for the month June, 2014 have been revised.
Note

1. In economics, an inferior good is a good that decreases in demand when

consumer income rises (or rises in demand when consumer income
decreases), unlike normal goods, for which the opposite is observed.
Normal goods are those for which consumers' demand increases when
their income increases.eg kerosene
Gross Value Added (GVA) Vs. GDP
Gross value added (GVA) is defined as the value of output less the value of
intermediate consumption. Value added represents the contribution of labour
and capital to the production process. When the value of taxes on products (less
subsidies on products) is added, the sum of value added for all resident units
gives the value of gross domestic product (GDP). Thus, Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of any nation represents the sum total of gross value added (GVA) (i.e,
without discounting for capital consumption or depreciation) in all the sectors of
that economy during the said year after adjusting for taxes and subsidies.
Introduction of GVA at basic prices in India
In India, GDP is estimated by Central Statistical Office (CSO). Under the Fiscal
Responsibility and Budget Management Act 2003 and Rules thereunder, Ministry
of Finance uses the GDP numbers (at current prices) to peg the fiscal targets. For
this purpose, Ministry of Finance makes their own projections about GDP for the
coming two years while specifying future fiscal targets.
In the revision of National Accounts statistics done by Central Statistical
Organization (CSO) in January 2015, it was decided that sector-wise wise
estimates of Gross Value Added (GVA) will now be given at basic prices instead
of factor cost. In simple terms, for any commodity the basic price is the amount
receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a product minus
any tax on the product plus any subsidy on the product. However, GVA at basic
prices will include production taxes and exclude production subsidies available
on the commodity. On the other hand, GVA at factor cost includes no taxes and
excludes no subsidies and GDP at market prices include both production and
product taxes and excludes both production and product subsidies.

The relationship between GVA at Factor Cost and GVA at Basic Prices and GDP at
market prices and GVA at basic prices is shown below:
GVA at factor cost + (Production taxes less Production subsidies) =
GVA at basic prices
GDP at market prices = GVA at basic prices + Product taxes- Product
subsidies
Production taxes or production subsidies are paid or received with relation to
production and are

independent of the volume

of actual

land revenues,
stamps and registration fees and tax on profession . Some
production. Some examples of production taxes are

production subsidies include subsidies to Railways, input subsidies to farmers,

subsidies to village and small industries, administrative subsidies to corporations
or cooperatives, etc. Product taxes or subsidies are paid or received on
per unit of product. Some examples of product taxes are excise tax, sales tax,
service tax and import and export duties. Product subsidies include food,
petroleum and fertilizer subsidies, interest subsidies given to farmers,
households, etc. through banks.
The concept of GVA at basic prices follows from the United Nation's System of
National Accounts (SNA) introduced in 1993 and carried forward in an identical
fashion in SNA 2008 as a part of revision of compilation and classification
systems. This has been adopted by CSO in its base revision carried out in January
2015.
GVA at Basic Price Vs Producers' Price Vs Factor Costs as in The UN
System of National Accounts (2008)
In the SNA, intermediate inputs are valued and recorded at the time they enter
the production process, while outputs are recorded and valued as they emerge
from the process. (The difference between the value of the intermediate inputs
and the value of the outputs is gross value added.)
More than one set of prices may be used to value outputs and inputs depending
upon how taxes and subsidies on products, and also transport charges, are
recorded. Moreover, value added taxes (VAT), and similar deductible taxes may
also be recorded in more than one way. Intermediate inputs are normally valued
at purchasers prices and outputs at basic prices, or alternatively at producers
prices if basic prices are not available.
Thus the SNA utilizes two kinds of prices to measure output, namely, basic prices
and producers prices:

The basic price is the amount receivable by the producer from the
purchaser for a unit of a good or service produced as output minus any tax
payable, and plus any subsidy receivable, by the producer as a
consequence of its production or sale. It excludes any transport charges
invoiced separately by the producer.

The producers price is the amount receivable by the producer from the
purchaser for a unit of a good or service produced as output minus any
VAT, or similar deductible tax, invoiced to the purchaser. It excludes any
transport charges invoiced separately by the producer.

Basic prices exclude any taxes on products the producer receives from the
purchaser and passes on to government but include any subsidies the producer
receives from government and uses to lower the prices charged to purchasers.
Both producers and basic prices are actual transaction prices that can be
directly observed and recorded. The basic price measures the amount retained
by the producer and is, therefore, the price most relevant for the producers
decision-taking. The basic price is obtained from the producers price by
deducting any tax on products payable on a unit of output (other than invoiced
VAT already omitted from the producers price) and adding any subsidy on
products receivable on a unit of output. In consequence, no taxes on products or
subsidies on products are to be recorded as payables or receivables in the
producers generation of income account when value added is measured at basic
prices, the preferred valuation basis in the SNA.
Gross value added at basic prices is defined as output valued at basic prices
less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers prices. Here the GVA is
known by the price with which the output is valued. From the point of view of the
producer, purchasers prices for inputs and basic prices for outputs represent the
prices actually paid and received. Their use leads to a measure of gross value
added that is particularly relevant for the producer.
Gross value added at producers prices is defined as output valued at
producers prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers prices. In
the absence of VAT, the total value of the intermediate inputs consumed is the
same whether they are valued at producers or at purchasers prices, in which
case this measure of gross value added is the same as one that uses producers
prices to value both inputs and outputs. It is an economically meaningful
measure that is equivalent to the traditional measure of gross value added at
market prices. However, in the presence of VAT, the producers price excludes
invoiced VAT, and it would be inappropriate to describe this measure as being at
market prices.
By definition, the value of output at producers prices exceeds that at basic
prices by the amount, if any, of the taxes on products, less subsidies on products
so that the two associated measures of gross value added must differ by the
same amount.
Gross value added at factor cost is not a concept used explicitly in the SNA.
However, it can easily be derived from either of GVA at basic prices or GVA at
producer's price by subtracting the value of any taxes on production and adding
subsidies on production, payable out of gross value added as defined. For
example, the only taxes on production remaining to be paid out of gross value
added at basic prices consist of other taxes on production which are not
charged per unit. These consist mostly of current taxes (or subsidies) on the

labour or capital employed in the enterprise, such as payroll taxes or current

taxes on vehicles or buildings. Gross value added at factor cost can thus be
derived from gross value added at basic prices by subtracting other taxes on
production and adding subsidies on production.
The conceptual difficulty with gross value added at factor cost is that there is no
observable set of prices such that gross value added at factor cost is obtained
directly by multiplying this set of prices by the sets of quantities of outputs. By
definition, other taxes or subsidies on production are not taxes or subsidies on
products that can be eliminated from the input and output prices. Thus, despite
its traditional name, gross value added at factor cost is not strictly a measure of
value added; it is essentially a measure of income and not output. It represents
the amount remaining for distribution out of gross value added, however defined,
after the payment of all taxes on production and the receipt of all subsidies on
production. It makes no difference which measure of gross value added is used
to derive this income measure because the alternative measures of value added
considered above differ only in respect of the amounts of the taxes or subsidies
on production that remain payable out of gross value added.
Different prices coming into GVA estimations
= Purchasers' price (or the
price at which that product
is being sold in the market)
(-) wholesalers' & retailers'
margins
(-) separately invoiced
Transport Charges
(-) VAT not deductible by
the purchaser
= Producers' Price
(+) subsidies on the
product
(-) taxes on the product
excluding invoiced VAT
= Basic Price
(-) Production Taxes
(+) Production Subsidies

= Factor Costs
Deriving GDP from the GVA
From these various concepts of GVA, one can arrive at an estimate of GDP in the
following manner:
a. GDP = the sum of the gross value added at producers prices, plus taxes
on imports, less subsidies on imports, plus non-deductible VAT.
b. GDP = the sum of the gross value added at basic prices, plus all taxes on
products, less all subsidies on products.
c. GDP = the sum of the gross value added at factor cost plus all taxes on
products, less all subsidies on products, plus all other taxes on production,
less all other subsidies on production.
In cases (b) and (c), the items taxes on products and subsidies on products
includes taxes and subsidies on imports as well as on outputs.
Also See
GDP / National Accounts Revised Series with 2011-12 as base year
http://mmpindia.in/Fifth_Schedule.htm
Scheduled Areas
The Fifth Schedule covers Tribal areas in 9 states of India namely Andhra
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Chattisgarh, Orissa and Rajasthan.

Click image for districts with such tribal areas

(Source: Outlook , Dec 22, 2000)
The North Eastern states such as Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are
covered by the Sixth Schedule and not included in the Fifth schedule.
Fifth Schedule Areas
State
Andhra

Areas
Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Adilabad,Srikakulam,

Pradesh

Vizianagaram, Mahboobnagar, Prakasam (only some mandals are

scheduled mandals)

Jharkhand

Dumka, Godda, Devgarh, Sahabgunj, Pakur, Ranchi,

Singhbhum (East&West), Gumla, Simdega, Lohardaga, Palamu,
Garwa, (some districts are only partly tribal blocks)

Chattisgarh

Sarbhuja, Bastar, Raigad, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Durg, Bilaspur,

Sehdol, Chindwada, Kanker

Himachal
Pradesh

Lahaul and Spiti districts, Kinnaur, Pangi tehsil and Bharmour subtehsil in Chamba district

Madhya
Pradesh

Jhabua, Mandla, Dhar, Khargone, East Nimar (khandwa), Sailana

tehsil in Ratlam district, Betul, Seoni, Balaghat, Morena

Gujarat

Surat, Bharauch, Dangs, Valsad, Panchmahl, Sadodara, Sabarkanta

(partsof these districts only)

Maharashtr Thane, Nasik, Dhule, Ahmednagar, Pune, Nanded, Amravati,

a
Yavatmal, Gadchiroli, Chandrapur (parts of these districts only)

Orissa

Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Koraput (fully scheduled area in these

threedistricts), Raigada, Keonjhar, Sambalpur, Boudhkondmals,
Ganjam, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Balasor (parts of these districts only)

Rajasthan

Banswara, Dungarpur (fully tribal districts), Udaipur, Chittaurgarh,

Siroi (partly tribal areas)

Essentially The Fifth Schedule is a Historic Guarantee to Indigenous people on

the right over the land they live in .
You may read the full text of the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India by
clicking here.

Violations of these Constitutional Rights among Tribals in Scheduled Areas in the

Indian state of Andhra Pradesh led to a court case and a historic judgement.

This year, a vote-on-account would be presented instead of a full budget because

general elections will be conducted in May. Since the present government would
not have enough time in hand to vote for a full budget before the
commencement of the new financial year, a vote-on-account would ensure that
sufficient funds are at the disposal of the government to allow it to run the
administration of the country until a new government takes over. What is vote-

on-account? > Vote-on-account deals only with the expenditure side of the
government's budget. The government gives an estimate of funds it requires to
meet the expenditure that it incurs during the first three to four months of an
election financial year until a new government is in place. >The present
government will have to obtain the sanction of the Parliament for an amount
sufficient to incur expenditure on various items for a part of the year. This
approval by the Parliament to withdraw money from the Consolidated Fund of
India is known as Vote-on-Account. Also Read: Vote-On-Account countdown
begins: What next govt will inherit? How vote-on-account is different from
Budget? > A vote-on-account is different from an interim Budget as the former is
a statement of only expendiatures while the latter is a complete set of accounts,
including both expenditure and receipts. However, a vote-on-account is practised
every budget. Unlike a full Budget, the vote-on-account does not tweak the
prevailing tax rates. Also, it cannot announce any new schemes. Why vote-onaccount and not a full Budget? > In an election year (like the present one), the
ruling government generally opts for a vote-on-account instead of a full budget.
While technically, it is not mandatory for the government to present a vote-onaccount, but it would be inappropriate to impose policies that may or may not be
acceptable to the incoming government taking over in the same year. Who
approves it? > In an election year, the Budgets may be presented twicefirst to
secure a vote-on-account for a few months and later in full. As a convention, a
vote-on-account is treated as a formal matter and passed by Lok Sabha without
discussion. It is passed by Lok Sabha after the general discussion on the Budget
(General and Railway) is over and before the discussion on demands for grants is
taken up. For how long is vote-on-account valid? > The vote-on-account is
normally valid for for two months and is in operation till the full Budget is passed.
But during an election year, it may be extended for a period more than two
months if it is anticipated that the main demands and the Appropriation Bill will
take longer than two months to be passed by the House. The Parliament will
extend its winter session that would open between February 5 and 21. The
session is likely to take up key pending legislations such as the Andhra Pradesh
bifurcation bill. Finance Minister P Chidambaram will hold the vote-on-account on
February 17.
Read more at: http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/faqs-differencebetween-full-budgetvote-on-account_1026672.html?utm_source=ref_article
IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR PRELIMS 2015
NITI AAYOG VIS A VIS PLANNING COMMISSION
GREXIT & ASSOCIATED ISSUES (HOW ECB FUNCTIONS ETC.)
INTERNATIONAL YOGA DAY (YOGA AS PHILOSOPHY BRANCH)
AIIB DEBATE (TPP + TPIP + RCEP + FTAP)
DEBATE ON SECTION 66A OF IT ACT
BANGLADESH TRIP OF MODI LINE OF CREDIT
INDO US DEFENCE FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT
MAGGI CONTROVERSY ( MSG, LEAD ISSUE, FSSAI)
ABOUT 14TH FINANCE COMMISSION

 MANIPUR CONTROVERSY + DOCTRINE OF HOT PURSUIT

WITH NEW DEFINITION & BASE YR, GDP RISES
SINO- U.S. DEAL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
AMENDMENT TO CONTRACT LABOUR ACT, 1970
CHANGES PROPOSED IN PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING
4D PRINTING
REAL ESTATE (REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT) BILL, 2013
1ST ENVIRONMENTAL DEMOCRACY INDEX LAUNCHED
MASS NESTING OF OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLES
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY INDEX LAUNCHED (SAFAR APP LAUNCHED)
CHINESE IMPERIALISM- SOUTH CHINA SEA CONTROVERSY
TIGER CENSUS (METHODOLOGY, KEY DEVELOPMENTS & NEW TIGER RESERVES
ANNOUNCEMENT ETC)
IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL
NATIONAL DEWORMING INITIATIVE LAUNCHED
NEPAL CONSTITUTION MAKING DEADLOCK ENDS THROUGH HISTORIC DEAL
INDIA, JAPAN INK ACTION AGENDA TO BOOST TRADE, INVESTMENT
US REPORT CLAIMS GLOBAL WARMING PAUSE 'NO LONGER VALID'
MAGLEV TRAIN SETS NEWS RECORDIN JAPAN + BULLET TRAIN
USTAAD SCHEME
NAMAMI GANGE
SENDAI CONFERENCE
FINANCIAL SEZ
E-BIZ CONCEPT
CURRENCY SWAP: CONCEPT & WORKING
SHANTA KUMAR COMMITTEE SUGGESTIONS ON FCI RESTRUCTURING
IRIIDS DEVELOPED BY CDAC
ASHOK CHAWLA COMMITTEE ON PROCESS OF COAL AUCTION
GREEN INDIA MISSION MERGED WITH MGNREGA
INDO BANGLADESHJOIN HANDS TO PROTECT SPECTACLED LANGUR
DELHI CONSTITUTIONAL DILEMAA (ART239AA& ART 239BB+)
BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO
ATAL PENSION YOJANA
SECTION 135 OF COMPANIES ACT (CSR +)
PRICE STABILISATION FUND
SEBI NOTIFIES STRINGENT INSIDER TRADING NORMS
NATIONAL SKILL MISSION
DIGITAL LOCKER
INDO FRENCH DEAL DETAILS
NEW US CUBA TRADE & TRAVEL RULES ANNOUNCED
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION (S.C BOSE RELATED CONTROVERSIES)
INDIA US WTO DISPUTE ON POULTRY PRODUCTS
LAW COMMISSION REPORT PITCHES FOR STRONG EC
ATAL MISSION FOR REJUVENATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION AND SMART
CITIES MISSION
HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022 MISSION

 NET NEUTRALITY DEBATE

GOLDILOCKS ZONE
REGIONAL RURAL BANKS (AMENDMENT) BILL 2014
PEACE AGAIN AT STAKE IN NAGALAND
ROTAVAC
PRADHAN MANTRI SURAKSHA BIMA YOJNA
ATAL PENSION YOJANA
PRADHAN MANTRI JEEVAN JYOTI BIMA YOJANA
CARBOFURAN & ATRAZINE CONTROVERSY
GAGAN
PRAGATI NEW GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL SYSTEM
HRIDAY SCHEME LAUNCHED
DARBHA GRASS MENTIONED IN VEDIC TEXTS IS SCIENTIFICALLY PROVED TO BE
NATURAL PRESERVATIVE
PIO & OCI CARDS MERGED (CITIZENSHIP LAW AMENDED -2015)
ASTROSAT
ASTRA INDIAS 1ST BVR
SAANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA
IRNSS
CARE MISSION
DARK ENERGY MYSTERY
THE CONSTITUTION (122ND AMENDMENT) (GST) BILL, 2014
PRAKASH PATH SCHEME LAUNCHED BY PM
XPERT TECHNIQUE
FGFR1 DISCOVERED
OBOR (ONE BELT ONE ROAD) INITIATIVE + INDO CHINA RECENT
SOCIAL JUSTICE BENCH OF SC FOUNDED
NATIONAL DESIGN POLICY
SCIENTISTS RECREATING WOOLY MAMMOTH
MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE
SHRAMEV JAYATE
BRITAIN 1ST COUNTRY TO PERMIT 3 PARENT IVF BABIES
RASHTRIYA GOKUL MISSION
STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2013
PROJECT MAUSAM
IDUKKI DISTRICT OF KERALA BECOMES INDIAS FIRST DISTRICT WITH RURAL
BROADBAND NETWORK (NOFN): QUESTIONS ON NOFN & NKN ARE EXPECTED
G 7 MEET OUTCOMES
PRESIDENT GIVES ASSENT TO RE-PROMULGATION OF LAND ORDINANCE FOR 3RD
TIME (RATIONALE OF ORDINNACE & RELATED PROVISIONS BECOMES IMPORTANT)
UNION GOVERNMENT RELAXES FDI NORMS FOR NRIS, PIOS, OCI
LUNAR TUNNELS
PM NARENDRA MODI LAUNCHES MUDRA BANK TO PROVIDE CREDIT TO SMALL
ENTREPRENEURS
UNION GOVERNMENT UNVEILS NEW FOREIGN TRADE POLICY
9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FROM NORTH-EAST INDIA ACCORDED GI REGISTRATION

 UNION GOVERNMENT APPROVES 17 MEGA FOOD PARKS FOR FOOD PROCESSING

ACROSS THE COUNTRY
UNION GOVERNMENT AND RBI SIGN AGREEMENT TO KEEP INFLATION BELOW 6%
CLIMATE CHANGE APOLLO PROGRAMME (CARBON BREIF)
NASAS CURIOSITY ROVER DISCOVERS USEFUL NITROGEN ON MARS
NASAS HUBBLE TELESCOPE SPOTS OCEAN ON JUPITERS MOON GANYMEDE
UK BECOMES 1ST COUNTRY TO LEGALISE CREATION BABIES USING DNA THREEPERSON
ABOUT MERS
SOLAR IMPULSE 2- WORLDS FIRST SOLAR-POWERED AIRCRAFT ON GLOBAL
JOURNEY LANDS IN AHMEDABAD
DRUG-RESISTANT MALARIA DETECTED AT MYANMAR-INDIA BORDER
NASA LAUNCHES SMAP SATELLITE TO OBSERVE SOIL MOISTURE
GSLV MK III LAUNCH
INO CONTROVERSY & NEUTRINO RESEARCH
EXTREME ELECTRONICS
WORLDS 1ST FROZEN OVARY BIRTH TOOK PLACE
CANISTER BASED LAUNCH OF AGNI V
UNEXPECTED SUPERCONDUCTOR
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2015
GDR ROUTE UNDER SCANNER IN BLACK MONEY PROBE
SCIENTISTS STAMP BLACK-HEADED SQUIRREL MONKEYS AS RARE SPECIES
SYRIA CRISIS: MAP BASED QUESTIONS & CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION WILL BE
IMPORTANT
INDIA VIETNAM 5 YEAR DEFENCE PACT
SOIL HEALTH CARD SCHEME LAUNCHED IN RAJASTHAN
CONCEPT OF INTERNET OF THINGS
LiFi DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT 75